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The timeline of schizophrenia is a list of significant events in the creation, definition, development and continued redefinition of the diagnostic category "schizophrenia", as was originally created by the doctors of Burgholzli, the hospital clinic of the University of Zurich, during an approximately eleven year period beginning in the early 20th century.
2023: a novel method for electrochemistry probe of dopamine; using N,N’-di(trimethylaminoethyl) perylene diimide[1]
2022: The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is unknown.
[2]
2021:
a novel method for electrochemistry detection of dopamine; perylene diimide (PDI)-MXene (Ti3C2TX)[3]
2019: ICD 11th revision:The World Health Organisation ICD classification: primary psychotic disorder 6A20 Schizophrenia. For schizophrenia to be diagnosed depends on the existence for most of a 1 month duration 2 of (a) - (g) of which one of the two must be (a) - (d): Persistent delusions (a), and, or, hallucinations (b), disorganized thinking (c), experiences of influence, passivity or control (d), Negative symptoms such as affective flattening, alogia or paucity of speech, avolition, asociality and anhedonia (e), grossly disorganized behaviour that impedes goal-directed activity (f), psychomotor disturbances (g)[5][6]
2014: the Mandarin name for schizophrenia in Taiwan is changed to a word with a new meaning: “disorder with dysfunction of thought and perception” [7]
2013: DSM-5 is published. There are no tests for the purpose of diagnosis using a laboratory or by psychometric methods. Neurological imaging, pathology, and physiology research indicates the presence of abnormalities within the brain, but "none are diagnostic".[8] Schizophrenia has the Diagnostic Criteria codes: 295.90 (F20.9), and is within the group: Schizophrenia Spectrum and other psychotic disorders [9]
2012: The Korean term for schizophrenia (jungshinbunyeolbyung / jeongshin-bunyeol-byung: mind-split disorder) is changed to attunement disorder by the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. The concept of the replacement word was inspired by the text of a South Korean monk written during 1579.[10][11]
2010: a review of existing literature on the benefit of lesion generation by stereotactic neurosurgery for schzophrenia (general anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, schizoaffective disorder, addiction) found schizophrenia (and addiction) had the least improvement from surgery. Of the techniques utilised cingulotomy provided the most benefit, although "all lesional techniques confounded".[12][13][14][15]
2002: In Japan, the translation of the word schizophrenia in discontinued, replaced by Japanese words which mean "integration disorder" or ‘disintegration disorder’[16][17][18][19]
2001: the term for schizophrenia in Hong Kong (jing-shen-fen-lie: 'mental split-mind disorder' / splitting of the mind) is changed to si-jue-shi-tiao.[20][11]
1997: an explanation for schizophrenia by neural diathesis-stress is made by Walker & Diforio via "a substantive literature on the behavioral effects of psychosocial stressors" and recent studies on "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis" cortisol activation[21][22]
1994: DSM-IV is published. Schizophrenia is encoded as 295, with the types: Catatonic, Disorganised, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Undifferentiated [23][24]
1990: ICD 10th revision: encodes "(F20-F29)" with the descriptions: "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders" [25][26] The diagnostic concept is divided: Catatonic, Cenesthopathic, Hebephrenic, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Simple, Undifferentiated, unspecified.[27]
1982: Irwin Feinberg proposes the hypothesis that a cause of schizophrenia is correlation to reduction in synaptic density within the cortex of the brain of adolescent aged individuals.[28][29][30]
1980: DSM-III is published. Diagnosis of schizophrenia depends on the existence of one of (1) - (6) for at least six months: (1): bizarre delusions (2): somatic, grandiose, religious, nihilistic, or other delusions without persecutery or jealous content (3): delusions with persecutory or jealous content if accompanied
by hallucinations of any type (4): auditory hallucinations in which either a voice keeps up a running
commentary on the individual's behavior or thoughts, or two or more
voices converse with each other (5): auditory hallucinations on several occasions with content of
more than one or two words (6): incoherence, marked loosening of associations, markedly illogical
thinking, or marked poverty of content of speech if associated with at
least one of the following: (a) blunted, flat, or inappropriate affect (b) delusions or hallucinations (c) catatonic or other grossly disorganized behavior. Encoded as 295 with the types: Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated, Residual.[31]
1976: the first tomography study of schizophrenia[32][33]
1972: philosopher Gilles Deleuze and psychoanalyst and political activist Félix Guattari first publish on the subject of "anti-Oedipus" with Capitalism and schizophrenia, as a critique of conventional psychiatric and psychoanalytic practices.[35][36][37]
1968: DSM-II is published. Schizophrenia is within the group: Psychoses not attributed to physical conditions previously listed. The diagnostic code is 295. The concept is divided into the types: acute schizophrenic episode, catatonic, childhood, chronic undifferentiated, hebephrenic, latent, other (and unspecified) types, paranoid, residual, schizo-affective, simple.[38]
1966: Jacques Van Rossum proposes that a more than normally active or more stimulated anatomical receptors for the cerebrally neurotransmitting biochemical catecholamine dopamine could be an etiology. Catecholamines are synthesized in the adrenal medulla.[39][40][41][42]
1965: ICD 8th revision: "(290-299) Psychoses" of which the codes "295.0 - .9" are for "Schizophrenia" [43][26]
1955: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 7th revision: "Psychoses": 300.0-.7: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"[44]
1950: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, an English language translation by J. Zinkin of Dr Bleuler's 1911 work is published [46]
1948: International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death 6th revision: Dementia (309): Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) (300.7) / Schizophrenia, schizophrenic (insanity) (psychosis) (reaction) 300.7 [47]
1945: about 40,000 psychiatric patients of 283,000 patients with various diagnoses during 1939 in Germany aren't dead [48]
1941:
Rümke's idea praecox feeling for diagnosing schizophrenia [48]
senior physician at Friedmatt, the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Basel and battalion physician of the Swiss army Dr Manfred Bleuler finds, from a "eugenic standpoint", sterilisation is necessary from the results of a hereditary study of "316 hospitalized schiophrenics and their 11410 relatives"[49][50][51]
1940 JANUARY: 1st group of psychiatric patients killed by carbon monoxide gas in Germany [48][52]
1939 SEPTEMBER 23: Dr Freud dies by euthanasia effected by an overdose of morphine as a consequence of the pathological effects of tobacco and the psychoactive nicotine (an addiction) in addition to or without cocaine, which were precipitative of oral cancer, diagnosed during 1923.[53][54][55][56][57][58]
1939 SEPTEMBER after 1: organization of the deaths of patients with schizophrenia directly caused by the German government.[48][nb 1]
1939: FRS are included in a monograph by Schneider [72] Schneider's idea of Second Rank Symptoms include "Wahneinfall, thought inhibition (slowing or poverty of thought), flight of ideas, incoherence or dilapidation (Zerfahrenheit), compulsion".[73] The word Zerfahrenheit was created by Dr Kraepelin as the sole sign necessary for recognition of all possible forms of dementia praecox.[74]
1938 OCTOBER 3–7: ILCD 5th revision (in Europe and after the United States): Mental disorders and deficiency: "84b", defined as: "Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)" [75][26][76]
the publically known correspondance of Professor Bleuler and Dr Freud concludes with 26 letters written by Dr Freud, 53 by Professor Bleuler[85]
Schizophrenia in Japan commences to exist by the transferal of the concept by the approval of a translation of the term by a committee within the Japanese Society for Psychiatry and Neurology [19]
Langfeldt describes schizophrenia as “process" or alternatively (for the same considerations) "nuclear" [86][87][88]
1936 FEBRUARY: developed by A C de A F Egas Moniz; the first operative treatment by psycho-neurosurgical intervention, which is by leukotomy, is performed on patients including a patient or patients (psychiatric clinic Bombarda, Lisbon) with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Almeida Lima was the surgeon by the direction of E Moniz, the procedure consists of an injection of alcohol into the brain white matter.[89][90]
1934: Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, which is approximately 26% of the total in Germany, are made unable to produce children via sterilisation [91]
diagnosis by feelings: Ludwig Binswanger[109][110]
1923: Dr Bleuler differentiates process and reactive schizophrenia [111]
1920: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ISI 3rd revision) list: 84(1) Idiocy, Imbecility" [112][26][113]
1919before FEBRUARY 20: schizophrenia as a diagnostic term is used within America in Boston Psychopathic Hospital by Bullard Professor in Neuropathology at Harvard Medical School E. E. Southard.[114][115]
Dementia praecox is accepted by "most British psychiatrists"[119]
Dr Kraepelin provides his most detailed description of schizophrenia[120]
1912: The government of Switzerland is the first country outside of the United States of America to produce a eugenics law: it becomes illegal for those diagnosed as mentally ill to marry[121][122]
1911:
Dr Bleuler's German language work: Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien is published in Leipzig & Vienna.[123][124][nb 6] Schizophrenia is a group of diseases not a sole disease. The groupings (paranoid, hebrephrenic, simple, catatonic) are entities constructed for nosology purposes not as descriptions of nature[125]
Association-splitting is a primary symptom, the secondary symptoms of sz happen because of "loosening of the associations".[126][127][128] Disturbance of associations is the "main primary symptom"[129][77] "Schizophrenic splitting" per se is "only" an "exaggerated" form of existing healthy "physiological processess" (sic).[130][131]
For treatment Dr Bleuler considers the best option available is occupation by work, even if the patient is within the acute stage, if not this, then sport, if neither are possible then preoccupation with games. Work provides the patient the opportunity to escape from an autistic existence.[132]
Dr Bleuler expresses his "hope" that sterilisation will be used in certain circumstances with regards to those diagnosed with schizophrenia "for eugenic reasons".[148]
Dr Freud's hypothesis that schizophrenia is an "inability to maintain libidinal cathexis of objects"[149]
Dr Ballet describes the nosology psychose hallucinatoire chronique[150][151]
1910: ILCD 2: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute: 67 General paralysis of the insane 68 Other forms of mental alienation 74 (A.B.C.D.) Other diseases of the nervous system 74A Idiocy, imbecility [152][26][153]
1909 MARCH 7: work at the clinic of Zürich by the direction of Dr Jung under he direction of Dr Bleuler: experiments on "word-association", is concluded by Dr Jung's resignation. The doctors who did the experiments were Dr Bleuler (clinic director), Dr Jung, Dr Riklin, Dr Fürst, Dr Binswanger, Dr Nunberg, Dr Wehrlin[154][155]
1908:
APRIL 24: the term "schizophrenie" is first used at a Deutscher Verein für Psychiatrie (German Association for Psychiatry) conference in Berlin by Dr Bleuler, in a lecture entitled 'Prognosis of Dementia Praecox (Group of Schizophrenias)'. Dr Bleuler's concept is from an approximately eight year study of 647 patients [156][157][158][159][160][nb 7] The conference was the first time the Association had convened to discuss specifically dementia praecox. Maximilian Jahrmärker spoke on the ease of the diagnosing and differentiating from other psychoses of d. praecox.[174]
Wolff proposes dysphrenie as a type of mental disorder [59][60]
1907:
Indiana (in the United States of America) is the first place in the world to make a eugenics-law for the sterilisation of "idiots" and "imbeciles" [122][175]
Dr Carl Jung's work on the psychology of Dementia Praecox is published.[176] The work contains no direct reference to schizophrenia.[177] Dr Jung refers to "dissociation (Binet, Janet)" as a "weakness of consciousness due to the splitting-off of one or a series of ideas". Dr Jung discusses Otto Gross's "synchronous series" as consciousness if affected by disease in the lexicon of the "French School" which is that "associations" are "split-off", and that a split-off series of ideas occur in hysteria [178] in situations of hypnotism and with the somnambulists.[179][180][181] Dr Jung explicitly associates a "split off series of ideas" with "Freud and Gross".[182] Dr Jung in discussion of organisms sans brain, and, catatonia, in relation to automatism (the "reflex machine") propounds the notion that the reality of the catatonic state is of a complex in the mind split off ("unassailable") from any external psychological stimuli [183] In discussion of Paranoid Dementia, with reference specifically to "hysterics with dissociation of consciousness", in a first state of one consciousness, the existence of a second subsequent state of consciousness (in a temporal sequence) will not occur in the hysterics consciousness normally, and instead, the "force" of the second state of consciousness is expressed as hallucination or "other automatisms", as a split-off complex disturbing another complex. The disturbance is compared (with reference to Flournoy) as the disturance of an invisible planet in orbit to a visible planet. Split off thoughts coalesce ("crowd themselves") into consciousness forming hallucination.[184]
1906:
investigation of word-association made by Dr Jung and Dr Riklin inside Burgholzli is finished.[185]
Assoziation, Traum und Hysterische Symptom by Dr C Jung is published [186]
1905:
Dr Bleuler's Bewußtsein und Assoziation is published [186]
1904:
Bleuler begins an approximately 33 year exchange of mailed (posted) letters with Dr Freud[85]
Jung & Riklin publish: "Experimental investigations about associations of healthy people" [187]
Über die Bedeutung von Assoziationsversuchen by Dr Bleuler is published [186]
1903: investigation of word-association made by Dr Jung and Dr Riklin inside Burgholzli begins.[135]
Carl Jung is a staff member at a Psychiatric Clinic in Zürich where Dr Eugen Bleuler is director[191]
The Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ILCD-1) describes psychiatric disorders as: "85 General paralysis of insane 86 Insanity (not puerperal)" [192][26]
1899:
the first complete description of Dementia Praecox is made, published in Emil Kraepelin’s textbook [193]
a definition of Dementia Praecox with the syndromes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid is made by Kraepelin in his textbook[194]
a doctor of the Indiana State Reformatory discovers the method for sterilisation: vasectomy[175]
Die Assoziationen in der Erschöpfung by Dr G. Aschaffenburg is published in Psychologische Arbeiten (Volume II) in which Dr E. Kraepelin is the editor [195]
1896: Experimentelle Studien über Associationen by Dr G. Aschaffenburg is published in Psychologische Arbeiten (Volume I) in which Dr E. Kraepelin is the editor [195][196]
1895:
Freud publishes a work which mentions "association fibers" of the brain which "serve the association of ideas"[197]
Connecticut (United States of America): (eugenics) the first law in America for which an enforcement is made that it is illegal for "epileptics, imbeciles, and the feebleminded" to marry [198][199][200]
1894: Dr Freud is inhaling ignited tobacco smoke containing the psychoactive nicotine from about 20 cigars every day [202][203]
1893: Dr Josef Breuer of Vienna and Dr Freud explain the existence of the phenomenon of "splitting of consciousness" as "present to a rudimentary degree in all forms of hysteria".[204][205]
1892: Freud begins a method of "psychical analysis" or "concentration technique" for analysis of psychology. Dr Freud begins his use of a technique and analysis which later is known as "free association"[206][207][208]
1888: Professor (1886; chef de clinique, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 1885) Gilbert Ballet thinks "inner speech unfolds a life of its own" which "occasionally" persist in consciousness to an extent which is to "border on auditory hallucination" [209]
1887 JANUARY 1: Experiments on the association of ideas by James McKeen Cattell is published by the Mind Association [195][210]
1886: (eugenics) Auguste Forel is the first in Europe (as Director of Burgholzli hospital in Zürich) to sterilize someone because of a psychiatric diagnosis [211][122][191]
1884after APRIL 21 - before JUNE 19: Dr Freud first consumes and self administers cocaine in order to report on the history, pharmacology, effects, and possible medicinal use; published as Über Coca during July 1884.[220][53][221][222][223]
1883: Sir F Galton F.R.S publishes his use of: a word association test. Galton invents "eugenics".[224][225]
1882: Dr Arnold Pick describes the general concept krankheitsbewuẞtstein (awareness of illness), which contains specifically krankheitsgefühl (awareness of feeling ill) and kranksheitseinsicht (insight into illness). Reason and or reflection produce kranksheitseinsicht [226][227][228]
after MAY 1880and before MAY 1881: S Freud begins his predominantly life-long habit of tobacco consumption. During 31 March 1881 Dr S Freud qualifies as a doctor of medicine. Dr Freud's father was also a consumer of the same plant the smoke of which contains the psychoactive substance nicotine and a number of toxic substances.[229][230][231][203][232][233]
1880: "dementia praecox" is first used as a description by alienist Heinrich Schüle within Illenau asylum (construction completed 1842) in Baden, Germany.[234][235][236] Schuele's concept of nosology was made in harmony with an idea of degression from health in which insanity is progressive through generation by biological inheritance, named the theory of degeneration.[237]
1879: Francis Galton first mentions in publication the "essence" of a novel idea for psychological investigation: a word association experiment[238]
Kahlbaum differentiates vesania typica from dysphrenia.[246][247][nb 8]
1861: positive and negative symptoms, a concept, created by the assistant physician (University College Hospital) John Russell Reynolds, in which the former include hallucinations and delusions of the paranoid type (clonic jerking and movements of a non-normal sort), (the latter: loss of sensation, paralysis and coma)[249][250][251]
1860: Morel's degeneration-theory (in Traité des maladies mentales), from Saint-Yon asylum (opened 11 July 1825), is published "1st generation: neurosis, 2nd: mental alienation, 3rd: imbecility, 4th: sterilisation". The degenerative process as from the first stage is thought caused by alcohol and, or, other toxic substances. The possible danger of the problem of degeneration is that it could develop as a “physiological and moral malaria” within a hypothetical population by defective development of circumstances as a consequence of environmental pathologicity.[252][253][254][255][256][257][258][nb 9]
1859: Heinrich Neumann considered insanity ("Wahsinn") to be a staggered process of development in which the first manifestation is melancholia, should this persist, develops into periods of mania, the third state if continuation of insanity occurs is amentia confusion ("Verwirtheit") or paranoia ("Verrucktheit"). Within individuals with no relief from symptomatic states of the previous three stages the consequence is dementia ("Blödsinn") [nb 10][262][263]
1852: Alienist Bénédict-Augustin Morel first describes "démence précoce" [264][265][266][255]
1835: Dr Eisenmann created the terms somatopsychrosen and psychrosen to describe orders of neurotic illness.[275][61] The fourth family of somatopsychrosen illnesses is named Dysphrenesien. The fourth family of psychorosen is named phrensie, which is described as sufferings of the intelligence ("Leiden der intelligens"). Phrensie has six groups: Aphelxia ("Zerstreutheit": absent-mindedness), Anamnesia ("Vergefslichteit": obsessiveness), Monomoria ("fixe ideen": fixed ideas), Moria ("Narrheit": folly), Lerema ("Kindischwerden": childishness), Anoëa ("Blödsinn": nonsense - nonsensicalness) [61][nb 11]
1833: Joseph Guislain considered insanity to develop through definable states (1)manie (2)folie (3)stupidité (4)l’epilepsie (5)hallucinations (6)confusion, with the seventh and terminus state being: dementia [280]
1797: the retrospective first supposed contended obvious example of the admission to an institution of an individual with thoughts and behaviours which indicate the existence of a schizophrenia-like disorder: the case of James Tilly Matthews.[281][282]
1700: the concept of associations of ideas is used explicitly in the year of the fourth edition of Essay Concerning Human Understanding of John Locke; madness is made by associations of ideas which are not within human understanding.[283][284][285][286][287]
1652: the historian Alexander Ross, in his book about the history of the world, states Michael the Stammerer (Michael Balbus) "dyed" (during the year 829) "of a Phrensie and Strangury or as some say of a Bloudy flux" [288][289]
1602-8: Professor (University of Basel) Felix Platter determines within states of phrensie "spectra varia ex falsa imaginatione existiment". Platter determines lesion of the mind as mentis alienatio with mentis hallucinatio.[294]
c.1533:[nb 13] scholar, university teacher (Dôle, Pavia), lawyer (Metz), physician, court astrologer, Knight, Magician Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim contends that phrensie is the "soul coming from the Gods, or Demons". While "Plato defines this by alienation, and binding", phrensie is divine which proceeds from dieties.[296][297][298][299]
before1422: an account by a monk of St Albans Thomas Walsingham in which is written of deaths in Cantebriggae during 1389 where people died (moriebantur) by invading (invasi) phrensy (phrenesi) of mind (mentis) [nb 14] ("prout dicebatur, sospites, invasi mentis phrenesi moriebantur, sine viatico sive sensu") [nb 15][302][303]
c.1420: the first known use of the English version word dilusioun; Siege of Thebes of John Lydgate, monk at Bury St Edmunds, within the only Middle English poem on Oedipus's sons.[304][305][306][307][nb 16]
1368: first known use in France of the word realité [310][nb 17]
after c.1241: reading Aristotle’s treatises, a monk of the Order of St Dominic: Albertus (of Lauingen, born as Count von Bollstädt) uses realistic ideas instead of allegory and symbolism for synthesis of libri naturales with sapientia biblica to produce a position of thought of how to understand nature by christian contemplation as realism. [nb 18][325][326][327][328][329][330]
c.1200 the idea of insight exists in writing in the Ormulum, in which Canon Regular of St Augustine Orrm (christened Ormin) provides translation of the Gospels (expounds hope for salvation of the illiterate that should be made by their education in the details of christian devotion) as verse-homilies [331][332][333][334][335][336][nb 19]
c.130 AD: Claudius Galenus Pergami (Greek: Κλαύδιος Γαληνός) recognizes the location of the phrenic nerve at the spinal cord 3rd mylotome with the diaphragm [338]
between c.205-184: "earum ipsarum rerum rēapse, non oratione perfectio" (a line of Truculentes a comedical play (palliata) by T.M. Plautus); the Latin language words rerum rēapse mean the reality of things. "Phronesium" is a character.[340][341][342][343][344]
Παρανοίας γραφή (paranoías graphḗ) a legal action against insanity, as in Plato's text "Laws" (Πλάτων Νόμοι),[345][346] was a process in which someone could make complaint, usually against a father, or against anyone who is "mad or senile".[347][348][349]
428: In an ancient Greek theatre play by ΕΥΡΙΠΙΔΗΣ (Euripides) a nurse is made to speak on the subject of a problem which relates to φρένας (phrenes)[358][359][360]
c.1894–1595: Babylonian language has no word for mind.[361] The concept of the possibility of gaining topical intelligence by access of a supra-consciousness existed as known of by the medium of divination.[362]
↑Jeste, Dilip V.; Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; Benson, R Scott; Young, Melinda L.; Akaka, Jeffrey; Bernstein, Carol A.; Crowley, Brian; Everett, Anita S; Geller, Jeffrey; Graff, Mark David; Greene, James A.; Kashtan, Judith F.; Mcvoy, Molly K.; Nininger, James E.; Oldham, John M.; Schatzberg, Alan F.; Widge, Alik S.; Vanderlip, Erik R. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition DSM-5TM. American Psychiatric Association. pp. 87-9099-105. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
↑ 11.011.1Sartorius, N.; Chiu, H.; Heok, K. E.; Lee, M.-S.; Ouyang, W.-C.; Sato, M.; Yang, Y. K.; Yu, X. (1 March 2014). "Name Change for Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 40 (2): 255–258. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt231. PMC3932100. PMID24457142. jeongshin-bunyeol-byung... a lot of medical terms used in China are actually from Japan, including those of schizophrenia and dementia: the Chinese name of schizophrenia and dementia are exactly the same as the Japanese Kanji
↑Leiphart and Valone 2010 In: Lévêque, Marc; Durand, Edgar; Weil, Alexander G. (2014). "Psychosurgery for Schizophrenia". Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 92 (6): 412. doi:10.1159/000366005. PMID25376376. Retrieved 20 December 2023. performed a review of the literature, identifying 172 publications for schizophrenia compared to 147 for depression and 33 for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Assessment of these publications shows that it is for schizophrenia – and addiction disorder – that results are the most deceiving, all lesional techniques confounded. For schizophrenic patients, the best results are obtained with cingulotomy. To this effect, Leiphart and Valone comment that the 'best reported outcome for cingulotomy was 1.6, a poor outcome in comparison with the other disorders'.
↑Soares, Matheus Schmidt; Silva Paiva, Wellingson; Guertzenstein, Eda Z; Amorim, Robson Luis; Silveira Bernardo, Luca; Francisco Pereira, Jose; Talamoni Fonoff, Erich; Jacobsen Teixeira, Manoel (15 April 2013). ""Conclusion" in "Psychosurgery for schizophrenia: history and perspectives"". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 9: 509–515. doi:10.2147/NDT.S35823. PMC3666566. PMID23723702. There is still no evidence base to support the use of stereotactic procedures for schizophrenia. Well designed controlled studies are still needed to establish the effectiveness of psychosurgery in patients with the disease. There remain legal and ethical issues concerning psychosurgery, and outcomes have been unfavorable in the past.
↑Christmas, David; Morrison, Colin; Eljamel, Muftah S.; Matthews, Keith (2004). ""Contraindications to surgery" in "Neurosurgery for mental disorder"". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 10 (3): 189–199. doi:10.1192/apt.10.3.189. There is no evidence that personality disorders, anorexia nervosa or schizophrenia respond to neurosurgery, and patients with these disorders should not be considered unless the aim of the surgery is restricted to chronic intractable affective or obsessional comorbid symptoms.
↑Lee, Yu Sang; Park, II Ho; Park, Seon-Cheol; Kim, Jae-Jin; Kwon, Jun Soo (April 2014). "Johyeonbyung (attunement disorder): Renaming mind splitting disorder as a way to reduce stigma of patients with schizophrenia in Korea". Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 8: 118–120. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2014.01.008. PMID24655643. The term schizophrenia, which comes from the Greek roots "skhizein" and "phren," was translated as "Jungshinbunyeolbyung" in East Asian Countries, including Japan, Korea, and China.
↑Chan, Sherry K.W.; Ching, Elaine Y.N.; Lam, Kenneth S.C.; So, Hon-Cheong; Hui, Christy L.M.; Lee, Edwin H.M.; Chang, Wing C.; Chen, Eric Y.H. (August 2017). "Newspaper coverage of mental illness in H ong K ong between 2002 and 2012: impact of introduction of a new C hinese name of psychosis". Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 11 (4): 342–345. doi:10.1111/eip.12298. PMID26593744. S2CID553775. 'mental split-mind disorder'
↑Sekar, Aswin; Bialas, Allison R.; de Rivera, Heather; Davis, Avery; Hammond, Timothy R.; Kamitaki, Nolan; Tooley, Katherine; Presumey, Jessy; Baum, Matthew; Van Doren, Vanessa; Genovese, Giulio; Rose, Samuel A.; Handsaker, Robert E.; Daly, Mark J.; Carroll, Michael C.; Stevens, Beth; McCarroll, Steven A. (11 February 2016). "Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4". Nature. 530 (7589): 177–183. doi:10.1038/nature16549. PMC4752392. PMID26814963.
↑Severance, Emily G.; Prandovszky, Emese; Yang, Shuojia; Leister, Flora; Lea, Ashley; Wu, Ching-Lien; Tamouza, Ryad; Leboyer, Marion; Dickerson, Faith; Yolken, Robert H. (21 September 2023). "Prospects and Pitfalls of Plasma Complement C4 in Schizophrenia: Building a Better Biomarker". Developmental Neuroscience. 45 (6): 349–360. doi:10.1159/000534185. PMID37734326. Complex brain disorders like schizophrenia may have multifactorial origins related to mis-timed heritable and environmental factors interacting during neurodevelopment. Infections, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases are over-represented in schizophrenia leading to immune system-centered hypotheses. Complement component C4 is genetically and neurobiologically associated with schizophrenia, and its dual activity peripherally and in the brain makes it an exceptional target for biomarker development.
↑Spitzer, Robert L.; Andreasen, Nancy; Arnstein, Robert L.; Cantwell, Dennis; Clayton, Paula J.; Endicott, Jean; Frosch, William A.; Gittelman, Rachel; Goodwin, Donald W.; Klein, Donald F.; Kramer Sc.D, Morton; Lipowski, Z.J.; Mavroidis, Michael L.; Millon, Theodore; Pinsker, Henry; Saslow, George; Sheehy, Michael; Woodruff, Robert; Wynne, Lyman C.; Lipinski, Joseph F.; Pope Jr., Harrison G.; Williams M.S.W., Janet B.W. (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (third Edition) DSM-III(PDF). The American Psychiatric Association. p. 184. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2023-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-08. Course. As noted previously, the diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires that continuous signs of the illness have lasted for at least six months which always includes an active phase of psychotic symptoms, and may or may not include prodromal or residual phases.
↑Luchins, Daniel J. (July 1982). "Computed Tomography in Schizophrenia: Disparities in the Prevalence of Abnormalities". Archives of General Psychiatry. 39 (7): 859–860. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070079015. PMID6984644. In 1976, Johnstone et al reported the first computed tomography (CT) study in schizophrenia. They observed enlarged lateral ventricles in more than 50% of their sample of middle-aged patients undergoing longterm hospitalization.
↑Roberts, Marc (April 2007). "Capitalism, psychiatry, and schizophrenia: a critical introduction to Deleuze and Guattari's Anti-Oedipus". Nursing Philosophy. 8 (2): 114–127. doi:10.1111/j.1466-769X.2007.00306.x. PMID17374072.
↑Gruenberg, Ernest M.; Jenkins, Richard L.; Kalinowsky, Lothar B.; Klein, Henriette; Pasamanick, Benjamin; Slenger, W.R.; Kramer, Morton; Spitzer, Robert L.; Kolb, Lawrence C.; Stainbrook, Edward (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II)(PDF). Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Association. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
↑Vallone, Daniela; Picetti, Roberto; Borrelli, Emiliana (January 2000). "Structure and function of dopamine receptors". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 24 (1): 125–132. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00063-9. PMID10654668. S2CID9318532.
↑Paravati, Stephen; Rosani, Alan; Warrington, Steven J. (2023). "Physiology, Catecholamines". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID29939538. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-12-16. Catecholamine synthesis within the adrenal medulla is controlled by the serum concentration of the amino acidtyrosine.
↑Organization, World Health (1957). Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death : based on the recommendations of the seventh revision Conference, 1955, and adopted by the ninth World Health Assembly under the WHO Nomenclature Regulations. p. 11. hdl:10665/42900.
↑Bleuler, M. (August 1941). "Krankheitsverlauf, Persönlichkeit und Verwandtschaft Schizophrener und ihre gegenseitigen Beziehungen". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 94 (2): 242–244. doi:10.1097/00005053-194108000-00045. From the eugenic standpoint the high schizophrenia number already amongst the grandparents of schizophrenics points to the indication of sterilisation
↑ 53.053.1Trimarchi, Matteo; Bertazzoni, Giacomo; Bussi, Mario (January 2019). "The disease of Sigmund Freud: oral cancer or cocaine-induced lesion?". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 276 (1): 263–265. doi:10.1007/s00405-018-5173-3. PMID30328499. S2CID53085875.
↑Franklin, James L. (28 October 2022). ""My dear neoplasm:" Sigmund Freud's oral cancer". hekint.org. Hektoen International. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023. JAMES L. FRANKLIN is a gastroenterologist and associate professor emeritus at Rush University Medical Center.
↑Elkin, Evan J. "More Than a Cigar Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, revered his cigars and defended his right to smoke above all else". cigar aficianado. No. George Burns • Winter 94/95. www.cigaraficionado.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023. Evan J. Elkin is a clinical psychologist interning at St. Vincent's Hospital in New York City and a research scientist at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. He is an avid cigar smoker. - And yet Freud had a partial understanding that his own penchant for cigars was significant for psychoanalysis...Freud even hinted that he felt his own addiction to smoking may have had this psychological origin. However, he never published his theory, and his abortive attempts at a theory of addiction may be the result of his ambivalence about examining his own addiction to smoking.
↑Johnson, Lawrence (2001). The Wolf Man's Burden. Cornell University Press. p. 56. ISBN0801438756. Archived from the original on 2024-01-04. Retrieved 2023-12-24. Sigismund (Freud's given name)
↑Nietzsche, Friedrich (1887). "On the Genealogy of Morality". philosophy.stackexchange. Archived from the original on 2023-12-24. At the centre of all these noble races the beast of prey, the splendid blond beast avidly prowling around for spoil and victory; this hidden centre needs release from time to time, the beast must out again, must return to the wild – Roman, Arabian, Germanic, Japanese nobility, Homeric heroes, Scandinavian Vikings – in this requirement they are all alike
↑"Foreign News: God's Noble Wolf". content.time.com. Time magazine (TIME USA, LLC). February 18, 1935. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023. From erudite Berlin savant Dr. Karl Plumeyer, Realmleader Hitler learned last week that "Adolf is an ancient and valorous name derived from the Edelwolf or Noble Wolf, a victory-and-fortune-promising animal."
↑Lieutenant Colonel David Grossman (2005) On Combat in Cummings, Michael; Cummings, Eric (January 21, 2015). "The Surprising History of American Sniper's "Wolves, Sheep, and Sheepdogs" Speech". slate.com. SLATE. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023. If you have no capacity for violence then you are a healthy productive citizen: a sheep. If you have a capacity for violence and no empathy for your fellow citizens, then you have defined an aggressive sociopath—a wolf.
↑Brill, A. A. (October 1939). "Eugen Bleuler". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 90 (4): 564–567. doi:10.1097/00005053-193910000-00078.
↑Peters, U. (November 2006). "Hommage an Kraepelin zu seinem 150. Geburtstag - Zerfahrenheit: Kraepelins spezifisches Symptom für Schizophrenie". Fortschritte der Neurologie • Psychiatrie. 74 (11): 656–664. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944302. PMID17103366. S2CID144264882.
↑Commission of Statistical Experts Fifth RevisionArchived 2023-10-21 at the Wayback Machine International Institute of Statistics and the Health Organization of the League of Nations October 1938
↑Moscarelli, Massimo (July 2020). "A major flaw in the diagnosis of schizophrenia: what happened to the Schneider's first rank symptoms". Psychological Medicine. 50 (9): 1409–1417. doi:10.1017/S0033291720001816. PMID32524921. S2CID219587791.
↑Peralta, Victor; Cuesta, Manuel J. (March 1999). "Diagnostic significance of Schneider's first-rank symptoms in schizophrenia: Comparative study between schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychotic disorders". British Journal of Psychiatry. 174 (3): 243–248. doi:10.1192/bjp.174.3.243. PMID10448450. S2CID1357826.
↑ 85.085.1Maetzener, Christian (June 2018). "The Freud-Bleuler Correspondence: German Edition". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 66 (3): 549–568. doi:10.1177/0003065118777453. S2CID49689741.
↑Carpenter, William T; Koenig, James I (28 November 2007). "The Evolution of Drug Development in Schizophrenia: Past Issues and Future Opportunities". Neuropsychopharmacology. 33 (9): 2061–2079. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301639. PMC2575138. PMID18046305. The title of Bleuler's text, Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, suggests heterogeneity, but the traditional subtypes such as paranoid schizophrenia, hebephrenic schizophrenia and catatonic schizophrenia were not validated as separate disease entities. Rather, by the mid-twentieth century, influential proposals from Schneider (1959) and Langfeldt (1937, 1939) focused on symptoms with critical diagnostic importance proposing to distinguish true schizophrenia from pseudoschizophrenia and other forms of psychotic illness.
↑Adolf Hitler "Mein Kampf" In: Roitberg, Guilherme Prado; Baptista, Fabiana Maria; Gomes, Luiz Roberto (2020). "Expositions of 'degenerate' art and music in nazi Germany: reflections on totalitarian aesthetics and education Exposições de arte e música "degeneradas" na Alemanha nazista: reflexões sobre estética totalitária e educação"(PDF). Revista Digital do LAV – Santa Maria. 13 (3). doi:10.5902/1983734848141. Archived(PDF) from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2023. ...every blood mix between the Aryan and inferior peoples the result has always been the extinction of the civilizing element...the effect of the fusion of races clearly and distinctly. The German of the American continent rose until its domination, because it was kept purer and without mixture; there he will continue to reign until he is victimized by the sin of the mixture of blood. In few words,the result of crossbreeding is therefore always as follows: A) Lowering of the level of the strongest race; B) Physical and intellectual return and thus the onset of a slowly but surely progressing disease. To provoke such a thing, then, is nothing but an attack on the will of the Creator.
↑Jäckel, Eberhard; Latzin, Ellen (11 May 2006). "Mein Kampf (Adolf Hitler, 1925/26)". www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de. Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. The first edition was published on 18 July 1925 (volume 1) and 11 December 1926 (volume 2) by Franz Eher Nachf. Verlag in Munich.
↑Devine, Henry (December 1932). "The Problem of Schizophrenia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 26 (2): 111–120. doi:10.1177/003591573202600211. Having spent some twenty-five years in almost daily contact with psychotic patients, it is only natural to wish I felt myself to be in a position to speak with assurance on the causation, pathology, and treatment of the reaction-type to which the term schizophrenia is applied.
↑McBrierty, Vincent J. (2012). "Ernest Walton: Nobel Laureate and Committed Irish Scientist". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 101 (403): 301–314. JSTOR23333150. pioneer work on he transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated particles
↑Poole, Mike; Dainton, John; Chattopadhyay, Swapan (20 November 2007). "Cockcroft's subatomic legacy: splitting the atom". CERN Courier. IOP Publishing. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2023. transformed subatomic physics was 14 April 1932 when Cockcroft and Walton split the lithium atom with a proton beam
↑Bryant, P.J. (26 January 1994). "A Brief History and Review of Accelerators"(PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: CERN Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire Accelerator School. p. 1. Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2023. ed. note: page 2 has an erratum, page 12 ("Livingston chart") shows the changes in scale of energies used for accelarators in disintegrations "1930" - "1980"+
↑Cox, Hayley (10 October 2017). "100 years on, marking Rutherford's breakthroughs". www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk. University of Manchester. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. Rutherford is often credited with splitting the atom during this period...Sean Freeman, Professor of Nuclear Physics at the University, explains: '"Splitting the atom" is not a particularly good description of this work.:
↑Lanzoni, Susan (2006). "Diagnosing with Feeling: The Clinical Assessment of Schizophrenia in Early Twentieth-Century European Psychiatry". Medicine, Emotion and Disease, 1700–1950. pp. 169–190. doi:10.1057/9780230286030_8. ISBN978-1-349-54036-5.
↑Adityanjee MD, MRCPSYCH (sic); Aderibigbe MD, FWCAP, Yekeen A.; Theodoridis MD, D.; Vieweg MD, W. Victor R. (August 1999). ""Eugene Bleuler" in Dementia praecox to schizophrenia: The first 100 years". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 53 (4): 437–448. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00584.x. PMID10498224. In 1923 in the 4th edition of his book, Bleuler differentiated between 'process' and 'reactive' schizophrenia based on aetiology, course and symptoms. 43,64 This led to the later distinction between true schizophrenia and schizophreniform psychosis.43...43 Van Praag HM. About the impossible concept of schizophrenia. Compr. Psychiatry 1976; 17: 481 497...64 Bleuler E. Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Springer, Berlin, 1923.
↑Lunbeck (1994: 373) In: Noll, Richard (2007). "Kraepelin's 'lost biological psychiatry'? Autointoxication, organotherapy and surgery for dementia praecox". History of Psychiatry. 18 (3): 317. doi:10.1177/0957154X07078705. PMID18175634. S2CID7995446. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. According to Lunbeck (1994: 373), schizophrenia was fi rst used as a diagnostic term at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital in 1919. E. E. Southard, who was the medical director of that hospital, wrote to several colleagues about this time to ask their opinion on the comparative desirability of the two terms. He summarized them in notes attached to his unpublished typescript, 'Non-Dementia Non-Praecox: Note on the Advantages to Mental Hygiene of Extirpating a Term' (held among his Nachlass at the Countway Library of Medicine at Harvard Medical School). The unpublished paper was the basis of a lecture he delivered to the Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology on 20 February 1919
↑N., Sam M.S. "Intrapsychic Ataxia" Psychology Dictionary "The Austrian psychiatrist Erwin Stransky introduced in 1904 the concept in association with schizophrenia." https //psychologydictionary.org/intrapsychic-ataxia/
↑Triarhou, Lazaros C. (2012). "Erwin Stransky (1877–1962)". Journal of Neurology. 259 (9): 2012–2013. doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6461-2. PMID22399146. Retrieved 18 December 2023. In 1903, Stransky formulated a dissociation process[6] and in 1904 intrapsychic ataxia (the incongruity between thymopsyche and noopsyche—or between affect and cognition in modern terms) as a pathogenetic hallmark of schizophrenia. His ideas were credited by Emil Kraepelin, Carl Jung, and Eugen Bleuler [3].
↑McKenna, Peter J.; Oh, Tomasina M. (2005). Schizophrenic Speech: Making Sense of Bathroots and Ponds that Fall in Doorways. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN978-0-521-81075-3.
↑Lucassen, Leo (August 2010). "A Brave New World: The Left, Social Engineering, and Eugenics in Twentieth-Century Europe". International Review of Social History. 55 (2): 265–296. doi:10.1017/S0020859010000209.
↑Bleuler, Eugen (1911) Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias) archive.org International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York) 362: "The splitting is the prerequisite condition of most of the coinplicated phenomena of the disease. It is the splitting which gives the peculiar stamp to the entire symptomatology. However, behind this systematic splitting into definite idea-complexes, we have found a previous primary loosening of the associational structure which can lead to an irregular fragmentation of such solidly established elements as concrete ideas. The term, schizophrenia, refers to both kinds of splitting which often fuse in their effects. Schizophrenic splitting is again only another example of exaggerated physiological processess. Even the healthy person can harbor various complexes, all more or less unconnected with each other; and he may even continue to elaborate and develop them in his unconscious or in dreams."
↑Stotz-Ingenlath, Gabriele (2000). "Epistemological aspects of Eugen Bleuler's conception of Schizophrenia in 1911". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 3 (2): 153–159. doi:10.1023/A:1009919309015. PMID11079343. S2CID25457004. so-called pathological phenomena actually seemed to be only exaggerations of normal psychic functions. So there were only a quantitative, not a qualitative difference between schizophrenia and normal psychic processes
↑Bleuler, Eugen (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias). International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York). pp. 476-8. At the present time, the only type of therapy that can seriously be considered for schizophrenia as a whole is the psychic method...At present, there is nothing we can do at the peak of an active thrust of the disease. We are forced to wait for improvement. However, in many cases, it is difficult to recognize when the end of the acute stage has been reached...The general tasks or treatment, then, consist in educating the patient in re-establishing his contact with reality, i.e., in combatting autism...Occupational therapy represents the best means of meeting our demands. It provides an opportunity for exercising the normal psychic functions, for continual active and passive contact with reality, it stimulates the patients' capacity for adaptation, and forces them to think about normal life outside the hospital. After all, in the absence of some such external means, it is impossible for anyone to maintain for any length of time psychic contact with individuals with whom one does not have any spiritual rapport. Even in acute stages, occupational therapy proves often both practical and useful. Every mental institution should have the kind of set-up that will make it possible to offer every patient some kind of work at all times... Sports may also be considered as an inferior substitute for work. However, as an addition to work, it is of considerable value when dealing with people who are well acquainted with it. Otherwise, games...
↑A.A. Brill (1909) In: "The physiological psychologist" Kieran McNally Looking Back: Treasures of knowledgeArchived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine the british psychological society 18 October 2013 "Based on experimental psychology, and on the new and invaluable psychology of Freud..."
↑Bleuler, Eugen (1911). "Author's Preface" In: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien). archive.org: International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin, 1950). p. 1. Our knowledge of the disease group which Kraepelin established under the name of Dementia Praecox is too recent to warrant a complete description. The whole complex is still too fluid, incomplete, tentative.... An additional difficulty arises with regard to the chapters on psychopathology, that is the embryonic state of contemporary psychology. We do not even have the necessary terminology for the new psychological concepts.... An important aspect of the attempt to advance and enlarge the concepts of psychopathology is nothing less than the application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox. I feel certain that every reader realizes how greatly we are indebted to this author, without my mentioning his name at each appropriate point of the discussion.
Under all circumstances, if the disease is diagnosed or suspected, marriage must be discouraged with the greatest emphasis...we know of no measures which will cure the disease, as such, or even bring it to a halt...it is to be hoped that sterilisation will soon be employed on a larger scale in these cases as in other patients with a pathological Anlage for eugenic reasons
↑Freeman, T (1977). "On Freud's theory of schizophrenia". The International Journal of Psycho-analysis. 58 (4): 383–388. PMID340399. For many years now there has been a continued and sustained criticism of Freud's (1911) hypothesis that the basic disorder in schizophrenia consists of the patient's inability to maintain libidinal cathexis of objects.
↑Haustgen, T. (September 2007). "La psychose hallucinatoire chronique doit-elle disparaître ? Une revue historique". PSN. 5 (3): 162–175. doi:10.1007/s11836-007-0041-z. S2CID142547341.
↑Ferreira, M.C.; Sousa-Ferreira, T.; Almeida, N.; Santos, B. (March 2015). "Can We Still Talk About Chronic Hallucinatory Psychosis? a Case Report". European Psychiatry. 30: 1689. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(15)31295-5. S2CID147500729. The growing influence of international nosology has led to a progressive disuse of the concept of chronic hallucinatory psychosis and patients with such clinical condition have been classified under the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, according to the Anglo-Saxon current classifications.
↑Manual of the International List of Causes of Death, as adapted for use in England and Wales. ased on the Decennial Revision of the International Commission Paris, 1909 London: Published by His Majesty's Stationary Office p.xviifacsimile published by archive.org 2015-02-25
↑Möller, A.; Scharfetter, C.; Hell, D. (October 2002). "Development and termination of the working relationship of C. G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler, 1900-1909". History of Psychiatry. 13 (52): 445–453. doi:10.1177/0957154X0201305206. PMID12645573. S2CID39653638.
↑Studies in Word-Association Experiments in the Diagnosis of Psychopathological Conditions carried out at the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Zurich under the direction of C. G. Jung , LL.D. (formerly of the University of Zurich) authorized translation by Dr. Eder. New York Moffat, Yard & Company 1919
↑Lee, Yu Sang; Park, II Ho; Park, Seon-Cheol; Kim, Jae-Jin; Kwon, Jun Soo (April 2014). "Johyeonbyung (attunement disorder): Renaming mind splitting disorder as a way to reduce stigma of patients with schizophrenia in Korea". Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 8: 118–120. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2014.01.008. PMID24655643.
↑Fusar-Poli, Paolo; Politi, Pierluigi (November 2008). "Paul Eugen Bleuler and the Birth of Schizophrenia (1908)". American Journal of Psychiatry. 165 (11): 1407. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050714. PMID18981075.
↑Hany, Manassa; Rehman, Baryiah; Azhar, Yusra; Chapman, Jennifer (2023). "Schizophrenia". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID30969686. Archived from the original on 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
Dissociation according to the French school is a weakness of consciousness due to the splitting off of one or a series of ideas. They separate themselves from the hierarchy of the conscious ego and begin a more or less independent existence.77 The hysteria doctrine of Breuer and Freud was developed on this foundation...77 See the fundamental work of Janet : L'automatisme psychologique....If the connection between Gross's synchronous series is severed by disease, disintegration of consciousness results. Translated into the language of the French school, it means that if one or more association series are split off there results a dissociation causing weakness of consciousness. Let us not quarrel over words....As aforesaid, the displeasing part in this hypothesis is the assumption of synchronous independent association series. Normal psychology does not furnish us with any facts on this point. Where we can best observe split-off series of ideas, namely, in hysteria, we find that the opposite holds true.
If we weaken the power of consciousness by suggestion and produce thereby a split-off series of presentations, as, for example, in post-hypnotic commands, we find that this series reappears with a power inexplicable to the ego-consciousness. In the psychology of ecstatic somnambulists we have the typical breaking in of split-off ideas.84...84 See especially the magnificent script examples of Helene Smith, Flournoy: Des Indes, etc.
Freud and Gross find the important fact of the presence of split-off series of ideas. To Freud, however, belongs the credit of being the first to show in a case of paranoid dementia praecox the " principle of conversion " (repression and indirect reappearance of the complexes).
↑p.96: section on "Sterotypy" in the Chapter "Dementia Praecox and Hysteria" 1907
↑Bleuler, Eugen (1911) Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (Monograph Series on Schizophrenia NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias) archive.org International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York) p.9: "The Definition of the Disease...
at different times different psychic complexes seem to represent the personality. Integration of different complexes and strivings appears insufficient or even lacking. The psychic complexes do not combine in a conglomeration of strivings with a unified resultant as they do in a healthy person; rather, one set of complexes dominates the personality for a time, while other groups of ideas or drives are "split off" and seem either partly or completely impotent."
↑ 191.0191.1Bleuler, Manfred; Bleuler, Rudolf (November 1986). "Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien: Eugen Bleuler". British Journal of Psychiatry. 149 (5): 661–664. doi:10.1192/bjp.149.5.661. PMID3545358. S2CID5881202.
↑Chamberlain, J. P. (1923). "Current Legislation: Eugenics and Limitations of Marriage". American Bar Association Journal. 9 (7): 429–430. JSTOR25711334.
↑ 203.0203.1Laviolette, Steven R.; van der Kooy, Derek (2004). "The neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from molecules to behaviour". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 5 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1038/nrn1298. PMID14708004. S2CID12559343. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco smoke, produces diverse neurophysiological, motivational and behavioural effects through several brain regions and neurochemical pathways. Recent research in the fields of behavioural pharmacology, genetics and electrophysiology is providing an increasingly integrated picture of how the brain processes the motivational effects of nicotine.
↑Seidenberg, Henry (January 1971). "The Basic Rule: Free Association—A Reconsideration". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 19 (1): 98–109. doi:10.1177/000306517101900108. S2CID144897717.
↑Bogousslavsky, Julien; Boller, François (2013). "Jean-Martin Charcot and art". The Fine Arts, Neurology, and Neuroscience - Neuro-Historical Dimensions. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 203. pp. 185–199. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62730-8.00007-4. ISBN978-0-444-62730-8. PMID24041281. the "father of neurology" in France and much beyond, was also the man who established academic psychiatry in Paris, differentiating it from clinical alienism.
↑Bowden-Jones, Owen (2016). "What are psychoactive drugs, who uses them and why?". The Drug Conversation: How to Talk to Your Child about Drugs. Royal College of Psychiatrists. ISBN978-1-909726-57-4.
↑Lebzeltern, G (11 November 1983). "Freud und das Kokain" [Sigmund Freud and cocaine]. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift (in German). 95 (21): 765–769. PMID6369804.
↑"Uber Coca Von Dr. Sigm. Freud, Seeundararzt im k. k. Allgemeinen Krankenhause in Wien. Centralblatt fiir die ges. Therapie. 2, 289-314. 1884 Juli]" In: Shaffer, Howard (January 1984). "Uber coca: Freud's cocaine discoveries". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1 (3): 205–217. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(84)90023-0.
↑Marková, Ivana (13 October 2005). Insight in Psychiatry. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN0521825180. Pick explicitely defined his notion of 'awareness of illness' which became influential in the conceptualization of insight in later German psychiatry
↑Burns, David M. (February 1998). "Cigar Smoking: Overview and Current State of the Science"(PDF). Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. pp. 1–20. NIH Pub. No. 98-4302. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2023-10-23. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
↑Sammet, Kai (2020). "Silent 'Night of Madness'? Light, Voice, Sounds, and Space in the Illenau Asylum in Baden between 1842 and 1910". Material Cultures of Psychiatry. Histoire. Vol. 155. pp. 44–73. doi:10.14361/9783839447888-005. ISBN978-3-8376-4788-4. The Illenau asylum in Baden was built between 1837 and 1842 according to plans by Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Roller (1802–1878) near the town of Achern on the edge of the northern Black Forest.
↑Hirjak, Dusan; Foucher, Jack R.; Ams, Miriam; Jeanjean, Ludovic C.; Kubera, Katharina M.; Wolf, Robert Christian; Northoff, Georg (June 2022). "The origins of catatonia – Systematic review of historical texts between 1800 and 1900". Schizophrenia Research. 263: 6–17. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.003. PMID35710511. S2CID249628976.
↑Fusar-Poli, Paolo; Salazar de Pablo, Gonzalo; Rajkumar, Ravi Philip; López-Díaz, Álvaro; Malhotra, Savita; Heckers, Stephan; Lawrie, Stephen M; Pillmann, Frank (January 2022). "Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of brief psychotic episodes: a review and research agenda". The Lancet Psychiatry. 9 (1): 72–83. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00121-8. hdl:10261/306651. PMID34856200. S2CID244762119.
↑Abel, E. L. (December 2004). "Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809-1873)". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (12): 2185. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185. Benedict-Augustin Morel's theory of degeneration dominated French psychiatry for almost a century after its publication in 1857...Morel described a progressive generational degeneration...culminating in sterility in the fourth and final generation (ed. note: Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine doesn't contain any reference to sterility (see note: "nb 9" attached)
↑Karschay, Stephan (2015). "Degeneration and the Victorian Sciences". Degeneration, Normativity and the Gothic at the Fin de Siècle. Palgrave Studies in Nineteenth-Century Writing and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 30–84. doi:10.1057/9781137450333_2 (inactive 2023-12-18). ISBN978-1-137-45033-3. Archived from the original on 2023-11-17. Retrieved 2023-11-24.((cite book)): CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2023 (link)
↑Menninger In: Tinker, Barbara Ann (1980). The temporal sequence of symptoms in acute psychotic episodes (Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology thesis). University of Massachusetts Amherst. p. 2. doi:10.7275/q85x-fs66. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Insanity begins with a phase of depression (melancholia), followed by a period of excitement or fury (mania); then follows a phase of either death or recovery, or--if the disease continues—a phase of "weakness or perversion" of mental faculties, taking the aspect of Verwirtheit (amentia) or Verrucktheit (paranoia); finally, if there is no improvement, it ends with a terminal state of mental destruction called Blodsinn (dementia)
↑Coffin, Jean-Christophe (May 2004). "Conceptions de la dégénérescence dans la psychiatrie italienne du XIXème siècle". PSN. 2 (3): 46–59. doi:10.1007/BF03005222. S2CID141139989.
↑Canstatt, Carl Friedrich (1843). Handbuch der medicinischen Klinik : die Specielle Pathologie und Therapie vom klinischen Standpunkte aus bearbeitet (in German). Vol. Erster Band (first volume) (Zweite vermehrte Auflage: Second enlarged ed.). Erlangen: F. Enke. p. 337. Retrieved 9 December 2023 – via archive.org (Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh). §. 50. Die Frage, welchen Ausgang eine Neurose im concreten Falle nehmen werde, ist gar nicht zu beantworten ohne Hinblick auf die Grundzustände, die, an und für sich ein Anderes als die Neurose, nur unter der Form derselben in die äussere Erscheinung treten. Diess hat man aber oft genug übersehen und hat z.B. für Krise der Neurosen genommen , wras, beim Lichte betrachtet, Ausgang primären mit der Neurose ursächlich zusammenhängenden Leidens wTar. So können wir unmöglich zugeben, dass eine Neuralgia coeliaca sich durch Blutbrechen oder Meiäna, eine Psychose durch Darmausleerungen, eine Lähmung durch Nasenbluten u. dgl. m. entscheide; materielle Krisen sind nur im und vom vegetativen Systeme aus möglich; jene Entleerungen sind Aeusserungen einer sich wieder ins Gleichgewicht setzenden Plastik und können zur Heilung der Neurose beilragen, wenn sie das sie bedingende Grundleiden heben; aber sie stehen in keinem unmittelbaren Verbände mit den erkrankten Nerven, sind keine Metamorphose innerhalb der Neurose selbst. Dass uns gar oft jene Anomalieen der Vegetation verborgen bleiben, dass uns solche materielle Krisen, welche die Neurose oft mit Einem Sclilage heben, nicht selten überraschen und wir vergeblich nach ihrem inneren Zusammenhänge forschen, ändert Nichts an der Sache. Je weiter wir in der ätiologischen Kenntniss der Neurosen (und sie ist gewiss die wichtigere!) Vordringen werden, desto weniger werden wir an diesen Rälhseln zu kauen haben. Wie häufig aber Bildungskrankheilen und Degenerationen Ursache der Neurosen sind , lehrt uns das in neuerer Zeit auch in diesem Gebiete der pathologischen Aanatomie sorgfältiger forschende Scalpell. §. 51. Man hat auch von nervösen Krisen gesprochen.
↑"168 Jahre Museumsgeschichte". www.bayerisches-nationalmuseum.de/en/museum/history. Bayerisches Nationalmuseum 2023. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
↑"Die innere Politik 1825–1848". hdbg.eu. Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte Museum. 2023. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023. Vormärz und Revolutionsangst Die Ära Ludwigs I. (1825–1848) fällt in die Zeit des „Vormärz", der langen Phase zwischen dem Wiener Kongress von 1814/15 und der Märzrevolution von 1848.
↑Spittles, Brian (2018). "3.2.1 Gottfried Eisenmann (1835)". Better understanding psychosis: A psychospiritual challenge to medical psychiatry (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). murdoch.edu.au (Murdoch University). Archived from the original on 2023-12-24. Die vegetativen Krankheiten und die entgiftende Heilmethode (1835), coined the terms 'psychrosen' and 'psychrose' to depict a specific form of neurosis.16 Emulating the system of scientific classification in botany, he proposed that, within the overall kingdom of diseases, 'psychrosen' was one of four orders of illness under the class 'neurosis'; namely, the order of "the mental diseases" (López Piñero, 1983, p.15).
↑Carpenter, Peter K. (July 1989). "Descriptions of schizophrenia in the psychiatry of Georgian Britain: John Haslam and James Tilly Matthews". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 30 (4): 332–338. doi:10.1016/0010-440x(89)90058-8. PMID2667883.
↑ 283.0283.1Tabb, Kathryn (2014). "The Fate of Nebuchadnezzar: Curiosity and Human Nature in Hobbes". Hobbes Studies. 27 (1): Tabb 5–7, footnote 17. doi:10.1163/18750257-02701005. S2CID143041765. Retrieved 25 December 2023. Pettit argues that Hobbes...The unruly crowd of sensations that make their way to the brain by way of the spirits are organized based on patterns of association between ideas.1717 I use this term, following Pettit, anachronistically—it is not used to describe the connection of ideas until the fourth edition of John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1700.
↑Young, R.M. (1973). "Association of Ideas". In Wiener, P. P. (ed.). Dictionary of the history of ideas studies of selected pivotal ideas. Vol. 1. New York: Scribner. pp. 111–118. ISBN0684132931. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25. complex mental phenomena are formed from simple elements derived ultimately from sensations...the mechanism by which these are formed depends on similarity and/or repeated juxtapositoin of the simple elements in space and time. The association of ideas provides a mechanism for ordered change through experience
↑ 290.0290.1Sorell, Thomas (2002). Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Taylor and Francis. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
↑Lubienski, Z (1930). "Hobbes' Philosophy and its Historical Background". Philosophy. 5 (18): 175–190. doi:10.1017/S0031819100013243. S2CID170120357. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. page 189 note 1 Hobbes was the first to formulate a law of association of ideas. He made interesting observations on the psycho-physiology of dreams, on the nature of affects, etc.
↑Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (1533). De occulta Philosophia Libri Tres. Coloniæ: s.i.n. Johann Soter. Archived from the original on 2024-01-04. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
↑Morley, Henry (1857). "The Life of Henry Cornelius Agrippa Von Nettesheim, Doctor and Knight, Commonly Known as a Magician". The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review. 19: 170. S2CID52129131.
↑Creighton M.A., M.D., Charles (1891). "A History Of Epidemics In Britain"(PDF). Cambridge: Deighton, Bell and Co. p. 49. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
↑Hastings, Margaret; Prestwich, Michael Charles. "England in the 15th century". www.britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Culturally the 15th century was a period of sterility. Monastic chronicles came to an end, and the writing of history declined. Thomas Walsingham (died c. 1422) was the last of a distinguished line of St. Albans chroniclers.
↑Lydgate, John (c. 1420). "line 968". The Siege of Thebes: Prima Pars. d.lib.rochester.edu: University of Rochester. And with that word the kyng lift up his hede, And abrayd with sharpe sighes smerte, And al this thing be ordre gan adverte, Ceriously be good avisement, And by signes cleer and evident Conceyveth wel, and sore gan repente It was hymsilf that Jocasta mente. And whan the quene in manere segh hym pleyn, By her goddes she gan hym to constreyne To shewen out the cause of his affray, And it expowne, and make no delay, Crop and root shortly, why that he Entred first into that contré, Fro when he kam and fro what regioun. But he hir put in dilusioun, As he had done it for the nonys, Til at laste he brak out atonys Unto the queene and gan a processe make First how he was in the forest take, Wounded the feet and so forth everythyng, Of his chershing with Polyboun the kyng, And hool the cause why he hym forsoke, And in what wise he the weye toke Toward Thebes as Appollo bad, And of fortune how that he was lad Wher that Spynx kepte the mounteyn; And how that he slough also in certeyn Kyng Layus at the castel gate, Towardes nyght whan it was ful late; And how to Thebes that he gan hym spede To fynden oute the stok of his kynrede: Which unto hym gan to wexe couth; For by processe of his grene youth He fonde out wel, be reknyng of his lif, That she was both his moder and his wif. So that al nyght and suing on the morow Atwene hem two gan a newe sorowe, Which unto me were tedious to telle; For therupon, yif I shulde dwelle, A long space it wolde occupie.
↑"delusion NOUN". www.oed.com. University of Oxford: Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 30 December 2023. OED's earliest evidence for delusion is from around 1420, in the writing of John Lydgate, poet and prior of Hatfield Regis.
↑Edwards, Robert R. (2001). "The Siege of Thebes: Introduction". d.lib.rochester.edu. University of Rochester. Retrieved 30 December 2023. the only Middle English poetic text to recount the disastrous fratricidal struggle between Oedipus' sons Eteocles and Polynices as they strive to retain lordship over ancient Thebes.
↑Taylor, Martyn (5 July 2023). "Review Extras". www.burysociety.com. The Bury St. Edmunds Society. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
↑"RÉALITÉ sust. fem". www.cnrtl.fr. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales de France. 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
↑Tamminga, Carol (2022). "Schizophrenia". MSD Manual Consumer Version. Merck. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality (psychosis), hallucinations (usually, hearing voices), firmly held false beliefs (delusions),
↑Stangor, Charles; Walinga, Jennifer (2020). ""Key Takeaways" in "15.6 Schizophrenia: The Edge of Reality"". 1st Canadian Edition Introduction to Psychology. Canada: Thompson Rivers University. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, and loss of contact with reality.BC campus, LibreTexts
↑Van Duppen, Zeno (December 2017). "The Meaning and Relevance of Minkowski's 'Loss of Vital Contact with Reality'". Philosophy, Psychiatry & Psychology. 24 (4): 385–397. doi:10.1353/ppp.2017.0057. S2CID201746417. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Eugène Minkowski is among the most prominent figures in phenomenological psychopathology. His notion of the 'loss of vital contact with reality' remains a key concept in the phenomenological description of schizophrenia. However, the precise meaning and relevance of this concept is unclear.
↑Gozé, Tudi; Moskalewicz, Marcin; Schwartz, Michael A; Naudin, Jean; Micoulaud-Franchi, Jean-Arthur; Cermolacce, Michel (September 2019). "Reassessing "Praecox Feeling" in Diagnostic Decision Making in Schizophrenia: A Critical Review". Schizophr. Bull. 45 (5): 966–970. doi:10.1093/schbul/sby172. PMC6737542. PMID30476340. Classical Psychopathology and the History of PF...Bleuler...spoke of the "intrapsychic Spaltung," resulting in the release of the associations and detachment from reality (autism)... According to Minkowski, Bleuler did not go far enough in his conceptualization of schizophrenic autism...Focusing on mental contents, he missed the key link between a person and his/her world. The clinical core of schizophrenia consists of a "loss of vital contact with reality." The patient loses "resonance" with the world, but not (as is the case of Bleuler's autism) contact with the world.
↑O'Connor, J J; Robertson, E F (2003). "Saint Albertus Magnus". mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 28 December 2023. He was sent to the Dominican convent of Saint-Jacques at the University of Paris in about 1241 where he read the new translations, with commentaries, of the Arabic and Greek texts of Aristotle. This was a period when the writings of Arabic scholars, and through them the texts of ancient Greek philosophers, was becoming known throughout Christian Europe and it was having to come to terms with this new knowledge. Albertus would play a major role in accepting this new learning into Europe
↑Brumberg-Chaumont, J. (2020). "Albert the Great". In Lagerlund, H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 86–91. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1665-7_18. ISBN978-94-024-1665-7. S2CID262365999. His ambition was to deliver to his contemporaries a deep understanding of the newly available Aristotelian philosophy (metaphysics, psychology, natural science, and "theology" through the Liber de causis) founded on a synthesis of the teaching of peripatetism and of that of Christian faith.
↑Kennedy, D (1907). Knight, Kevin (ed.). "St. Albertus Magnus". www.newadvent.org. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 December 2023. In the year 1223 he joined the Order of St. Dominic, being attracted by the preaching of Blessed Jordan of Saxony second Master General of the Order.
↑Johannesson, Nils-Lennart (January 2004). "THE ETYMOLOGY OF 'RÍME' IN THE 'ORMULUM'". Nordic Journal of English Studies. 3 (1): 11(71). doi:10.35360/njes.22. Retrieved 29 December 2023. 1. Orm names himself and his book in the Dedication to his brother Walter, who is said to have commissioned the work. Both brothers are described as Augustinian canons.
↑Phillips, Betty S. (1992). "Open syllable lengthening and the Ormulum". WORD. 43 (3): 375–382. doi:10.1080/00437956.1992.12098314. The date at which Middle English open syllable lengthening began and the value of the evidence from the Ormulum (ca. 1200) in determining that date have been disputed...Orm's use of several nouns with etymologically short vowels in the penultimate syllable of his line of verse (which required a heavy syllable) supports the conclusion that open-syllable lengthening had begun in his dialect.
↑Publius Terentius Afer "Andria" 1, 2, 32 In: dē-lūdo , si, sum, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary
↑Lewis Ph.D., Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). Crane, G.R. (ed.). "Latin Word Study Tool". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 29 December 2023. rēapse , adv. contr. from re and eapse, an old form for ipsā; hence in tmesi: reque eapse, Scip. Afr. ap. Fest. p. 286, 3; cf. ipse init., I. in fact, in reality, actually, really (an old word, which does not occur after Cic.): "reapse est re ipsā," Fest. p. 278 Müll.; Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 41: "earum ipsarum rerum reapse, non oratione perfectio,"
↑Klar, Laura S. (October 2006). "HEILBRUNN TIMELINE OF ART HISTORY ESSAYS: Theater and Amphitheater in the Roman World". www.metmuseum.org. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 December 2023. In 240 B.C., full-length, scripted plays were introduced to Rome by the playwright Livius Andronicus, a native of the Greek city of Tarentum in southern Italy. The earliest Latin plays to have survived intact are the comedies of Plautus (active ca. 205–184 B.C.), which were principally adaptations of Greek New Comedy.
↑Pappaioannou, Sophie (15 May 2020). "Chapter 6 Postclassical Comedy and the Composition of Roman Comedy". In Petrides, Antonis K. (ed.). New Perspectives on Postclassical Comedy. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 169. ISBN9781527551589. It is widely acknowledged nowadays that the Truculentes is not a typical Plautine palliata. The acting is too self-conscious, and this persistent emphasis on realism and reality is largely responsible for the plays unorthodox plotline and content. As a result, the play clashes against the structural conventions of the New Comedy, which are founded on illusion and the reversal of reality.
↑Πλάτων. "Plato, The Apology of Socrates Translated by Benjamin Jowett Adapted by Miriam Carlisle, Thomas E. Jenkins, Gregory Nagy, and Soo-Young Kim". chs.harvard.edu. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Retrieved 14 December 2023. I have said enough in my defense against the first class of my accusers; I turn to the second class, who are headed by Meletus, that good [agathos] and patriotic man, as he calls himself. And now I will try to defend myself against them: these new accusers must also have their affidavit read...Socrates commits wrong [a-dika] deeds, and corrupts the young men, and he does not believe in the gods that the state [polis] believes in, but believes in other things having to do with daimones of his own. That is the sort of charge
↑McCarthy-Jones, Simon (2012). Hearing Voices: The Histories, Causes and Meanings of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN978-1-107-00722-2.
↑Berman, David (2014). "Socrates' Daimonion". Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. pp. 1676–1679. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_652. ISBN978-1-4614-6085-5. I have a divine sign [daimonion] from the god which… began when I was a child. It is a voice
Douglas Harper Etymology of conscience - from Latin conscientia "knowledge within oneself" probably originally (Harper) "to separate one thing from another, to distinguish," scindere "to cut, divide," skhizein "to split, rend, cleave"
↑Reynolds, Edward H.; Kinnier Wilson, James V. (September 2014). "Neurology and psychiatry in Babylon". Brain. 137 (9): 2611–2619. doi:10.1093/brain/awu192. PMID25037816. Retrieved 29 December 2023. Babylonian accounts of neurological and psychiatric disorders...The concept of 'mind' was not current either, so that what is today broadly regarded as mental disorders were in large part observed as disorders of behaviour.
↑Annus, Amar (August 2023). "Theory of Marduk's Mind in Babylonian Wisdom Literature". www.researchgate.net. Zaphon. Retrieved 29 December 2023. The following explanation of this epithet was written down in the Babylonian Creation Epic: dšà-zu mu-de-e lìb-bi ilāni šá i-bar-ru-u kar-šú "Shazu, the one who knows the heart of the gods, who examines the mind" (Lambert, 2013: 126 VII 35). The Akkadian expression used here was barû karšu "to look into a stomach," which also related to the divination through extispicy, when the inner organs of sacrificial animal were inspected to learn about deities' plans for future (Starr 1983: 54–55)...the divine authority was the sun god Shamash.
Lupus est homo homini, non homo, quom qualis sit non novit
— Titus Maccius Plautus ex Asinaria
Homo homini lupus est; viz. Wolff (see 1908) [59][60] from Eisenmann (see 1835) [61] (i.e. livestock depredation [62]): the father of Sigismund Freud (see 1911 & 1893) was at some time registered as (or primarily was) a wool merchant,[63][64][65][66] the first name of the leader of the German government, Adolf Hitler, apparently means noble wolf [67][68][69]
↑"sin of the mixture of blood" (Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1925-6):[93][94] see 1924, 1911, 1908, 1859, 1835, 1833
↑During 14 April a method for the splitting of an atom is discovered. An atom of lithium is made disintegrational by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton using a particle accelerator (after Rutherford) designed to study nuclear reactions. The disintegrational products are transmutations.[96][97][98][99][100][101] see: 1948
↑the word Blödsinn (see 1835 & 1859) means literally; (blöd): idiot, sheepish,[103][104] silly,[103] disagreeable,[105] imbecilic (old meaning),[103][105] feeble-minded (old meaning) [105][106] (sinn): senses, &, consciousness, &, mind [107]
↑
"introduced in 1904 the concept in association with schizophrenia.";[117](Triarhou 2012) "and in 1904 ‘‘intrapsychic ataxia’’...as a pathogenetic hallmark of schizophrenia" [118]
↑For sources of first names of "Riklin" and "Abraham" see: Bibliography: Ashok; Moskowitz, respectively
↑(Rocha, Cunha, Torres, Lopes 2021) "Initially, in 1896, Kahlbaum coined the term ‘dysphrenia’, a group of severe form of psychosis"[248]
↑Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine (1857) doesn't contain any reference to stérilité or stérilisation.[259][260][261]
"The term psychosis was first used by Carl Canstatt, who thus distinguished functional disorders of the ‘intelligent sphere of the nervous system’ from disorders of ‘other nerve provinces’ (Canstatt, Citation1841, p. 328)" [276]
"Canstatt introduced the concept of psychosis into the psychiatric literature in 1841. He used the term synonymously with “psychic neurosis” and emphasized, for the first time, psychic manifestations of a brain disease (Burgy, 2008)." [277]
"While there has been no universal consensus on the concept of “psychosis”, since the term was introduced by Canstatt into the psychiatric literature" (Burgy M. 2008), "one of the most common uses has been to refer to phenomena such as delusions and hallucinations" (van Os J, Murray RM 2013)[278]
"The term 'psychosis' and its synonym 'psychic neurosis' was introduced into the psychiatric literature by the German forensic doctor Carl Canstatt in 1841 ...(Bürgy, 2008). In the 1843 edition of the handbook, Canstatt wrote..." - 'Where the ailment underlying the psychosis is recognised and removed by the doctor's action, where psychosis has not firmly struck its roots as an independent disease of the individuality, there, the causal indication fully claims its rights...Yet more often causal indications are beyond the scope of the doctor, and nothing else remains except direct combat against the psychosis' (p.368 [279]
↑ the year of the existence of De occulta Philosophia Libri Tres [295]
↑(or more literally) with an invaded mind madly died[300] (machine translationverbatim) "as it was said, the suspects, attacked by a frenzy of mind, died without rest or sense" [301]
↑italics are added here i.e. are not in the original
↑although search return "delude" in University Rochester returns an earlier text: John Gower (who died 1408) "... desire to know buried Then delude contrived their ..." Confessio Amantis: Book 7 [308][309] with view and twice review of the complete text no such passage or word or variation of is visible. Quotes proceeding elucidate "deceipte" by "flaterie" so "fallas aperceiveth", that: "Of feigned wordes make him wene That blak is whyt and blew is grene":
line 1545:In ston and gras vertu ther is, Bot yit the bokes tellen this,That word above alle erthli thinges Is vertuous in his doinges,Wher so it be to evele or goode.For if the wordes semen goode And ben wel spoke at mannes ere,Whan that ther is no trouthe there,Thei don fulofte gret deceipte;For whan the word to the conceipte Descordeth in so double a wise, Such Rethorique is to despise In every place, and for to drede. 2168: The covoitouse flaterie, Which many a worthi king deceiveth, Er he the fallas aperceiveth Of hem that serven to the glose. 2177: A Philosophre, as thou schalt hiere, Spak to a king of this matiere, And seide him wel hou that flatours Coupable were of thre errours. 2185: Toward the king another was, Whan thei be sleihte and be fallas Of feigned wordes make him wene That blak is whyt and blew is grene Touchende of his condicion. 2651: "I schal," quod he, "deceive and lye With flaterende prophecie In suche mouthes as he lieveth." And He which alle thing achieveth Bad him go forth and don riht so. And over this I sih also The noble peple of Irahel Dispers as schep upon an hell, Withoute a kepere unarraied;
↑"Category «reality»...originates from the «Metaphysics» of Aristotle, which later developed into the category of German philosophy Wirklichkeit" [324]