Raqqa ٱلرَّقَّة
Shahar

35°57′00″N 39°01′00″E / 35.95000°N 39.01667°E / 35.95000; 39.01667^G OKoordinatalari: 35°57′00″N 39°01′00″E / 35.95000°N 39.01667°E / 35.95000; 39.01667^G O
Mamlakat	Suriya
muhofaza	Raqqa
tuman	Raqqa
Hukumat
Asos solingan	Miloddan avvalgi 244—242-yillar
Maydon	35 km² (14 mi²)
Markazi balandligi	245 m
Rasmiy til(lar)i	arab tili
Aholisi (2021)	531,952^[1]
Vaqt mintaqasi	UTC+3
Telefon kodi	+963 22
Raqqa

Raqqa (arabcha: الرقة, lotincha: ar-Raqqah yoki Rakka) — Suriyaning shimoliy qismidagi, Furot daryosining chap qirgʻogʻidagi, Halabdan 160 kilometr (99 milya) sharqdagi shahar. Raqqa muhofazasining maʼmuriy markazi. Shahar Suriyaning eng yirik toʻgʻoni Tabqa toʻgʻonidan 40 kilometr (25 milya) sharqda joylashgan. Yunon, Rim va Vizantiya davridagi shahar va Kallinikum yepiskopligi (sobiq lotin, hozirgi moruniy katoliklarining titulli kafedrasi) 796—809-yillarda Horun ar-Rashid davrida Bagʻdod xalifaligi poytaxti boʻlgan. 2014—2017-yillarda Islom davlati poytaxti vazifasini ham bajargan. 2021-yilgi rasmiy aholini roʻyxatga olish maʼlumotlariga koʻra, aholisi 531 952 kishi boʻlgan Raqqa Suriyadagi oltinchi yirik shahardir^[2].

Suriya fuqarolar urushi paytida shahar 2013-yilda Suriya muxolifati, keyin esa Islom davlati tomonidan bosib olingan edi. IShID 2014-yilda shaharni poytaxtga aylantirgan^[3]. Natijada shahar Suriya hukumati, Rossiya, AQSh va boshqa bir qancha davlatlarning havo hujumlariga uchragan. Shahardagi sunniy boʻlmagan diniy inshootlarning aksariyati, xususan, shia Uvays Qaraniy masjidi IShID tomonidan vayron qilingan, boshqalari esa sunniy masjidlarga aylantirilgan. 2017-yilning 17-oktyabrida shahar katta vayronaga aylangan uzoq davom etgan jangdan soʻng Suriya Demokratik kuchlari (SDF, hukumatga qarshi kurashayotgan koalitsiya) Raqqa shahri IShIDdan ozod qilinganini eʼlon qildi^[4].

Tarixi

Ellinlarning Nikeforion va Kallinikosi

Raqqa hududida uzoq qadim zamonlardan beri odamlar yashab keladi, buni Tall Zaydon va Tall al-Biya tepalari tasdiqlaydi^[5].

Zamonaviy shaharning tarixi Nikeforion (qadimgi yunoncha:Νικηφόριον, lotinchasiga Nicephorion yoki Nicephorium) shahriga asos solingan ellinistik davrga borib taqaladi. Shaharning tashkil etilishi haqida ikkita versiya mavjud. Pliniy oʻzining Tabiiy tarix asarida^[6] uning asos solganini Aleksandr Makedonskiy bilan bogʻlaydi va uning tashkil etilishining mantiqiy asosi sifatida qulay joylashuvini koʻrsatadi. Xuddi shunday, Isidor Xaraxskiy ham oʻzining Parfiya bekatlari asarida shahar asosini Aleksandrga bogʻlaydi^[7]^[8]^[9]. Aksincha, Appian^[10] Nikeforionni Salavkiylar shohi Salavk I Nikatorga (miloddan avvalgi 301-281 yillarda hukmronlik qilgan) tegishli deb hisoblagan turar-joylar roʻyxatiga kiritadi.^[9]. Tatsitning yozishicha^[11], Nikeforion, Anthemousias kabi boshqa shaharlar qatorida makedoniyaliklar tomonidan tashkil etilgan va yunoncha nom olgan^[9].

Salavk I vorisi Salavk II Kalinik (miloddan avvalgi 246-225 yillar hukmronligi) shaharni kengaytirib, uning nomini Kallinikos (Καλλίνικος, lotinchasi Callinicum) deb oʻzgartirdi^[5].

Kassius Dioning yozishicha, Krass miloddan avvalgi I asr oʻrtalarida Parfiyaga qarshi yurishga tayyorgarlik koʻrayotganda Nikeforion uni qoʻllab-quvvatlagan yunon polislari qatorida boʻlgan^[9]

Manbalar

↑ „Raqqa Population“. World Population Review. 2023-yil 19-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 19-mart.
↑ „2004 Census Data for ar-Raqqah nahiyah“ (ar). Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2015-yil 18-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 15-oktyabr.
↑ D. Remnick (22 November 2015) (22 November 2015). „Telling the Truth About ISIS and Raqqa“. The New Yorker. 19 December 2015da asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 30 December 2015.
↑ „Raqqa: IS 'capital' falls to US-backed Syrian forces“. BBC News (2017-yil 17-oktyabr). 2018-yil 27-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 21-iyun.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 Meinecke 1995, s. 410.
↑ Natural History, 6.119
↑ Isidoros of Charax, Parthian Stations, § 1.2
↑ Heracleensis, Marcianus „Périple de Marcien d'Héraclée, Épitome d'Artemidore, Isidore de Charax, etc., ou, Supplément aux dernières éditions des Petits géographes: d'après un manuscrit grec de la Bibliothèque Royale, avec une carte“. A L'Imprimerie Royale (1839-yil 15-sentyabr). 2023-yil 23-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 23-may.
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 ^9,3 Cohen, Getzel M.. The Hellenistic settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India, Hellenistic culture and society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013 — 85–86 bet. ISBN 978-0-520-27382-5.
↑ Syr. 57
↑ Ann 6.41

Adabiyotlar

Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn. Raqqa revisited: ceramics of Ayyubid Syria. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006. ISBN 1588391841.
Mango, Marlia M. (1991). "Kallinikos". in Kazhdan, Alexander. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1094. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
Meinecke, Michael „Raqqa on the Euphrates. Recent Excavations at the Residence of Harun er-Rashid“,. The Near East in Antiquity. German Contributions to the Archaeology of Jordan, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt II, Amman, 1991 — 17–32 bet.
Meinecke, Michael „Early Abbasid Stucco Decoration in Bilad al-Sham“,. Bilad al-Sham During the 'Abbasid Period (132 AH/750 AD – 451 AH/1059 AD). Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference for the History of the Bilad al-Sham 7–11 Sha'ban 1410 AH/4–8 March 1990, English and French Section Muhammad Adnan al-Bakhit – Robert Schick: , Amman, 1991 — 226–237 bet.
Meinecke, Michael (1995). "Archived copy". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden and New York: BRILL. 410–414 b. ISBN 90-04-09834-8. http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-rak-k-a-COM_0907. <!--->
Meinecke, Michael „Forced Labor in Early Islamic Architecture: The Case of ar-Raqqa/ar-Rafiqa on the Euphrates“,. Patterns and Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture. Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists, New York, London, 1996 — 5–30 bet. ISBN 0-8147-5492-9.
Meinecke, Michael (1996). "Ar-Raqqa am Euphrat: Imperiale und religiöse Strukturen der islamischen Stadt". Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (128): 157–172.
Heidemann, Stefan (2002). "Die Renaissance der Städte in Nordsyrien und Nordmesopotamien. Städtische Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Bedingungen in ar-Raqqa und Harran von der Zeit der beduinischen Vorherrschaft bis zu den Seldschuken". Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts (Leiden: Brill) (40).
Ababsa, Myriam (2002). "Les mausolées invisibles: Raqqa, ville de pèlerinage ou pôle étatique en Jazîra syrienne?". Annales de Géographie 622: 647–664.
Stefan Heidemann – Andrea Becker (edd.). Raqqa II – Die islamische Stadt. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2003.
Raqqa III – Baudenkmäler und Paläste I, Mainz. Philipp von Zabern, 2004.
Heidemann, Stefan „The Citadel of al-Raqqa and Fortifications in the Middle Euphrates Area“,. Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria. From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period, History of Warfare Hugh Kennedy: , Leiden, 2005 — 122–150 bet.
Heidemann, Stefan (Yena universiteti) (2006). "The History of the Industrial and Commercial Area of 'Abbasid al-Raqqa Called al-Raqqa al-Muhtariqa". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69 (1): 32–52. doi:10.1017/s0041977x06000024. http://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/voror/Personal/heidemann/Heidemann_Texte/Heidemann_BSOAS2006_Muhtariqa.pdf.

Videolar

„After the fall of ISIS caliphate, its capital remains a city of the dead“. PBS Newshour (2019-yil 4-aprel). 2021-yil 17-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

„An inside look at the former capital of ISIS“. CBC News (2017-yil 6-noyabr). 2021-yil 17-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

„Inside ISIS's Former Capital: The Forgotten People of Raqqa“. The New York Times (2019-yil 1-aprel). 2021-yil 17-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

„Life Inside the ISIS Home Base of Raqqa, Syria“. The Wall Street Journal (2014-yil 15-sentyabr). 2021-yil 17-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

k m t Suriya shaharlari va shaharchalari roʻyxati
Muhofaza markazlari	Damashq Darʼo Dayr uz-Zavr Halab Hamo Hasaka Hims Idlib Loziqiya Qunaytira Raqqa Rif Damashq Suvaydo Tartus
Tuman markazlari	Abu Kamol Afrin Ariho Atorib Ayn al-Arab Azoz al-Bob Baniyas Dorayyo Dayr Hofir Dumo Duraykish Fiq al-Haffa Harim Izra' Jabla Jarobulus Jisr ash-Shugʻur Maarat an-Noʻmon Al-Malikiya Manbij Masyof Mayadin Mharda Al-Muharram An-Nabk Palmira Qamishli Qardaha Qatana Qudsiya Al-Qusayr al-Qutayfa Ra's al-'Ayn Ar-Rastan as-Safira Safita Salomiya Salhad As-Sanamayn As-Suqaylabiya Talkalax At-Tall Tell Abyad At-Tavra Yabroʻd Az-Zabadoniy Shahba Ash-Shayx Badr
Nohiya markazlari	Abu Qilqil Abu al-Thuhur Akhtarin Amuda Arbeen Arima al-Ariqah al-Arishah Armanaz Arwad al-Asharah Assal al-Ward Awj Ayn al-Fijah Ayn Halaqim Ayn Issa Ayn al-Nasr Babbila Banan Barri Sharqi Beit Jinn Binnish Bir al-Helou Busro Bulbul Busayrah Da'el al-Dana Darat Izza Darkush al-Darbasiyah Deir Atiyah al-Dimas al-Dumayr Furqlus Ghabaghib Ghandoura al-Ghariyah al-Ghizlaniyah al-Hader Hadidah al-Hajar al-Aswad al-Hajib Hajin al-Hamidiyah al-Hamraa Harasta Harbnafsah Harran al-Awamid al-Hirak Hish Hisyah Al-Hol Huraytan al-Huwash Ibbin Samaan Ihsim Jayrud al-Jalaa al-Janudiyah Jaramana al-Jarniyah Jasim al-Jawadiyah Jubb al-Jarrah Jubb Ramlah Jindires al-Jiza al-Qabu Kafr Batna Kafr Nabl Kafr Takharim Kafr Zita al-Karamah al-Kasrah Kessab al-Khafsah Khan Shaykhun Khasham Kirnaz Kuwayris Sharqi Khanaser Khirbet Ghazaleh Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud al-Kiswah Ma'arrat Misrin Maabatli Maadan Ma'loula Madaya Mahin Malah al-Malihah al-Mansurah Mare' Markada Mashta al-Helu Maskanah al-Masmiyah al-Mazraa Muhambal Muhasan al-Musayfirah al-Mushannaf Muzayrib al-Nashabiyah al-Nasirah Nawa Nubl al-Qadmus al-Qahtaniyah Qalaat al-Madiq Qarah al-Qaryatayn al-Qurayya Qurqania Rajo Rankus Rasm Harmil al-Imam al-Rai al-Riqama al-Ruhaybah al-Saan Saasaa Sabburah al-Sabe' Biyar al-Sabkhah Sadad Sahnaya Saidnaya Salqin Saraqib Sarmin Sarrin Soʻvron Sebei al-Shaddadah al-Shajara Shaqqa Sharran Shathah Shaykh al-Hadid al-Shaykh Maskin Shayukh Tahtani Shin Sinjar Sirghaya Slinfah Suluk al-Surah al-Saghirah al-Suwar Suran al-Susah al-Sukhnah al-Tabni Talbiseh Taldou al-Tamanah Tasil Tell al-Daman Tell Hamis Tell Rifaat Tell Salhab Tell Tamer Tedef Thiban Uqayribat Urum al-Kubra Wadi al-Oyun al-Yaarubiyah al-Zirbah az-Ziyarah