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((Short description|Cultural archive and theater in Metro Manila, Philippines))
((More citations needed|date=April 2022))
((Use Philippine English|date=January 2023))
((Use mdy dates|date=January 2023))
((Infobox building
| name = Manila Film Center
| native_name = 
| image = Manila Film Center (Pasay; 12-13-2020).jpg
| caption = The front exterior of the Center
| former_names = 
| building_type = 
| architectural_style = [[Brutalism]]
| structural_system = 
| owner = [[Government of the Philippines]]
| operator = [[Cultural Center of the Philippines]]
| architect = Froilan Hong
| project_manager = 
| location = [[Pasay]], [[Philippines]]
| cost = $25 million ([[USD]])
| coordinates = ((Coord|14.550556|N|120.981944|E|display=inline,title))
| start_date = 1981
| completion_date = 1982
))

The '''Manila Film Center'''  is a building located at the southwest end of the [[Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex]] in [[Pasay]], [[Philippines]]. The structure was designed by architect Froilan Hong where its edifice is supported on more than nine hundred piles<ref>((Cite web| title=Manila National Film Centre, Page 2, Annex 1, Building Specification  | url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000472/047235eo.pdf| work=Unesco| access-date=January 16, 2009))</ref> which reaches to the bed-rock about 120 feet below.

The Manila Film Center served as the main theater for the First Manila International Film Festival<ref>((Cite book| title=MIFF Press Release  | url= https://openlibrary.org/b/OL3102691M/Manila_International_Film_Festival_January_18-29_1982.| via=Open Library, Published in 1982, Office of Media Affairs (Manila) | access-date=January 16, 2009| publisher= Office of Media Affairs| year= 1982))</ref> (MIFF) January 18–29, 1982. The building has also been the subject of controversies due to a fatal accident that happened on November 17, 1981. At least 169<ref name="source2">((Cite journal| title= Shared Spaces of Transnational Transit: Filipino Gay Tourists, Labour Migrants, and the Borders of Class Difference| journal= Asian Studies Review|volume = 33|issue = 3|pages = 289–301|doi = 10.1080/10357820903153715|year = 2009|last1 = Benedicto|first1 = Bobby| s2cid= 143627535))</ref><ref>((Cite web| title= Max Soliven: By the Way| url= http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/ht/ht006672.htm| work= Philippine Star| access-date= January 19, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033703/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/ht/ht006672.htm| archive-date= June 7, 2011| url-status= dead))</ref> workers fell and were buried under quick-drying cement.<ref>((Cite news| title= Sculpting Society| url= http://opinion.inquirer.net/viewpoints/columns/view/20070610-70434/Sculpting_Society| newspaper= Philippine Daily Inquirer| access-date= January 19, 2010| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091117175856/http://opinion.inquirer.net/viewpoints/columns/view/20070610-70434/Sculpting_Society| archive-date= November 17, 2009))</ref><ref name=esquirefilmcenter>((Cite web|last=de Guzman|first=Nicai|date=November 7, 2019|title=The Mysterious Curse of the Manila Film Center|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/manila-film-center-haunted-a1729-20191107-lfrm2|access-date=November 26, 2020|website=Esquire))</ref>

==History==
=== Conceptualization ===
Prior to the Manila Film Center, the Philippines did not have an official national film archive which is why in January 1981, then first lady [[Imelda Marcos]] spearheaded the building of the first Manila Center. Under the supervision of Betty Benitez, the spouse of then Deputy MHS Minister Jose Conrado Benitez, they organized a group to pursue the project. Ramon M. Ignacio, Senior Technology Officer at the Technology Resource Center, conceptualized the project and its various components. He likewise prepared the feasibility study.<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org">((Cite web| title=Manila National Film Centre, Page 1, Annex 1, History  | url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000472/047235eo.pdf| work=Unesco| access-date=January 16, 2009))</ref>

Among the Film Center's project components were: the 360-degree theater to show past and present historical and tourism scenes for future generations, the Film Financing/Loan Program to address funding of meritable films, the Filipino Film Archiving using Digital Storage (though was little known during those times), Film Database/Information system, Film Making and Blow Up Laboratory, Viewing rooms for the Board of Censors and other minor sub-components. Despite the futuristic and concept creativity of Ignacio, only two of the project components were actually done. [[UNESCO]]'s<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org"/> assistance was invaluable in the design of the archives, so they were asked to be consultants of the project.

Several ocular visits were done by Unesco in 1981 where they were responsible for major consultations needed in the structure's erection. The building was then designed to have two components<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org"/> which were the auditoria and archives. According to Hong, the foundation was set on reclaimed<ref>((Cite web| title=Manila Film Center Shines again| url= http://www.newsflash.org/2001/02/sb/sb001587.htm| work=Philippine Headline News Online (Newsflash)| access-date=January 18, 2010))</ref> land near [[Manila Bay]]. Since the deadline of the structure was tight, it required 4,000 workers, working in 3 shifts across 24 hours. One thousand workers constructed the lobby<ref name="source">((Cite book | last = Lico | first = Gerard | year = 2003 | title = Edifice complex: power, myth, and Marcos state architecture | location = HI | publisher = University of Hawaii Press; illustrated edition | isbn = 978-971-550-435-5 | pages = 124 of 178 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=D9LBPoIe-F4C&pg=PA269 | access-date = December 14, 2009 ))</ref> in 72 hours, a job which would normally entail six weeks of labor. The Film Center opened in 1982 costing an estimate of $25 million.

The building is identified with the Marcoses' "[[edifice complex]],"<ref name=":0">((Cite web|title=Martial Law Museum|url=https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/edifice-complex-building-on-the-backs-of-the-filipino-people/|access-date=November 26, 2020|website=Martial Law Museum|language=en))</ref> a term defined by architect Gerard Lico as "an obsession and compulsion to build edifices as a hallmark of greatness."<ref>((Cite web|last=Santos|first=Roselle|title=Book Review: Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and the Marcos State Architecture by Gerard Lico : Philippine Art, Culture and Antiquities|url=http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/45/book-review-edifice-complex-power-myth-and-the-marcos-state-architecture-by-gerard-lico|access-date=November 26, 2020|website=Artes de las Filipinas))</ref><ref>((Cite web|last=Villa|first=Kathleen de|date=September 16, 2017|title=Imelda Marcos and her 'edifice complex'|url=https://business.inquirer.net/236962/imelda-marcos-edifice-complex|access-date=November 26, 2020|website=Inquirer|language=en))</ref>

===1981 construction deaths===
An accident occurred around 3:00&nbsp;a.m. on November 17, 1981, during the construction of the Manila Film Center.<ref name=":0" /> The scaffolding<ref name="mb.com.ph">((Cite web| title= Senate eyes Film Center as new home| url= http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/222753/senate-eyes-film-center-new-home| work=[[Manila Bulletin]]| access-date=January 19, 2010))</ref> collapsed,<ref>((Cite book |last=Lico |first=Gerard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YL-fAAAAMAAJ |title=Edifice complex: power, myth, and Marcos state architecture |publisher=University of Hawaii Press; illustrated edition |year=2003 |isbn=978-971-550-435-5 |location=HI |pages=123 of 178 |access-date=January 18, 2010))</ref><ref>((Cite journal| title= Where Spirits Roam| journal= Rogue Magazine |date=October 2009))</ref> and at least 169<ref name="source2"/><ref>((Cite journal| title= Shared Spaces of Transnational Transit: Filipino Gay Tourists, Labour Migrants, and the Borders of Class Difference| journal= [[Asian Studies Review]]|volume = 33|issue = 3|pages = 289–301|doi = 10.1080/10357820903153715|year = 2009|last1 = Benedicto|first1 = Bobby| s2cid= 143627535))</ref><ref>((Cite web| title= Max Soliven: By the Way| url= http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/ht/ht006672.htm| work= [[Philippine Star]]| access-date= January 19, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033703/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/ht/ht006672.htm| archive-date= June 7, 2011| url-status= dead))</ref> workers fell and were buried under quick-drying wet cement.<ref>((Cite news| title= Sculpting Society| url= http://opinion.inquirer.net/viewpoints/columns/view/20070610-70434/Sculpting_Society| newspaper= [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]| access-date= January 19, 2010| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091117175856/http://opinion.inquirer.net/viewpoints/columns/view/20070610-70434/Sculpting_Society| archive-date= November 17, 2009))</ref> A blanket of security was immediately imposed by the Marcos dictatorship. Neither rescuers nor ambulances were permitted<ref name="source" /> on the site until an official statement had been prepared. The rescuers were eventually permitted to go inside the accident site nine hours after the collapse.

According to former CCP president Baltazar N. Endriga, architect Froilan Hong said that only seven died in the accident and that all of them "were retrieved and given the proper rites befitting the dead."<ref>((cite news |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/108458/account-1981-manila-film-center-deaths |title=Account on the 1981 Manila Film Center deaths |date=November 6, 2017 |access-date=September 26, 2021 |work=[[Inquirer.net]]))</ref>

===Aftermath===
After the tragedy Prime Minister [[Cesar Virata]] disapproved a $5 million<ref name="source3">((Cite book | last = Ellison | first = Katherine | year = 2003 | title = Imelda, Steel Butterfly of the Philippines | location = HI | publisher = Mcgraw-Hill | isbn = 978-0-07-019335-2 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/imeldasteelbutte00elli/page/33 33 of 301] | url = https://archive.org/details/imeldasteelbutte00elli/page/33 | access-date = January 18, 2010 | url-access = registration ))</ref> subsidy which was originally intended for the film festival. Lacking in funding, [[Imelda Marcos]] created a contingency plan that would generate enough funds to cover the festival.

Design and architecture writer [[Deyan Sudjic]] credits the Manila Film Center accident as one of the events which heralded the downfall of the Marcos dictatorship half a decade later, saying:<ref name="Sudjic">((Cite book |last=Sudjic, Deyan. |title=The edifice complex : how the rich and powerful - and their architects - shape the world |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-1-4406-4576-1 |location=New York |oclc=458300786))</ref>
<blockquote>The beginning of the end of the Marcos period was marked by the collapse of the scaffolding on the Manila Film Center, one of Imelda Marcos’s pet projects, as it was being rushed for completion. Several construction workers were killed, crushed by falling steel. The very buildings being presented as the icons of a bold new republic seemed to embody the corruption and incompetence of the regime.<ref name="Sudjic"/></blockquote>

===The First Manila Film Festival===
Amidst everything, the first Manila International film festival pushed through from the January 18 to 29, 1982. A total of 17 movies competed in the festival <ref name="source4">((Cite journal | publication-date =1982 | year = 1982 | title = Manila International Film Festival, January 18–29, 1982 | location = HI | publisher = Office of Media Affairs (Manila) | ol = 3102691M | lccn = 82208378 | url = https://openlibrary.org/b/OL3102691M/Manila_International_Film_Festival_January_18-29_1982 | access-date = December 14, 2009 ))</ref> namely ''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]'' (India), ''[[Body Heat]]'' (USA), [[Gallipoli (1981 film)|''Gallipoli'']] (Australia), ''Growing up'' (Line Iida) (Norway),  ''[[Harry Tracy, Desperado|Harry Tracy-Desperado]]'' (Canada),  ''[[The Woman Next Door (1981 film)|La Femme d'à côté]]'' (France), [[Lola (1981 film)|''Lola'']] (Germany),  [[List of Argentine films of 1984|''Los Viernes de la Eternidad'']] (Argentina), ''[[Majstori, Majstori!]]'' (Yugoslavia), ''No Charges Filed'' (Egypt), ''[[Smash Palace]]'' (New Zealand), ''Take It All'' (''Jetz Und Alles'') (West Germany), ''The Beloved Woman of Mechanic Gavrilov'' (USSR),  ''[[The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)|The French Lieutenant's Woman]]'' (Great Britain), ''There Was A War When I Was A Child'' (Japan), ''[[Vabank]]'' (Poland) and ''Wasted Lives'' (Hungary).

[[India]]'s entry, ''36 Chowringhee Lane'' claimed best picture. Best actress and best actor were brought home by [[Lyudmila Gurchenko]] and [[Bruno Lawrence]] respectively. Yugoslav film director  [[Goran Marković (film director)|Goran Marković]] won best director.

===Post 1990s===
[[File:Manila Film Center at Sunset.JPG|thumb|Sunset at Manila Film Center]]
After the [[1990 Luzon earthquake|1990 earthquake]]<ref>((Cite web|title=The July 16 Luzon Earthquake: A Technical Monograph |work=Inter-Agency Committee for Documenting and Establishing Database on the July 1990 Earthquake |publisher=[[Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology]] |year=2001 |url=http://earthquake.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/update_SOEPD/Earthquake/1990LuzonEQ_Monograph/foreword.html |access-date=January 7, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907021751/http://earthquake.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/update_SOEPD/Earthquake/1990LuzonEQ_Monograph/foreword.html |archive-date=September 7, 2008 ))</ref> that hit Manila and the rest of [[Luzon]], the center was abandoned,<ref name="Manila Film Center Shines again">((Cite web| title=Manila Film Center Shines again| url= http://www.newsflash.org/2001/02/sb/sb001587.htm| work=News Flash| access-date=January 18, 2010))</ref> following reports of structural damage to load-bearing beams on the west side of the building. In 2001, then CCP President Armita Rufino announced a full rehabilitation program for the deteriorating Film Center. The [[Department of Public Works and Highways|Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)]] and the film center's architect, Hong, were part of the strategic planning session on structure's renovation. The rehabilitation cost estimate in 2001 was approximately 300 million pesos,<ref name="Manila Film Center Shines again"/> while the cost of erecting a brand new building was estimated at 1.8 billion pesos.

After its renovation was completed, CPACEAI<ref>((Cite web|title=Manila Film Center Shines again |url=http://www.amazing-show.com/FactSheet.pdf |work=Amazing Philippines Facts |access-date=January 18, 2010 ))((dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic))((cbignore|bot=medic))</ref> leased the theater from the Philippine government in October 2001. On December 10, 2001, the ''Amazing Show'', produced by Amazing Philippines Theatre,<ref>((Cite web| title=Amazing Philippines Theatre| url= http://m.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/Manila/night/622357/g-641/d-622177/l-activity | work = Lonely Planet| access-date=January 18, 2010))</ref> opened to the public. All of the performers in the show were [[transgender]].<ref>((Cite web| title=Amazing Philippine Theater comes to Boracay| url=http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view/20070827-84840/Amazing_Philippine_Theater_comes_to_Boracay| work=The Philippine Daily Inquirer| access-date=January 18, 2010| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607042117/http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view/20070827-84840/Amazing_Philippine_Theater_comes_to_Boracay| archive-date=June 7, 2012))</ref><ref>((Cite web| title= An Amazing night of beauties| url= http://telebisyon.net/balita/An-Amazing-night-of-beauties/artikulo/34652/| work= [[The Manila Standard]]| access-date= January 18, 2010| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605091632/http://telebisyon.net/balita/An-Amazing-night-of-beauties/artikulo/34652/| archive-date= June 5, 2011))</ref> Their lease expired in 2009, which forced the show to move to another facility.

In 2009, the [[Senate of the Philippines|Philippine Senate]]<ref name="mb.com.ph"/> considered moving from the [[Government Service Insurance System (Philippines)|Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)]] building to the Film Center located only a few meters away. The proposed tenancy would cost significantly less than the current lease at the GSIS compound, which the senate had been renting from the Philippine Government at an annual cost of 100 million pesos since 1997.<ref>((Cite web| title= Senate transfer to Film Center bucked| url= http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/223336/senate-transfer-film-center-bucked| work=Manila Bulletin| access-date=January 19, 2010))</ref> On February 19, 2013, a three-hour fire damaged the film center. No casualties were reported, but structural damage was estimated at 1.2 million pesos.<ref>((cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/362233/film-center-fire-halts-gay-show|title=Film Center fire halts gay show|date=February 20, 2013|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|access-date=February 20, 2013|author=Jaymee T. Gamil))</ref>  A year later, in February 2014, the decision of the Senate to transfer to the Film Center was put on hold by then Senate President Franklin Drilon.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://balita.ph/2014/02/24/senate-puts-on-hold-plan-to-look-for-permanent-home-feature/|title=Senate puts on hold plan to look for permanent home (Feature)|date=February 23, 2014|website=balita.ph - Online Filipino News|access-date=November 17, 2016))</ref>

==In popular culture==
The Manila Film Center is said by believers to be haunted due to the 1981 accident that took place during the construction of the structure.<ref name=esquirefilmcenter/> The hauntings in relation to the tragedy were discussed in a 2006 episode of [[GMA Network]]'s ''[[i-Witness]]'' <ref>((cite news |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/publicaffairs/content/25140/multo-ng-nakaraan-ghosts-of-the-past/story/ |title=Multo ng Nakaraan (Ghosts of the Past) |date=December 31, 2006 |access-date=September 6, 2021 |work=[[GMA News]]))</ref> and a 1991 Halloween Special of [[ABS-CBN]]'s ''[[Magandang Gabi... Bayan]]''.

===Film and literature===
In the 2010 [[Cinema of the Philippines|Filipino film]] ''[[The red shoes (2010 film)|The Red Shoes]]'', part of the plot hinges on the supposed death of the father of the main character, Lucas, played by [[Marvin Agustin]], who was supposed to have been among the 169 workers buried alive in the accident at the construction of the Manila Film Center. The film also featured a spiritualist, Madame Vange, played by Tessie Tomas who performs in the Manila Film Center as an impersonator of First Lady [[Imelda Marcos]].

In the graphic novel, ''The Filipino Heroes League'', the building was transformed from the Film Center to the FHL's headquarters. The building was once respectable and housed the old members of the League. After a while, their leader, Supremo, went into a coma and soon after, most of the superheroes who were once part of the League went abroad. Less than a handful of superheroes remain and continue to conduct their superhero work in a shack in front of the now run down Film Center.

The construction of the cultural center and subsequent construction accident are addressed in the Marcos-focused musical ''[[Here Lies Love (musical)|Here Lies Love]]'', where the show's version of [[Ninoy Aquino]] invokes it in the song "Fabulous One" while criticizing the regime. The collapse's reference in the musical is somewhat erroneous, as the scene in question takes place in 1969, years before the incident's actual occurrence in 1981 while Aquino was in exile in America.

====''[[Tragic Theater]]''====
Filipino author Gilbert M. Coronel released a novel entitled ''Tragic Theater'' in 2009. The book first tells of the 1981 incident. It heads to 1999 when the government's plan to build an IMAX theater in the structure is handed to Department of Tourism coordinator named Anne Marie "Annie" Francisco. The first priority is to rid the place of the trapped souls so she seeks the help of a priest Fr. Marcelo, known for his radical cleansing methods and a group of spirit communicators. Anne and Fr. Marcelo lead the group in their mission only to discover too late that an evil presence took sanctuary inside the building long ago and fed on the anger and misery of the victims' souls. A bishop later helps with the task when Anne is possessed by the evil entity.

A film adaption of Coronel's novel premiered on January 8, 2015. It stars [[Andi Eigenmann]] as DOT coordinator Anne, [[John Estrada]] as priest Fr. Marcelo, and [[Christopher de Leon]] as the bishop. The film however changes a few names; like the exorcism priest Fr. Marcelo is renamed Fr. Nilo. It is noted, however, that the actual Manila Film Center was not used for filming. The AFP Museum and Multi-Purpose Theater in [[Camp Aguinaldo]] doubled or filled in for the Manila Film Center's main theater and interiors.

Both the novel and movie are loosely based on and inspired by the 1981 incident and the late 1990s Spirit Questors' visit to the place.

== Exemption from censorship ==
In October 1985, a law was passed in the form of [[List of Philippine laws|presidential decree 1986]] (P.D. 1986)<ref>((Cite web| title=List of PD 1950-2000| url= http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees1951-2000.html| work= Chan Robles Law| access-date=January 18, 2009))</ref>  which created a board of review for motion pictures and television. This entity was later known as the [[Movie and Television Review and Classification Board]]<ref>((Cite web| title=Presidential Decree No. 1986| url= http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno1986.html| work= Chan Robles Law| access-date=January 18, 2009))</ref> (MTRCB).

The law also allowed an exclusive exemption of films shown at the Manila Film Center from censorship. The building was finished in 1982.<ref name="Manila Film Center to Shine Again">((Cite web| title=Manila Film Center to Shine Again  | url= http://www.newsflash.org/2001/02/sb/sb001587.htm| work=Manila News| access-date=January 18, 2010))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival]]
*[[Cultural Center of the Philippines]]
*[[Manila Metropolitan Theater]]
*[[Philippine International Convention Center]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* ((Commons category-inline))
* [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000472/047235eo.pdf Unesco - The Manila National Film Centre]
* [http://pelikulaatbp.blogspot.com/2008/04/1st-manila-international-film-festival.html 1st Manila International Film Festival (MIFF)]
* [http://designkultur.wordpress.com/2010/01/08/cultural-center-of-the-philippines-the-manila-film-center-tragedy/ Cultural Center of the Philippines | The Manila Film Center Tragedy]
* [http://rogue.ph/enduring-nightmare-manila-film-center/ ROGUE: The enduring nightmare of the Manila Film Center]

((Manila landmarks))
((Bay City Manila))

[[Category:Theaters and concert halls in Metro Manila]]
[[Category:Landmarks in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pasay]]
[[Category:Brutalist architecture in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Imelda Marcos]]

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