Mors atra,[1][2][3] etiam et magna mortalitas appellata,[4] fuit pandemia quae exitiabilior ulla erat in historia humana, in mortis aestimabilis? erumpens inter 75 et 200 miliones hominum in Eurasia et cuius culmine in Europa erat inter annos 1347 et 1351.[5][6][7] Yersinia pestis, bacterium quod in multis pestis generibus erumpere potest, eius origo fuisse creditur.[8] Haec pestis eversiones religionis, societatis, oeconomicae creavit, quae cursum historiae, praecipue in Europa, graviter affecit.
Mors atra in siccis Mediae Asiae campis orta fuisse putatur, unde per Viam Sericam late commeavit, Crimaeam anno 1343 attingens. Unde, verisimiliter vecta est a pulicibus in ratis orientalibus habitantibus, quae viatores assidui sunt in navis mercatorum diffundente in Mediterraneum et Europam. Aestimatur occidisse a 30 ad 60 centesimas totius numeri incolarum Europae.[9] In toto, plaga populum a 450 milionibus ad 350–375 milliones saeculo 14 fortasse imminuit.[10] Tantum post ducentos annos, numerus incolarum orbis terrarum ad priorem gradum recuperavit. Pestilentia autem ad perniciem Europae usque saeculum undevicensimum continenter erumpebat.
Nexus interni
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑ THE GREAT PESTILENCE (1348-1349).
- ↑ *Crisis Or Change - The Concept of Crisis in the Light of Agrarian Structural Reorganization in Late Medieval England ab Neils Heibel.
- ↑ *ex 'Rerum danicarum historia, libris x vnoq[ue tomo ad domum usque ... De Johannes Isacius Pontanus' excipiens verbi 'Atra Mors', p. 476].
- ↑ Anno 1349: "Magna mortalitas ita quod vix media pars populi remanebat": Red Book of Thorney (ULC MS. Add. 3020-3021, anno fere 1456 exscriptus).
- ↑ ABC/Reuters (29 Ianuarii 2008). "Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
- ↑ "Health. De-coding the Black Death". BBC. 3 Octobris 2001.
- ↑ "Black Death's Gene Code Cracked". Wired. 3 Octobris 2001.
- ↑ Plague. . World Health Organization. Octobris 2017.
- ↑ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8263-2871-7.
- ↑ "Historical Estimates of World Population". Census.gov.
Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Fontes antiquiores
- Gabriel de Mussis(en), "Ystoria de morbo sive mortalitate quae fuit anno Domini MCCCXLVIII" ed. A. W. Henschel, "Document zur Geschichte des schwarzen Todes" in Archiv für die gesammte Medicin 2 (1842): 26-59.
- Fontes nominis "Mors atra"
- Ex situ books.google.com ex libro "Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak" Ab auctore Adnan Qureshi cum comma excipiente "mors atra" ex poemate Simonis de Covino?.
- Fontes nominis "Mors nigra"
- books.google.com ex libro "The Black Death" Ab auctore Adnan Qureshi cum comma excipiente "mors atra" ex poemate Simonis de Covino?.
- In libro "Praemessum inlustre ab Briccius? Cressius?
- Litterae secundariae
- Barroca, Mário Jorge. 2003. A peste negra na epigrafia medieval portuguesa. Porto: Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Letras.
- Barry, S., et N. Gualde. 2008. "La Peste noire dans l’Occident chrétien et musulman, 1347–1353." Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 25 (2): 461-498.
- Byrne, J., et Gale Group. 2012. Encyclopedia of the Black Death (Gale virtual reference library). Sanctae Barbarae in California: ABC-CLIO.
- Curtis, D., et J. Roosen. 2017. "The sex‐selective impact of the Black Death and recurring plagues in the Southern Netherlands, 1349–1450." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 164 (2): 246-259.
- Lenz, K., et N. Hybel. 2016. "The Black Death." Scandinavian Journal of History 41 (1): 54-70.
- Platt, C. 1996. King Death: The Black Death and its aftermath in late-medieval England. Londinii: UCL Press.
- Pobst, P. 2013. "Should We Teach that the Cause of the Black Death Was Bubonic Plague?" History Compass 11 (10): 808-820.
- Seifert, Lisa, et al. 2016. "Genotyping Yersinia pestis in Historical Plague: Evidence for Long-Term Persistence of Y. pestis in Europe from the 14th to the 17th Century." PLOS One, 3 Ianuarii 2016.
- Spyrou, Maria A., et al. 2019. "Phylogeography of the second plague pandemic revealed through analysis of historical Yersinia pestis genomes." Nature Communications 10 (4470).
- Ángel Vaca, Lorenzo. 2009. "La Peste Negra en Castilla (Nuevos testimonios)." Studia Historica: Historia Medieval 8.
- Welford, M., et B. Bossak. 2010. "Body lice, Yersinia pestis Orientalis, and Black Death." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16 (10): 1649-51.
- Ziegler, Philip, et P. Ziegler. 1969. The Black Death. Londinii: Collins.