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((short description|1893 steam locomotive))
((Infobox locomotive| name=NYC #999
| powertype=Steam
| gauge=((RailGauge|ussg))
| image=NYC 999 in Syracuse.jpg
| caption=Engine 999 in Syracuse
| whytetype=[[4-4-0]]
| driverdiameter= ((convert|86.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on)) <br>later: ((convert|70|in|mm|0|abbr=on))
| cylindersize= ((convert|15|in|mm|0|abbr=on))
| cylindercount= Two, outside
| weightondrivers= ((convert|84000|lb|t|1|abbr=in))
| locoweight= ((convert|124000|lb|t|1|abbr=in))
| fueltype= [[Coal]]
| boilerpressure= ((convert|180|lbf/in2|kPa|0|abbr=on))
| currentowner=[[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Chicago Museum of Science and Industry]]
| disposition=On static display, based in [[Chicago, Illinois]]
| builddate=1893
| builder=NYC West Albany Shops
| officialname=
| serialnumber=
| operator=[[New York Central and Hudson River Railroad]]
| fleetnumbers=999, renum 1086 in 1913, 1021 in 1920
| firstrundate=May 1893
| retiredate=1952
))
'''New York Central and Hudson River Railroad No. 999''' is a [[4-4-0]] “American” type [[steam locomotive]] built for the [[New York Central and Hudson River Railroad]] in 1893, which was intended to haul the road's [[Empire State Express]] train service. It was built for high speed and is allegedly the first steam locomotive in the world to travel over 100&nbsp;mph. ((sfn|New Castle Herald|1923|page=7))

==Development==
In 1892, New York Central's General Passenger Agent, George Henry Daniels, proposed a new, fast locomotive be designed to publicize the Empire State Express at the upcoming World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.((sfn|Holbrook|1947|page=95))((sfn|Moses|2005|page=920)) New York Central's Chief Superintendent of Motive Power & Rolling Stock, [[William Buchanan (locomotive designer)|William Buchanan]], had designed a class of 4-4-0 locomotives known as the Class "I", which were already capable of reaching high speeds, so it was simply a matter of making some modifications to an existing design. In 1893, locomotive #999 was rolled out of the New York Central's West Albany Shops.((sfn|Eula|2022|page=Historian's Note)) 

The 999 was mounted on other engines of the class, and had its brakes mounted to the front truck, which was a new approach. The bands, pipes, and trim were highly polished; the boiler, smokestack, domes, cab, and tender were given a satin finish of black, and "Empire State Express" was applied to the sides of the tender in ((RailGauge|2ft6in)) high gold leaf lettering.((sfn|Eula|2022|page=Historian's Note))

==World's fair and later service==
[[File:Panama-Pacific Train die proof 2c 1915 issue.jpg|thumb|left|upright 0.6|1901 U.S. stamp]] 
After the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago World's Fair]], the engine continued to pull the ''Empire State Express'' between Buffalo and Syracuse until 1899.  When the engine was sent to other parts of the railroad system, it was found to be hard to handle when pulling more than five cars, as it slipped. It was rebuilt with the same 70 inch drivers as the other engines of the class.  In the 1920s, it was given a new boiler and tender, operating local and branch line trains until 1924, when it was restored for exhibition at the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]'s "[[Fair of the Iron Horse]]" the following year.((sfn|Moses|2005|page=920))((sfn|Eula|2022|page=Historian's Note))

==Retirement==
[[Image:999 at Chicago Museum.jpg|thumb|left|No. 999 on display at the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]], [[Chicago]]]]
Advances in locomotive design, particularly the advent of [[Diesel-electric transmission|diesel-electric]] power, eventually rendered No. 999 obsolete.((sfn|New Castle Herald|1923|page=7))((sfn|Rutland Daily Herald|1923|page=11))

After touring the nation and making appearances at numerous expositions, including the 1948-49 [[Chicago Railroad Fair]], the unit was retired from service in May 1952, following its demotion to [[classification yard|yard]] [[switcher|switching]] service in western New York, shuttling express service [[Refrigerator car#Specialized applications|refrigerator railroad cars]]. At this time, the railroad appeared to turn its back on steam power, resulting in the vast majority of its steam locomotives, including all of its famed [[New York Central Hudson|Hudsons]] and Niagaras and all but two Mohawks, being scrapped by 1957. However, the railroad decided to preserve the 999. The New York Central donated the locomotive to the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Chicago Museum of Science and Industry]] in 1962.((sfn|Chicago Tribune|1962|page=20))

Once the unit had arrived at the Museum of Science and Industry, the engine was displayed outside, where it began to decay after being exposed to the elements. In 1993, the museum conducted a major restoration of the 999. This project included a cosmetic restoration of number 999, and it was placed inside the museum's main hall. The locomotive is displayed with its later 70-inch drivers, rather than its original 86-inch ones.((sfn|Lienhard|2008|page=99))

== References ==
((reflist|2))

==Sources==
*((cite book|last=Holbrook|first=Stewart H.|title=The Story of American Railroads|location=New York|publisher=Crown Publishers|date=1947))
* ((cite book|last=Lienhard|first=John H.|year=2008|title=How Invention Begins |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195341201))
* ((cite book|last=Moses|first=Laura-Eve|year=2005|title=The Encyclopedia of New York State |publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=9780815608080))
*((cite web|url= https://www.co.genesee.ny.us/departments/history/empire_state_express_no_999.php  |title= ''Empire State Express'' No. 999 |first=Michael J. |last=Eula |year=2022 |website= 999  |publisher= Genesee County History Department |access-date=May 17, 2022 ))
* ((cite news |date=January 15, 1923|title=Famous High-Speed Locomotive '999' to be Preserved by New York Central|url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101897939/new-castle-herald/ |work=New Castle Herald|page=7|location=New Castle, Pennsylvania|via=[[Newspapers.com]] ((open access|access-date=May 17, 2022)) |ref=((SfnRef|New Castle Herald |1923)) ))
* ((cite news |date=January 22, 1923|title= Famous High Speed Locomotive '999' will be Preserved|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108989401/rutland-daily-herald/ |work= Rutland Daily Herald| page=11 |location=Rutland, Vermont|via=[[Newspapers.com]] ((open access|access-date=May 17, 2022)) |ref=((SfnRef|Rutland Daily Herald |1923)) ))
* ((cite news |date=September 16, 1962 |title=New Home for Old 999 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-new-home-for-old-999/127291700/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |page=20 |location=Chicago, Illinois |via= |ref=((sfnref|Chicago Tribune|1962))))

==External links==
((Commons|Category:New York Central 999|New York Central 999))
((Commons|Category:Miniature Railway Company|Miniature ridable 999 replicas))
((Portal|Trains|Chicago))
*[http://www.msichicago.org/whats-here/exhibits/transportation-gallery/the-exhibit/999-steam-locomotive/ No. 999 at the Museum of Science and Industry]

[[Category:4-4-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:New York Central Railroad locomotives]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of the United States]]
[[Category:Individual locomotives of the United States]]
[[Category:Standard gauge locomotives of the United States]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1893]]
[[Category:Preserved steam locomotives of Illinois]]

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