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((short description|Creative works inspired by the Epic of Gilgamesh))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2020))
[[File:Gilagmesh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|A modern [[Statue of Gilgamesh, University of Sydney|statue of Gilgamesh]] stands at the [[University of Sydney]].((sfn|Stone|2012))]]
The ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'' has directly inspired many manifestations of literature, art, music, and popular culture throughout history. It was extremely influential during the [[Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age]] in the [[Middle East]], but gradually fell into obscurity during [[classical antiquity]]. The story was rediscovered in the 19th century, and began to regain popular recognition and influence in the 20th century.

== Overview ==
=== Ancient reception ===
According to historian Wolfgang Röllig, the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' addressed many basic concerns and important themes of human culture such as creation, death, friendship, enmity, pride, arrogance, humility, and failure. These subjects have remained of importance to humans throughout time, explaining the story's impact and popularity.((sfn|Röllig|2009|p=7)) The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' gradually emerged from the 3rd millennium BC as a collection of tales concering the figure of [[Gilgamesh]]. These stories were eventually compiled into a single text by [[Sîn-lēqi-unninni]], though different variants of the compilation continued to circulate. The best-known version of the compiled epic stems from the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]]; this text is also the most important basis for the modern versions of the text.((sfn|Röllig|2009|pp=9–10)) The epic was mainly spread by [[oral tradition]] which makes it difficult to gauge Gilgamesh's exact influence on popular culture in ancient times; however, written fragments of his tales were discovered across the Middle East, suggesting that different versions of the epic were widely circulated.((sfn|Röllig|2009|pp=10, 28)) It is also likely that tales about Gilgamesh influenced various other stories, including the [[Bible]], ''[[Illiad]]'', and ''[[Odyssey]]''.((sfn|Röllig|2009|pp=28–29))

Even though the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' was rather popular, it remained tied to [[Cuneiform]] and was seemingly never translated into languages using other [[writing system]]s such as [[Ancient Greek]] or [[Old Aramaic]]. Accordingly, the decline of Cuneiform coincided with the disappearance of Gilgamesh from public consciousness.((sfn|Röllig|2009|pp=11–12)) The story was eventually rediscovered by archaeologists in the 19th century, and many of its elements and sub-stories gradually became popular subjects in arts and popular culture.((sfn|Röllig|2009|pp=29–30))

=== Reception after rediscovery ===
[[File:Kazimierz Sichulski - Symbolic Scene, Ishtar with Gilgamesh.jpg|thumb|left|''Ishtar with Gilgamesh'', painting by Polish artist [[Kazimierz Sichulski]] ]]

It was only during and after the [[First World War]] that the first reliable translations to modern languages of the epic appeared.<ref name="berfrois">((wikicite |ref=((harvid|Ziolkowski|2011)) |reference=[[Theodore Ziolkowski]] (1 Nov 2011). [http://www.berfrois.com/2011/11/theodore-ziolkowski-gilgamesh/ "Gilgamesh: An Epic Obsession"], Berfrois.))</ref> For instance, the first German translation by [[Albert Schott]] was published in 1934.((sfn|Röllig|2009|pp=7–8)) These translations were the first that reached a wide audience, and it was only after the [[Second World War]] that the epic of Gilgamesh began to make itself felt more broadly in a variety of genres.<ref name="berfrois" /> As identified by [[Theodore Ziolkowski]] in the book ''Gilgamesh Among Us: Modern Encounters With the Ancient Epic'' (2011), the epic became increasingly influential from this point onward.<ref name="berfrois" /><ref>[[Theodore Ziolkowski]]. ''Gilgamesh Among Us: Modern Encounters With the Ancient Epic'', Cornell Univ Pr (8 December 2011). ((ISBN|978-0-8014-5035-8))</ref> In the years following World War II, Gilgamesh, formerly an obscure figure known only by a few scholars, gradually became increasingly popular with modern audiences.((sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=xii))((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) The ''Epic of Gilgamesh''(('))s existential themes made it particularly appealing to German authors in the years following the war.((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) In his 1947 [[Existentialism|existentialist]] novel ''[[Die Stadt hinter dem Strom]]'', the German novelist [[Hermann Kasack]] adapted elements of the epic into a metaphor for the [[Aftermath of World War II#Germany|aftermath of the destruction of World War II in Germany]],((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) portraying the bombed-out city of [[Hamburg]] as resembling the frightening Underworld seen by [[Enkidu]] in his dream.((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) In [[Hans Henny Jahnn]]'s ''[[magnum opus]]'' ''River Without Shores'' (1949–1950), the middle section of the trilogy centers around a composer whose twenty-year-long homoerotic relationship with a friend mirrors that of Gilgamesh with [[Enkidu]]((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) and whose masterpiece turns out to be a symphony about Gilgamesh.((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011))

''The Quest of Gilgamesh'', a 1953 radio play by [[D. G. Bridson|Douglas Geoffrey Bridson]], helped popularize the epic in Britain.((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) In the [[United States]], [[Charles Olson]] praised the epic in his poems and essays((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) and [[Gregory Corso]] believed that it contained ancient virtues capable of curing what he viewed as modern moral degeneracy.((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) The 1966 postfigurative novel ''Gilgamesch'' by [[:de:Guido Bachmann|Guido Bachmann]] became a classic of German "[[Gay literature|queer literature]]"((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) and set a decades-long international literary trend of portraying Gilgamesh and Enkidu as homosexual lovers.((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) This trend proved so popular that the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' itself is included in ''The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature'' (1998) as a major early work of that genre.((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) In the 1970s and 1980s, [[Feminist literary criticism|feminist literary critics]] analyzed the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' as showing evidence for a transition from the [[Matriarchy#By chronology|original matriarchy of all humanity]] to modern [[patriarchy]].((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) As the [[Green politics|Green Movement]] expanded in Europe, Gilgamesh's story began [[Ecocriticism|to be seen through an environmentalist lens]],((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) with Enkidu's death symbolizing man's separation from nature.((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011))

[[File:Wallpainting Gilgamesh Galway 2020.jpg|thumb|right|Gilgamesh [[mural]] in [[Galway]], photographed in 2020 ]]

[[Theodore Ziolkowski]], a scholar of modern literature, states, that "unlike most other figures from myth, literature, and history, Gilgamesh has established himself as an autonomous entity or simply a name, often independent of the epic context in which he originally became known. (As analogous examples one might think, for instance, of the [[Minotaur]] or [[Frankenstein's monster]].)"((sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=xii–xiii)) The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' has been translated into many major world languages((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=254)) and has become a staple of American [[world literature]] classes.((sfn|Damrosch|2006|pages=254–255)) Many contemporary authors and novelists have drawn inspiration from it, including an American [[avant-garde]] theater collective called "The Gilgamesh Group"((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255)) and [[Joan London (Australian author)|Joan London]] in her novel ''[[Gilgamesh (novel)|Gilgamesh]]'' (2001).((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255))((sfn|Ziolkowski|2011)) ''[[The Great American Novel (Roth)|The Great American Novel]]'' (1973) by [[Philip Roth]] features a character named "Gil Gamesh",((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255)) who is the star [[pitcher]] of a fictional 1930s [[baseball]] team called the "Patriot League".((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255)) Believing that he can never lose, Gil Gamesh throws a violent temper tantrum when an [[umpire]] goes against him((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255)) and he is subsequently banished from baseball.((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255)) He flees to the [[Soviet Union]], where he is trained as a spy against the United States.((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255)) Gil Gamesh reappears late in the novel as one of [[Joseph Stalin]]'s spies((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255)) and gives what American literary historian [[David Damrosch]] calls "an eerily casual description of his interrogation training in Soviet Russia."((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255)) In 2000, a [[Statue of Gilgamesh, University of Sydney|modern statue of Gilgamesh]] by the [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] sculptor Lewis Batros was unveiled at the [[University of Sydney]] in [[Australia]].((sfn|Stone|2012))

Starting in the late twentieth century, the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' began to be read again in Iraq.((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=254)) [[Saddam Hussein]], the former [[President of Iraq]], had a lifelong fascination with Gilgamesh.((sfn|Damrosch|2006|pages=254–257)) [[Saddam Hussein's novels|Hussein's first novel]] ''[[Zabibah and the King]]'' (2000) is an allegory for the [[Gulf War]] set in ancient Assyria that blends elements of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' and the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''.((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=257)) Like Gilgamesh, the king at the beginning of the novel is a brutal tyrant who misuses his power and oppresses his people,((sfn|Damrosch|2006|pages=259–260)) but, through the aid of a commoner woman named Zabibah, he grows into a more just ruler.((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=260)) When the United States pressured Hussein to step down in February 2003, Hussein gave a speech to a group of his generals posing the idea in a positive light by comparing himself to the epic hero.((sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=254))

== Literature ==
<!-- SORTED CHRONOLOGICALLY-->
* ''[[Die Stadt hinter dem Strom|The City beyond the River]]'' (1947) by [[Hermann Kasack]]. The epic becomes a metaphor for post-war Germany.<ref name="berfrois" />
* ''River without Shores'' (1949–50) by [[Hans Henny Jahnn]]. The middle section is an analogy to the relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu.<ref name="berfrois" />
* [[Charles Olson]] wrote about the epic in his essay "The Gate and the Center" and in such poems as "La Chute" and "Bigmans" (1950s and 60s).<ref name="berfrois" />
* [[Gregory Corso]], poems (1950s).<ref name="berfrois" />
* ''The Time Masters'' (1953/1971) and ''Time Bomb'' by [[Wilson Tucker (writer)|Wilson Tucker]].  The protagonist, Gilbert Nash, has a mysterious past.
* ''Gilgamesh: Romanzo'' (1959) by Gian Franco Gianfilippi. The first in a wave of historical novels based on the epic. A wave including works in Italian (Paola Capriola), English ([[Robert Silverberg]], [[Stephan Grundy]]), German (Harold Braem, Thomas Mielke), French (Jacques Cassabois), and Spanish (José Ortega).<ref name="berfrois" />
* ''Gilgamesch'' (1966) by Guido Bachmann. An early classic of a genre Germans called "queer literature", it would inspire other works that examined the idea of a possible homosexual relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. Other works include: Denmark ([[Henrik Bjelke]]), Germany (Thomas Mielke, [[Christian Kracht]]), France (Jacques Cassabois), and England ([[Edwin Morgan (poet)|Edwin Morgan]]).<ref name="berfrois" />
* In ''[[The Great American Novel (Roth)|The Great American Novel]]'' (1973), a novel by author [[Philip Roth]], the Gilgamesh myth is reworked into the tale of a fictional baseball player, Gil Gamesh, whose immortal aspirations are achieved by disappearing after his final game.
* In ''Lucifer's Hammer'' by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, Gilgamesh is used to set the early timeline of events.
* ''Ölümsüzlük Ardında Gılgamış'' (Gilgamesh in Search of Immortality) (1981), a poetry book by Turkish poet [[Melih Cevdet Anday]].
* ''[[Gilgamesh the King]]'' (1984) and ''[[To the Land of the Living]]'' (1986) by [[Robert Silverberg]].  Silverberg also contributed works of short fiction concerning Gilgamesh to the ''[[Heroes in Hell]]'' [[shared world]] series of [[Bangsian fantasy]].
* ''[[Contact (novel)|Contact]]'' (1985) by [[Carl Sagan]]. Chapter 22 is titled "Gilgamesh". It describes the efforts made by Hadden in his pursuit of immortality.
* ''[[In the Skin of a Lion]]'' (1987) by [[Michael Ondaatje]]. The title is a quote from Gilgamesh.
*''[[Timewyrm: Genesys]]'' (1991), by John Peel, is the first of the New Doctor Who Adventures published by Virgin. The book describes the Doctor meeting Gilgamesh, and relates the epic of Gilgamesh as a Doctor Who story.
* "[[Gilgamesh and the Homeboys]]" (1991), by [[Harry Turtledove]], a time-displaced Gilgamesh meets Los Angeles street gangs. This short story was published in an obscure magazine and has never been reprinted as of 2018.
* ''How Like a God'' (1997) by [[Brenda Clough]] is based on the epic.
* In ''The Eternal Footman'' (1999) by [[James K. Morrow]], a traveling troupe enacts a play based on the Gilgamesh canon.
* ''Gilgamesh'' (1999), historical fiction by [[Stephan Grundy]] which retells the legend.
* ''ghIlghameS'' (2000), a translation into the [[Klingon language]]. ((ISBN|1-58715-338-6))
* In [[Jane Lindskold#The Athanor series|Jane Lindskold's Athanor novels]] (1998–9), Gilgamesh and Enkidu are immortals who inspire legends under other names, including [[King Arthur]] and [[Bedivere|Sir Bedivere]], respectively.
* ''1001 Nights of Bacchus'' (2000), a graphic novel by [[Eddie Campbell]], features a six-page collage story in which Gilgamesh is a Scottish-accented soccer hooligan near-incomprehensibly recounting the entire epic.  The story also appeared, in color, on the back covers of issues 22–26 of Campbell's ''Bacchus'' magazine.
*''Gilgamesh'' (2001) by [[Joan London (Australian author)|Joan London]], a postfiguration in which the epic becomes the structural key for a world torn by politics and betrayal (modern Armenia).<ref name="berfrois" />
*''[[1979 (novel)]]'' (2001) by [[Christian Kracht]], in which the epic provides the pattern for the homoerotic theme set against the background of the [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref name="berfrois" />
*''[[Fate/stay night]]'' (2004), a Japanese visual novel written by [[Kinoko Nasu]] and developed by [[Type-Moon]] features Gilgamesh as a major antagonist. He serves as the primary antagonist of the ''Unlimited Blade Works'' route.
*''[[Fate/Zero]]'' (2006), a Light Novel authored by [[Gen Urobuchi]], illustrated by [[Takashi Takeuchi]] and written in collaboration with [[Type-Moon]], features [[Gilgamesh (Fate/Stay Night)|Gilgamesh]] as one of the summoned servants.
* ''[[Bartimaeus (book series)]]'', the titular Djinn was a servant to Gilgamesh (his first master) and aided him alongside the wildman Enkidu in defeating the giant [[Humbaba]] in addition to also assisting the demi-God king in building the walls of Uruk, a feat originally attributed to Gilgamesh alone.
* ''Stargate SG-1: Blood Ties'' (2007) by Sonny Whitelaw and Elizabeth Christensen has Doctor [[Daniel Jackson (Stargate)|Daniel Jackson]] consult the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' for clues about the threat that the characters are currently facing.
* ''Like Mayflies in a Stream'' (2009) by [[Shauna S. Roberts]] (((ISBN|978-0982514009))) is a novelization of the first half of the epic from the viewpoint of [[Shamhat]], who tamed Enkidu.
* ''[[The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel]]'' (2009), a novel in [[The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel]] series by [[Michael Scott (Irish author)|Michael Scott]] (((ISBN|978-0-385-73529-2))). Gilgamesh the King is described as a homeless man, immortal, and extraordinarily forgetful. He helps the twins, Sophie and Josh, to learn the magic of Water.
* "Long Time" by Rick Norwood, ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]'', Jan/Feb 2011, a retelling of the Gilgamesh legend by a cynical immortal soldier serving in Gilgamesh's army.
* ''[[Warm Bodies]]'' by [[Isaac Marion]] 2011. The Epic of Gilgamesh is mentioned as "one of the earliest known works of literature. Humanity's debut novel, you could say. Love, sex, blood and tears. A journey to find eternal life. To escape death."
*''[[Fate/strange fake]]'' (2015), a Light Novel written by [[Ryōgo Narita]], illustrated by Morii Shizuki, a spin-off of both [[Fate/stay Night]] and [[Fate/Zero]] that originated as an April fool's joke in 2008 as ''Fate/states night''.
* In ''[[Children of Time (novel)]]'' (2015), a science fiction novel written by [[Adrian Tchaikovsky]], the main characters travel across space in a ship named the Gilgamesh.
* ''Fearless Inanna'', by [[Jonathan Schork]] (2015), is loosely structured after the original Epic in twelve "books" and borrows translated passages in chapter 10.<ref>((cite book |last1=schork |first1=jonathan |title=Fearless Inanna |date=April 2015 |publisher=sms2 |location=St.Petersburg, FL |isbn=978-1-5087-7439-6 |pages=159–160 |url=http://www.fearless-inanna.com))</ref> ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', by Simo Parpola (Eisenbrauns, 1997), is listed in the bibliography.<ref>((cite book |last1=schork |first1=jonathan |title=Fearless Inanna |date=April 2015 |publisher=sms2 |location=St.Petersburg, FL |isbn=978-1-5087-7439-6 |page=239 |url=http://www.fearless-inanna.com))</ref>
* ''[[Thick as Thieves (Turner novel)|Thick as Thieves]]'' (2017) by Megan Whalen Turner features a main character from a fictionalized version of the Persian empire who, throughout the course of the novel, recites from an ancient poem loosely based on the Epic of Gilgamesh. The two characters in the novel come to represent the main characters of the epic, known as Immakuk and Ennikar (Gilgamesh and Enkidu).
* "Enkidu", the opening story of ''[[Even That Wildest Hope]]'' (2019) by [[Seyward Goodhand]], is a modern retelling of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' from the point of view of Enkidu. ((ISBN|9781988784366))
*"Smokepit Fairytales" (2016) a science fiction novel by Tripp Ainsworth. A Marine and a Sailor accidentally stumble upon Utnapishtim's garden while deployed to Iraq and inadvertently become immortal. The novel pulled heavily from Gilgamesh as inspiration.
*''City of the Plague God'' (2021) a fantasy novel by Sarwat Chadda under the [[Rick Riordan Presents]] imprint, features protagonist Sikander "Sik" Aziz meeting Gilgamesh in the present day where Gilgamesh reveals that he really did become immortal, but had lied in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' and faked his death in order to keep other people from discovering the secret of immortality. Gilgamesh has become a pacifist dedicated to gardening and helps Sik create a cure for the plague spread by the Mesopotamian deity [[Nergal]]. Using his powers as the [[demigod]] son of [[Ninsun]], Gilgamesh generates a hurricane over Manhattan for Sik to spread the cure in the form of rain. He later sends Sik his royal seal as a gift.
<!-- SORTED CHRONOLOGICALLY-->

== Classical music ==
* ''[[The Epic of Gilgamesh (Martinů)|The Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', 1955 choral work by the Czech composer [[Bohuslav Martinů]]((sfn|Röllig|2009|p=30))
* ''[[Gilgamesh (Kodallı opera)|Gilgamesh]]'', 1962–64 Turkish language opera by [[Nevit Kodallı]]
* ''[[Gilgamesh (Saygun opera)|Gilgamesh]]'', 1964–70 Turkish language opera by [[Ahmet Adnan Saygun]]
* ''[[Gilgamesh (Nørgård opera)|Gilgamesh]]'', 1971–72 Danish language opera by [[Per Nørgård]]
* ''[[Gilgamesh (Brucci opera)|Gilgamesh]]'', 1986 Serbian language opera by [[Rudolf Brucci]]
* ''[[Gilgamesh (Battiato opera)|Gilgamesh]]'', 1992 Italian language opera by [[Franco Battiato]]
* ''Bilgamesh'', 2009-12 opera-ballet in [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] and [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] by [[Ashot Ariyan]]
* ''ABUBU - The Great Flood'', 2023 oratorio by [[Enjott Schneider]]

== Pop music ==
* [[Girugamesh]], name of Japanese rock band is a [[transliteration]] of Gilgamesh, some of their song names allude to the epic as well.
* "[[The Mesopotamians]]", a song by [[They Might Be Giants]], features Gilgamesh, along with [[Sargon of Akkad|Sargon]], [[Hammurabi]], and [[Ashurbanipal]] (other rulers of Mesopotamia).
* ''He Who Saw the Deep'', an album by [[iLiKETRAiNS]], takes its title from an original styling of ''The Epic of Gilgamesh''.
* "Gilgamesh", from the album ''Rapconteur'' by rap artist [[Baba Brinkman]] is a modern retelling of the epic in hip hop form.
* ''Gilgamesh'', 2010 album from Australian alternative pop duo [[Gypsy & The Cat]].
* ''Gilgamesh'', 2015 album based on the epic by the Iraqi heavy metal band [[Acrassicauda]].
* "Gilgameš", from the album ''Κατά τον δαίμονα εαυτού'' by extreme metal band [[Rotting Christ]].
* "Golem II: The Bionic Vapour Boy" from the album ''[[California (Mr. Bungle album)|California]]'' by [[Mike Patton]]'s band [[Mr. Bungle]] mentions Gilgamesh.
* [[Gilgamesh (band)|Gilgamesh]], name of [[United Kingdom|British]] [[jazz fusion]] band in the 1970s.
*"The Edge of the World", from the album ''[[Reaching into Infinity]]'' by English power metal band [[DragonForce]].
*"Gilgamesh", from the 2020 album ''[[The Ascension (Sufjan Stevens album)|Ascension]]'' by American singer [[Sufjan Stevens]].
* ''[[Lost in the Cedar Wood]]'', the 2021 album by British singer-songwriter [[Johnny Flynn]] and British nature writer [[Robert Macfarlane (writer)|Robert Macfarlane]], is loosely based on the Epic of Gilgamesh, aiming to compare the themes of the ancient work with the modern world in the context of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/johnny-flynn-and-robert-macfarlane-lost-in-the-cedar-wood-review-2937236|title = Johnny Flynn and Robert Macfarlane – 'Lost in the Cedar Wood' review: Folkies look on the bright side|website = [[NME]]|date = 10 May 2021))</ref>

== Theatre ==
((Unreferenced section|date=April 2011))
[[File:Gilgamesch1.jpg|thumb|right|Scene of the German theatre play ''Gilgamesh'' by René Clemencic und Kristine Tornquist, performed in 2015 ]]
* 1988 ''Girugameshu'', a play by the Japanese scholar [[Takeshi Umehara]]. That play inspirated the [[Hayao Miyazaki]]'s 1997 anime epic ''[[Princess Mononoke]]''.<ref>((cite book |last1=Denison |first1=Rayna |title=Princess Mononoke : understanding Studio Ghibli's monster princess |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=New York |isbn=978-1501329760 |page=30))</ref>
* 1989 ''Turn left at Gilgamesh'', a play by New York playwright Rory Winston.
* 2007 (September/October). ''Gilgamesh in Uruk: GI in Iraq'', adapted by Blake Bowden. Directed by Regina Pugh, with original music composed by [[Grammy]]-nominee, Steve Goers, and original puppetry by Aretta Baumgartner.
* 2007 (July). ''Chronicles – the custom of lamenting'', based on the adaptation and completed Polish translation of ''Gilgamesh'' by [[Robert Stiller]]. Directed by Grzegorz Brai with original music based on Albanian and Greek polyphonic laments. Produced by Song of the Goat Theatre in [[Poland]].
* 2007 (April). ''Gilgamesh'', adapted by [[Yusef Komunyakaa]] and Chad Gracia. Original music composed and performed by Billy Atwell. This project was a part of the [[New York Institute for the Humanities]] "War Music Festival." Produced by the [[Classical Theatre of Harlem]].
* 2007 (March/April). ''Gilgamesh'', adapted by [[Stephen Sachs]]. Directed by Sachs and Jessica Kubzansky. Produced by The Theatre @ Boston Court in [[Pasadena, California]].
* 2017 (October). ''Gilgamesh'', adapted by Piers Beckley. Directed by [[Ray Shell]]. Produced by [[White Bear Theatre]] in [[Kennington]], [[London]].
* 2017 (October). ''Broken Stones'', by Fin Kennedy. Directed by [[Seth Rozin]]. Produced by [[Interact Theatre Company]]in [[Philadelphia]]. Inspired by a true story, this meta-theatrical play follows a former U.S. Army Reservist who broke military protocol to safeguard the Baghdad Museum of Antiquities ([[the Iraq Museum]]) from being looted during the Iraq War. This museum houses Gilgamesh tablets, and the story references Gilgamesh. As the ex-soldier tells his harrowing saga to a Hollywood ghost writer, his story is manipulated into a more palatable narrative.

== Film ==
* ''[[The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom]]'' (1985) by the Quay Brothers is an animated short based on the Epic of Gilgamesh.
* In the film adaptation of the ''[[Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (2010 film)|Unlimited Blade Works]]'' route of  ''[[Fate/Stay Night]]'', Gilgamesh is the main antagonist who, with Kirei Kotomine, attempts a ritual to bring the [[Holy Grail]] into existence. This route has also been adapted as an [[Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (2014)|anime series]].
* In the ''[[Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel|Heaven's Feel]]'' route of ''[[Fate/Stay Night]]'', Gilgamesh is a minor character as a servant in the Holy Grail War in which he is easily defeated by [[Angra Mainyu]] who is possessing the heroine Sakura Matou. He is a main character in the other two routes, which have been adapted as [[List of Fate/stay night episodes|two]] [[Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (2014)|anime series]] and a [[Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (2010 film)|movie]].
* The [[Hayao Miyazaki]]'s 1997 anime film ''[[Princess Mononoke]]'' is partially based on the [[Cedar Forest]] episode of ''The Epic of Gilgamesh''.<ref>Tetsuo, O. T. A. (2005). On Princess Mononoke. The Review of international studies, 17, 7-21.</ref>
* ''[[Gilgamesh (upcoming film)|Gilgamesh]]'', upcoming Argentinean animated film.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.launion.com.mx/blogs/tecnologia/noticias/174304-tras-el-exito-de-fortnite-epic-games-ahora-apuesta-por-gilgamesh-una-pelicula-animada-con-unreal-engine.html |title=Tras el éxito de 'Fortnite', Epic Games ahora apuesta por 'Gilgamesh', una película animada con Unreal Engine |trans-title=After the success of 'Fortnite', Epic Games now bets on 'Gilgamesh', an animated movie with Unreal Engine |language=es |date=2021-01-23 |access-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125002031/https://www.launion.com.mx/blogs/tecnologia/noticias/174304-tras-el-exito-de-fortnite-epic-games-ahora-apuesta-por-gilgamesh-una-pelicula-animada-con-unreal-engine.html |archive-date=2021-01-25 |url-status=live))</ref>
* ''[[Where Is Gilgamesh?]]'' (2024) Kurdish feature film based on the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', directed by Karzan Kardozi and filmed in Iraqi Kurdistan. After a priceless tablet of Gilgamesh is stolen from the [[Sulaymaniyah Museum]], a security guard vows to do whatever it takes to get it back from a group of smugglers.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22817100/|title=Where Is Gilgamesh?|website=IMDB|date=2 September 2023))</ref>

== Television ==
* Gilgamesh is referenced in both the prologue and epilogue of the 1964 episode of [[The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)|''The Outer Limits'']], "[[Demon With a Glass Hand]]".<ref>((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvaIuzLV41gC&q=Demon+with+a+Glass+Hand&pg=PA111 |title=Harlan Ellison: The Edge of Forever |first1=Ellen |last1=Weil |first2=Gary K. |last2=Wolfe |date=26 December 2002 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=9780814208922 |via=Google Books))</ref>
* Gilgamesh appears in an episode of [[Hercules: The Legendary Journeys]], revealed to have turned his back on the gods after his family died while he was fighting their war. In his despair, he began worshipping the demon Dahak in a bid to have the gods destroyed as revenge. He manages to kill Hercules’ best friend Iolaus as a sacrifice for the demon, before Hercules kills Gilgamesh. He is a half-brother to another character in the series named Nebula.
* "[[Darmok]]", episode 2 of season 5 of ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', is a self-referential adaptation of Gilgamesh in a science fiction setting. [[Jean-Luc Picard]] references the epic directly as he attempts to communicate with a member of an alien species whose language consists entirely of [[allegory]] which references mythological and historical people and events from his culture.<ref>((cite book |last1=Pryke |first1=Louise M. |title=Gilgamesh |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis))</ref>
* [[Gilgamesh (anime)|''Gilgamesh'' anime]], directed by Masahiko Murata.
* The Epic is seen in ''[[The Secret Saturdays]]'', though with some alterations. Instead of telling the story of Gilgamesh's quest for immortality, it depicts his battle against an ancient [[Sumer]]ian [[cryptid]] known as [[Kur]].
* Gilgamesh is one of the Servants in the Holy Grail War of the ''[[List of Fate/Zero episodes|Fate/Zero]]'', ''[[List of Fate/stay night episodes|Fate/stay night]]'' and the ''[[Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works]]'' anime, in all three of which, he serves as a final antagonist who has an obsession with [[Saber (Fate/stay night)|Saber]]; he merely desires to possess Saber and the Holy Grail (for the sake of it being a treasure) in the former two while he wants to destroy the world using the Holy Grail to rule over those who survive the cataclysm in the latter. He also appears in ''[[Fate/Grand Order - Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia]]'' as the king of [[Uruk]] and a main character of the story.
* A child version of Gilgamesh appears in the anime series Fate/kaleid liner Prisma☆Illya
* Gilgamesh is comically referenced in ''[[Futurama]]'' season 7 episode 18 titled "[[The Inhuman Torch]]". Bender is compared to Gilgamesh after saving the earth from an evil personified flame.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2005607/trivia|title = "Futurama" the Inhuman Torch (TV Episode 2013) - IMDb|website = [[IMDb]]))</ref>
* In ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'', reference is made to Project Gilgamesh, from which the character Bane is born. (Season 3, Episode 1)
* Gilgamesh is referenced during a street play based on his story, in the Indian television series ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'' episode 2, based on The Indus Valley Civilisation.
*The Smiths must rescue Steve after he is kidnapped and taken to the North Pole, which is revealed to be the frozen over remains of the [[Cedar Forest]]. There, Santa Claus is using children to mine for precious stones from the Epic of Gilgamesh that he needs to perform an ancient ritual to revive [[Humbaba]] and claim his powers. ''[[American Dad]]'' (season 12, episode 7)
*In ''[[The Tower of Druaga (anime)|The Tower of Druaga]]'' anime, the king of Babylim and the first person to climb the tower was named Gilgamesh.

== Comics ==
* ''[[Gilgamesh II]]'', a satirical graphic novel by [[Jim Starlin]] in which an infant (the last of his doomed race) is rocketed to Earth [[Superman]]-fashion, but whose life follows the trajectory of the Gilgamesh legends.  [[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] B00071S7T8
* ''The Epic of Gilgamesh'' (2018), is a graphic novel covering the full Gilgamesh epic; rendered by [[Kent H. Dixon]] and illustrated by his son, Kevin H. Dixon. ((ISBN|9781609807931))
* In the final issue of ''[[Mage (comics)|Mage II: The Hero Defined]]'' (1999), [[Matt Wagner]] uses the Epic of Gilgamesh as a parallel to the life of Kevin Matchstick, who was previously compared to [[King Arthur]].
* The Argentine comic book ''[[Gilgamesh the Immortal]]'' turns Gilgamesh into an immortal whose life spans across all human history and a post-apocalyptic future.
* In Marvel Comics [[Forgotten One (comics)|Gilgamesh]] is one of the [[Eternals (comics)|Eternals]], a race of immortal beings that live on [[Olympia (Marvel Comics location)|Olympia]] and have been mistaken for [[Gods]] over the millennia. Gilgamesh has performed many heroic feats, and has been mistaken for other heroes, such as [[Hercules (comics)|Hercules]]. He is known as the Forgotten One after [[Zuras]], the Leader of the Eternals, caused everybody on Earth to forget about him.
* The webcomic ''Abominable Charles Cristopher'' by [[Karl Kerschl]] features Gilgamesh as an adventurous king, who is initially trying to slay the unwitting protagonist when he approaches Gilgamesh's kingdom. Later their relationship evolves.<ref name="Abominable.cc: Gilgamesh by Karl Kerschl">[http://www.abominable.cc/2010/09/22/hail-to-the-king/ Gilgamesh at his castle] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221012114/http://www.abominable.cc/2010/09/22/hail-to-the-king/ |date=21 December 2011 )) in Abominable Charles Cristopher.</ref>
* ''[[The Unwritten]]'' by [[Mike Carey (writer)|Mike Carey]] and [[Peter Gross (comics)|Peter Gross]], issue 32.5 (Feb 2012), retells part of the Epic in a way that fits the series' examination of story-telling in human history.
* ''[[Archer and Armstrong]]'' #0, written by [[Fred Van Lente]] and published by [[Valiant Comics]] features a retelling of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' from the point of view of one of the principal characters of the series, the immortal Aram Anni-Padda.<ref name="Archer & Armstrong #0 Interview">((cite web |url=http://comicbook.com/blog/2013/05/13/archer-armstrong-gilgamesh-fred-van-lente-on-the-zero-issue/ |title=Archer & Armstrong & Gilgamesh: Fred Van Lente on the Zero Issue |website=comicbook.com |date=6 September 2017))</ref>

== Video games ==
* In [[Namco]]'s [[action role-playing game]] ''[[The Tower of Druaga|Tower of Druaga]]'', Gilgamesh is known as Gil and is the main hero who must ascend the floors of Druaga's [[Tower of Babel|tower]] to rescue Ki. The game spawned the ''[[Babylonian Castle Saga]]'' franchise.
* The pre-designed game packaged with [[Electronic Arts]]' ''[[Adventure Construction Set]]'', ''Rivers of Light'', follows the Epic of Gilgamesh.
* In ''[[Serious Sam: The Second Encounter]]'', the eighth level was named as "Courtyards of Gilgamesh".<ref>((Cite web|url=https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=343497904|title = Steam Community :: Guide :: The Second Encounter - All Levels))</ref>
* The ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' series of video games includes, in some of its installments, a boss enemy named [[Gilgamesh (Final Fantasy)|Gilgamesh]] and his "faithful sidekick" Enkidu. There are actually several variants of Gilgamesh in ''Final Fantasy'', as the series has no shared in-universe continuity, though there is usually some reference to him being a fierce warrior who collects swords and many iterations of him have as many as six arms.
* Gilgamesh is the leader of the Sumerian civilization in the ''[[Civilization III]] [[Civilization III: Conquests|Conquests]]'' expansion pack, ''[[Civilization IV]] [[Beyond the Sword]]'' expansion pack, and ''[[Civilization VI]]''.
* In [[Namco]]'s video game ''[[Tales of Phantasia]]'', one of Cress Albaine's titles is Gilgamesh, which can be obtained finding particular objects.
* In [[Capcom]]'s video game ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' Gilgamesh is a pair of boots and gauntlets that are worn and used by second protagonist Dante, possibly in reference to a similar weapon featured in earlier games in the series, named after ''[[Beowulf]]'', another epic poem.
* In the [[Sir-Tech]] game ''[[Wizardry]]: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord'', players construct their adventure party at Gilgamesh's Tavern.
* In the [[Type-Moon]] [[visual novel]] game ''[[Fate/stay night]]'', Gilgamesh is one of the antagonists of the series. He also appears in the sequel game, ''[[Fate/hollow ataraxia]]'', as both his main self and as a child version of himself; and in "[[Fate/Extra CCC]]" and ''[[Fate/Extella: The Umbral Star]]'' as a playable character.
** In the mobile game ''[[Fate/Grand Order]]'', Gilgamesh appears as a summonable servant in three different variants: as a child, in his Fate/Stay Night form prior to meeting Enkidu, and a wiser version from his time as king after the conclusion of ''The Epic''. He is one of the main protagonists in the game's Seventh Singularity, which takes place in Ancient Mesopotamia, the arcade version of the game also has a babylonian singularity, in which Gilgamesh is cloned and Nebuchadnezzar II is summoned into his clone's body by the Beast of 666.
** Gilgamesh also appears as a Ruler-class servant in ''[[Fate/Samurai Remnant]]''. 
* In the Japanese collectible card game ''[[Shadowverse]]'', Gilgamesh is an uncommon playable card.
* In the [[WonderPlanet]] inc. mobile-game ''[[Crash Fever]]'', Gilgamesh is an obtainable unit in an ultimate wizard quest.
* In ''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' (2017), a sword originated from Mesopotamia known as "Humbaba's Fang" was carved by Gilgamesh from the tooth of [[Humbaba]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.thegamer.com/assassins-creed-origins-best-strongest-most-powerful-weapons-ranked/ |title=15 Best Weapons in Assassin's Creed Origins, Ranked |website=thegamer.com |date=27 March 2020))</ref>
* In ''[[Hades (video game)|Hades]]'' (2020), the fourth aspect of the Twin Fists of Malphon is the Aspect of Gilgamesh.<ref>((cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/unlock-aspect-gilgamesh-hades/ |title=How To Unlock The Aspect Of Gilgamesh in Hades |last=Savage |first=Eric |date=11 Oct 2020 |website=Screen Rant |access-date=10 Jul 2021))</ref>
* In ''[[Smite (video game)|Smite]]'', the second 2021 Babylonian god is Gilgamesh, who battles [[Tiamat]] in the story.

== Children's literature ==
* ''Gilgamesh''.  (1967).  Written and illustrated by [[Bernarda Bryson]].  Henry Holt & Co.  ((ISBN|0-03-055610-4)).  1st edition is out of print.
* ''Inkydoo, the Wild Boy''. (1976) Written by [[Andrew Sinclair]]. London, Abelard Schuman, 1976. <ref>[[Bernard Bergonzi|Bergonzi, Bernard]], "Sinclair, Andrew (Annandale)". in Brown, Susan Windisch, ''Contemporary Novelists''. Sixth Edition. St. James Press, New York, ((ISBN|155862189X)), 1996 (pgs. 916-918). </ref>
* ''Gilgamesh: Man's First Story'' (2005).  Written and illustrated by [[Bernarda Bryson Shahn]].  Whole Spirit Press ((ISBN|1-892857-01-4)), 2nd edition reissue.
* ''Gilgamesh the King'' (1991).  Written and illustrated by [[Ludmila Zeman]].  Tundra Books.  ((ISBN|978-0-88776-283-3)) (0-88776-283-2).
* ''The Revenge of Ishtar'' (1993).  Written and illustrated by [[Ludmila Zeman]].  Tundra Books.  ((ISBN|978-0-88776-315-1)) (0-88776-315-4).
* ''The Last Quest of Gilgamesh'' (1995).  Written and illustrated by [[Ludmila Zeman]].  Tundra Books.  ((ISBN|978-0-88776-328-1)) (0-88776-328-6).
* ''Gilgamesh the Hero'' (2003).  Retold by [[Geraldine McCaughrean]], illustrated by [[David Parkins]].  Eerdmans Books for Young Readers.  ((ISBN|0-8028-5262-9)).
* ''Lugalbanda:  The Boy who got Caught up in a War''  (2006).  by Kathy Henderson, illustrated by [[Jane Ray]].  Candlewick.  ((ISBN|0-7636-2782-8)).

== References ==
((reflist))

== Bibliography ==
((refbegin))
* ((Citation |last=Damrosch |first=David |title=The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh |date=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jJQLrJXrakC |place=New York City, New York |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=978-0-8050-8029-2))
* ((Citation |last=Röllig |first=Wolfgang |title=Das Gilgamesh-Epos |trans-title=The Epic of Gilgamesh |date=2009 |url= |place=Stuttgart |publisher=Reclam |language=German |isbn=978-3-15-018686-2))
* ((Citation |last=Stone |first=D. |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh: Statue brings ancient tale to life |date=2012 |url=http://sydney.edu.au/museums/publications/muse/past-issues/2781_Muse_July_web.pdf |work=MUSE |issue=12/2781 |page=28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529232346/http://sydney.edu.au/museums/publications/muse/past-issues/2781_Muse_July_web.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2018 |url-status=dead))
* ((Citation |last=Ziolkowski |first=Theodore |title=Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snz_Wle6zvgC&pg=PA28 |place=Ithaca, New York and London, England |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5035-8))
((refend))

((Epic of Gilgamesh))

[[Category:Mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Works based on the Epic of Gilgamesh]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Gilgamesh| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Mesopotamia in popular culture]]

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