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((multiple|

((more citations needed|date=May 2018))
((globalize|date=May 2018))
))
[[File:Transformers at Kraftwerk Kachlet, Passau.jpg|thumb|High-voltage transformers with [[Bushing (electrical)|bushings]] on top, separated by a fire barrier]]

'''High-voltage transformer fire barriers''', also known as '''transformer firewalls''', '''transformer ballistic firewalls''', or '''transformer blast walls''', are outdoor countermeasures against a fire or explosion involving a single transformer from damaging adjacent transformers. These barriers [[Compartmentalization (fire protection)|compartmentalize]] [[transformer]] fires and explosions involving combustible [[transformer oil]].  

High-voltage transformer fire barriers are typically located in [[electrical substation]]s, but may also be attached to buildings, such as [[valve hall]]s or manufacturing plants with large [[Electric power distribution|electrical distribution systems]], such as [[Paper mill|pulp and paper mills]]. Outdoor transformer fire barriers that are attached at least on one side to a building are referred to as [[wing wall]]s. 

==Voluntary recommendations by NFPA 850==
The primary North American document that deals with outdoor high-voltage transformer fire barriers is NFPA 850.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=850|title=NFPA 850 Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Electric Generating Plants and High-Voltage Direct Current Converter Stations|website=NFPA.org))</ref> NFPA 850 outlines that outdoor oil-insulated transformers should be separated from adjacent structures and from each other by [[Firewall (construction)|firewalls]], spatial separation, or other approved means for the purpose of limiting the damage and potential spread of fire from a transformer failure.

===Automatic fire suppression systems===
Instead of a passive barrier, fire protection water spray systems are sometimes used to cool a transformer to prevent damage if exposed to radiation heat transfer from a fire involving oil released from another transformer that has failed.<ref>FM Global Data Sheet 5-4 Transformers https://www.fmglobal.com/research-and-resources/fm-global-data-sheets</ref>

===Transformer Fast Depressurization Systems (FDS)===
Mechanical systems designed to quickly depressurize the transformer oil tank after the occurrence of an electrical fault <ref>[https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=850 NFPA 850]</ref> can minimize the chance that a transformer tank will rupture given a minor fault, but are not effective on major internal faults.<ref>((cite book |title=Guide to Transformer Fire Safety Practices |date=June 2013 |publisher=cigre |page=80))</ref>

===Alternatives to mineral-based transformer oil===
[[Transformer oil]] is available in with sufficiently low combustibility that a fire will not continue after an internal electrical fault. These fluids include those approved by [[FM Global]].<ref>[https://www.fmapprovals.com/products-we-certify/products-we-certify/flammable-ignitable-liquids-equipment/transformer-fluids Transformers and transformer fluids]</ref> [https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/8419483/ds-5-4-transformers-data-sheet-fm-global FM Data Sheet 5-4] indicates different levels of protection depending on the type of fluid used. Alternatives include, but are not limited to, [[ester]]s and [[silicone oil]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://globecore.com/8-3-comparison-of-silicone-oil-and-mineral-oil-transformers.html|website=GlobeCore.com|title=Comparison of Silicone Oil and Mineral Oil Transformers|access-date=2018-12-12|archive-date=2018-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123606/https://globecore.com/8-3-comparison-of-silicone-oil-and-mineral-oil-transformers.html|url-status=dead))</ref>

==See also==
((Commons category|High-voltage transformer fire barriers))
((Commons category|Asymmetrical fire barriers))
((Commons category|Time/Temperature Curves))
* [[Arc fault]]
* [[Cascading failure]]
* [[Electrical power distribution]]
* [[Fire test]]
* [[Firewall (construction)]]
* [[North American Electric Reliability Corporation]]
* [[Passive fire protection]]

==References==
((Reflist))

[[Category:Armour]]
[[Category:Electric power conversion]]
[[Category:Electric transformers]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure]]
[[Category:Explosions]]
[[Category:Infrastructure]]
[[Category:Passive fire protection]]
[[Category:Security engineering]]

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