Flowering plants in the order Lamiales recorded from South Africa
The Lamiales are an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 23,810[1] species, 1,059 genera, and is divided into about 24 families. Well-known or economically important members of this order include lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, the ash tree, teak, snapdragon, sesame, psyllium, garden sage, and a number of table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary.
The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.[2]
23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.[3] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.[4]
The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).[5]
16 families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.
Acanthaceae
Family: Acanthaceae,[5] 66 genera have been recorded. Not all are necessarily currently accepted.
Lentibulariaceae
Family: Lentibulariaceae,[5]
Genlisea
Genus Genlisea:[5]
Utricularia
Genus Utricularia:[5]
Linderniaceae
Family: Linderniaceae,[5]
Bonnaya
Genus Bonnaya:[5]
- Bonnaya parviflora (Roxb.) Benth. accepted as Lindernia parviflora (Roxb.) Haines, indigenous
Craterostigma
Genus Craterostigma:[5]
- Craterostigma monroi S.Moore, accepted as Lindernia monroi (S.Moore) Eb.Fisch. indigenous
- Craterostigma nanum (Benth.) Engl. accepted as Craterostigma plantagineum Hochst. present
- Craterostigma plantagineum Hochst. indigenous
- Craterostigma wilmsii Engl. ex Diels, endemic
Crepidorhopalon
Genus Crepidorhopalon:[5]
- Crepidorhopalon debilis (Skan) Eb.Fisch. indigenous
- Crepidorhopalon spicatus (Engl.) Eb.Fisch. indigenous
Ilysanthes
Genus Ilysanthes:[5]
- Ilysanthes bolusii Hiern, accepted as Linderniella bolusii (Hiern) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Ilysanthes capensis (Thunb.) Benth. accepted as Lindernia capensis Thunb. indigenous
- Ilysanthes conferta Hiern, accepted as Lindernia conferta (Hiern) Philcox, indigenous
- Ilysanthes muddii Hiern, accepted as Linderniella wilmsii (Engl. ex Diels) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Ilysanthes nana Engl. accepted as Linderniella nana (Engl.) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Ilysanthes parviflora (Roxb.) Benth. accepted as Lindernia parviflora (Roxb.) Haines, indigenous
- Ilysanthes pulchella Skan, accepted as Linderniella pulchella (Skan) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Ilysanthes schlechteri Hiern, accepted as Linderniella nana (Engl.) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Ilysanthes wilmsii Engl. ex Diels, accepted as Linderniella wilmsii (Engl. ex Diels) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
Lindernia
Genus Lindernia:[5]
- Lindernia bolusii (Hiern) Eb.Fisch. accepted as Linderniella bolusii (Hiern) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Lindernia capensis Thunb. endemic
- Lindernia conferta (Hiern) Philcox, indigenous
- Lindernia debilis Skan, accepted as Crepidorhopalon debilis (Skan) Eb.Fisch. indigenous
- Lindernia dongolensis E.A.Bruce, accepted as Lindernia monroi (S.Moore) Eb.Fisch. indigenous
- Lindernia fugax R.G.N.Young, accepted as Crepidorhopalon debilis (Skan) Eb.Fisch. indigenous
- Lindernia minima R.G.N.Young, accepted as Crepidorhopalon debilis (Skan) Eb.Fisch. indigenous
- Lindernia monroi (S.Moore) Eb.Fisch. indigenous
- Lindernia nana (Engl.) Roessler, accepted as Linderniella nana (Engl.) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Lindernia parviflora (Roxb.) Haines, indigenous
- Lindernia pulchella (Skan) Philcox, accepted as Linderniella pulchella (Skan) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Lindernia wilmsii (Engl. ex Diels) Philcox, accepted as Linderniella wilmsii (Engl. ex Diels) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
Linderniella
Genus Linderniella:[5]
- Linderniella bolusii (Hiern) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Linderniella nana (Engl.) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Linderniella pulchella (Skan) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
- Linderniella wilmsii (Engl. ex Diels) Eb.Fisch. Schaferh. & Kai Mull. indigenous
Nortenia
Genus Nortenia:[5]
- Nortenia thouarsii Cham. & Schltdl. accepted as Torenia thouarsii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze, indigenous
Stemodiopsis
Genus Stemodiopsis:[5]
- Stemodiopsis humilis Skan, accepted as Stemodiopsis rivae Engl. present
- Stemodiopsis rivae Engl. indigenous
Torenia
Genus Torenia:[5]
- Torenia monroi (S.Moore) Philcox, accepted as Lindernia monroi (S.Moore) Eb.Fisch. indigenous
- Torenia plantaginea (Hochst.) Benth. accepted as Craterostigma plantagineum Hochst. indigenous
- Torenia spicata Engl. accepted as Crepidorhopalon spicatus (Engl.) Eb.Fisch. indigenous
- Torenia thouarsii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze, indigenous
Orobanchaceae
Family: Orobanchaceae,[5]
Alectra
Genus Alectra:[5]
- Alectra avensis (Benth.) Merr. accepted as Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze, present
- Alectra basutica (E.Phillips) Melch. indigenous
- Alectra capensis Thunb. indigenous
- Alectra dunensis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
- Alectra indica Benth. accepted as Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze, present
- Alectra kirkii Hemsl. accepted as Alectra orobanchoides Benth. present
- Alectra lurida Harv. endemic
- Alectra natalensis (Hiern) Melch. endemic
- Alectra orobanchoides Benth. indigenous
- Alectra parvifolia (Engl.) Schinz, accepted as Alectra orobanchoides Benth. present
- Alectra picta (Hiern) Hemsl. indigenous
- Alectra pumila Benth. indigenous
- Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze, indigenous
- Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze var. monticola (Engl.) Melch. accepted as Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze, present
- Alectra thyrsoidea Melch. endemic
- Alectra vogelii Benth. indigenous
- Alectra welwitschii (Hiern) Hemsl. indigenous
Bartsia
Genus Bartsia:[5]
Buchnera
Genus Buchnera:[5]
- Buchnera brevibractealis Hiern, accepted as Buchnera longespicata Schinz, present
- Buchnera capitata Burm.f., indigenous
- Buchnera ciliolata Engl. indigenous
- Buchnera dura Benth. indigenous
- Buchnera erinoides Jaroscz, indigenous
- Buchnera glabrata Benth. accepted as Buchnera simplex (Thunb.) Druce, present
- Buchnera longespicata Schinz, indigenous
- Buchnera oppositifolia Hort. ex Steud. accepted as Chaenostoma hispidum (Thunb.) Benth.
- Buchnera reducta Hiern, indigenous
- Buchnera remotiflora Schinz, endemic
- Buchnera simplex (Thunb.) Druce, indigenous
- Buchnera viscosa Aiton, accepted as Chaenostoma caeruleum (L.f.) Kornhall
Buttonia
Genus Buttonia:[5]
- Buttonia natalensis McKen ex Benth. indigenous
- Buttonia superba Oberm. indigenous
Cycnium
Genus Cycnium:[5]
- Cycnium adonense E.Mey. ex Benth. indigenous
- Cycnium adonense E.Mey. ex Benth. subsp. adonense, indigenous
- Cycnium huttoniae Hiern, accepted as Cycnium racemosum Benth. present
- Cycnium racemosum Benth. indigenous
- Cycnium tubulosum (L.f.) Engl. indigenous
- Cycnium tubulosum (L.f.) Engl. subsp. tubulosum, indigenous
Gerardia
Genus Gerardia:[5]
- Gerardia sessiliflora Vahl, accepted as Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze, present
Gerardiina
Genus Gerardiina:[5]
- Gerardiina angolensis Engl. indigenous
Glossostylis
Genus Glossostylis:[5]
- Glossostylis avensis Benth. accepted as Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze, present
Graderia
Genus Graderia:[5]
- Graderia linearifolia Codd, endemic
- Graderia scabra (L.f.) Benth. indigenous
- Graderia subintegra Mast. indigenous
Haematobanche
Genus Haematobanche:[5]
- Haematobanche sanguinea C.Presl, accepted as Hyobanche rubra N.E.Br. indigenous
Harveya
Genus Harveya:[5]
- Harveya anisodonta C.A.Sm. accepted as Harveya speciosa Bernh. endemic
- Harveya bodkinii Hiern, endemic
- Harveya bolusii Kuntze, endemic
- Harveya capensis Hook. endemic
- Harveya cathcartensis Kuntze, accepted as Harveya speciosa Bernh. endemic
- Harveya coccinea (Harv.) Schltr. accepted as Harveya pauciflora (Benth.) Hiern, indigenous
- Harveya euryantha Schltr. accepted as Harveya purpurea (L.f.) Harv. ex Hook. subsp. euryantha (Schltr.) Randle, endemic
- Harveya hirtiflora Schltr. accepted as Harveya bolusii Kuntze, endemic
- Harveya huttonii Hiern, endemic
- Harveya hyobanchoides Schltr. ex Hiern, endemic
- Harveya laxiflora Hiern, accepted as Harveya purpurea (L.f.) Harv. ex Hook. subsp. purpurea, endemic
- Harveya leucopharynx Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, accepted as Harveya huttonii Hiern, endemic
- Harveya pauciflora (Benth.) Hiern, indigenous
- Harveya pulchra Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, accepted as Harveya huttonii Hiern, indigenous
- Harveya pumila Schltr. indigenous
- Harveya purpurea (L.f.) Harv. ex Hook., endemic
- Harveya purpurea (L.f.) Harv. ex Hook. subsp. euryantha (Schltr.) Randle, endemic
- Harveya purpurea (L.f.) Harv. ex Hook. subsp. purpurea, indigenous
- Harveya purpurea (L.f.) Harv. ex Hook. subsp. sulphurea (Hiern) Randle, endemic
- Harveya randii Hiern, accepted as Harveya pumila Schltr. indigenous
- Harveya roseoalba J.C.Manning & Goldblatt, endemic
- Harveya scarlatina (Benth.) Hiern, indigenous
- Harveya silvatica Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, accepted as Harveya huttonii Hiern, indigenous
- Harveya speciosa Bernh. indigenous
- Harveya squamosa (Thunb.) Steud. endemic
- Harveya stenosiphon Hiern, endemic
- Harveya sulphurea Hiern, accepted as Harveya purpurea (L.f.) Harv. ex Hook. subsp. sulphurea (Hiern) Randle, endemic
- Harveya tubulosa Harv. ex Hiern, accepted as Harveya pauciflora (Benth.) Hiern, endemic
- Harveya tulbaghiensis Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Ostermeyer, accepted as Harveya tulbaghensis (Eckl. & Zeyh. ex C.Presl) C.Presl
- Harveya vestita Hiern, endemic
Hyobanche
Genus Hyobanche:[5]
- Hyobanche atropurpurea Bolus, endemic
- Hyobanche barklyi N.E.Br. indigenous
- Hyobanche calvescens Gand. accepted as Hyobanche rubra N.E.Br. endemic
- Hyobanche coccinea L. ex Steud. accepted as Hyobanche sanguinea L. indigenous
- Hyobanche fulleri E.Phillips, endemic
- Hyobanche glabrata Hiern, accepted as Hyobanche rubra N.E.Br. endemic
- Hyobanche robusta Schonland, endemic
- Hyobanche rubra N.E.Br. indigenous
- Hyobanche sanguinea L. indigenous
- Hyobanche thinophila A.D.Wolfe, endemic
Melasma
Genus Melasma:[5]
- Melasma scabrum P.J.Bergius, indigenous
- Melasma scabrum P.J.Bergius var. ovatum (E.Mey. ex Benth.) Hiern, endemic
- Melasma scabrum P.J.Bergius var. scabrum, indigenous
Orobanche
Genus Orobanche:[5]
Rhamphicarpa
Genus Rhamphicarpa:[5]
Sopubia
Genus Sopubia:[5]
- Sopubia cana Harv. indigenous
- Sopubia cana Harv. var. cana, indigenous
- Sopubia cana Harv. var. glabrescens Diels, indigenous
- Sopubia karaguensis Oliv. indigenous
- Sopubia karaguensis Oliv. var. karaguensis, indigenous
- Sopubia mannii Skan, indigenous
- Sopubia mannii Skan var. tenuifolia (Engl. & Gilg) Hepper, indigenous
- Sopubia simplex (Hochst.) Hochst. indigenous
Striga
Genus Striga:[5]
- Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze, indigenous
- Striga bilabiata (Thunb.) Kuntze, indigenous
- Striga bilabiata (Thunb.) Kuntze subsp. bilabiata, indigenous
- Striga elegans Benth. indigenous
- Striga forbesii Benth. indigenous
- Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke, indigenous
- Striga junodii Schinz, indigenous
Paulowniaceae
Family: Paulowniaceae,[5]
Plantaginaceae
Family: Plantaginaceae,[5]
Antirrhinum
Genus Antirrhinum:[5]
- Antirrhinum orontium L. accepted as Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. subsp. orontium, not indigenous, naturalised
- Antirrhinum unilabiata L.f. accepted as Alonsoa unilabiata (L.f.) Steud. present
Bacopa
Genus Bacopa:[5]
Callitriche
Genus Callitriche:[5]
- Callitriche bolusii Schonland & Pax ex Marloth, indigenous
- Callitriche compressa N.E.Br. endemic
- Callitriche deflexa A.Br. ex Hegelm. not indigenous, naturalised
Cymbalaria
Genus Cymbalaria:[5]
- Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn. B.Mey. & Scherb. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn. B.Mey. & Scherb. subsp. muralis, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Dopatrium
Genus Dopatrium:[5]
- Dopatrium junceum (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. indigenous
Erinus
Genus Erinus:[5]
- Erinus viscosus (Aiton) Salisb. accepted as Chaenostoma caeruleum (L.f.) Kornhall
Kickxia
Genus Kickxia:[5]
- Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. subsp. elatine, not indigenous, naturalised
- Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. not indigenous, naturalised
- Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. subsp. spuria, not indigenous, naturalised
Limnophila
Genus Limnophila:[5]
- Limnophila indica (L.) Druce, indigenous
Linaria
Genus Linaria:[5]
Misopates
Genus Misopates:[5]
Plantago
Genus Plantago:[5]
- Plantago afra L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Plantago aristata Michx. not indigenous, naturalised
- Plantago bigelovii A.Gray, not indigenous, naturalised
- Plantago cafra Decne. indigenous
- Plantago coronopus L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Plantago crassifolia Forssk. indigenous
- Plantago crassifolia Forssk. var. crassifolia, indigenous
- Plantago crassifolia Forssk. var. hirsuta (Thunb.) Beg. endemic
- Plantago lanceolata L. indigenous
- Plantago laxiflora Decne. endemic
- Plantago longissima Decne. indigenous
- Plantago major L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Plantago myosuros Lam. not indigenous, naturalised
- Plantago remota Lam. endemic
- Plantago rhodosperma Decne. not indigenous, naturalised
- Plantago virginica L. not indigenous, naturalised
Scoparia
Genus Scoparia:[5]
Veronica
Genus Veronica:[5]