|
---|
According to contemporary philology |
|
---|
Anglo-Frisian | Anglic | |
---|
Frisian |
- East Frisian
- Ems
- Weser
- Wangerooge Frisian
- Wursten Frisian
- North Frisian
- Insular
- Eiderstedt
- Föhr–Amrum
- Heligolandic
- Sylt
- Mainland
- Bökingharde
- Halligen
- Goesharde
- Northern
- Central
- Southern
- Karrharde
- Strand
- Wiedingharde
- West Frisian
- Hindeloopen
- Schiermonnikoog
- Westlauwers–Terschellings
- Old Frisian
- Middle Frisian
|
---|
|
---|
Low German | Historical forms | |
---|
West Low German |
- Dutch Low Saxon
- Stellingwarfs
- Tweants
- Gronings
- Drèents
- Gelders-Overijssels
- Veluws
- Northern Low Saxon
- East Frisian Low Saxon
- Schleswigsch
- Holsteinisch
- Hamburgisch
- Ollnborger
- North Hanoveranian
- Dithmarsch
- Emsländisch
- Westphalian
- Eastphalian
|
---|
East Low German |
- Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
- Brandenburgisch
- East Pomeranian
- Central Pomeranian
- Low Prussian
|
---|
|
---|
Low Franconian | Standard variants | |
---|
West Low Franconian |
- Hollandic
- West Flemish
- Zeelandic
- East Flemish
- Brabantian
- Surinamese Dutch
- Jersey Dutch
- Mohawk Dutch
- Stadsfries
- Bildts
- Yiddish Dutch
|
---|
East Low Franconian | |
---|
Transitional | |
---|
|
---|
High German | |
---|
|
|
|
---|
North Germanic | Historical forms |
- Proto-Norse
- Old Norse
- Old West Norse
- Old East Norse
- Old Gutnish
|
---|
West Scandinavian |
- Norwegian*
- Spoken
- Bergensk
- Kebabnorsk
- Sognamål
- Trøndersk
- Valdris
- Vestlandsk
- Vikværsk
- Written
- Old Norwegian
- Middle Norwegian
- Insular Scandinavian
|
---|
East Scandinavian |
- Swedish*
- Åland
- Estonian
- Finlandic
- Gotlandic/Gutnish
- Jämtlandic
- Kalix
- Kiruna
- Luleå
- Norrland
- Ostrobothnian
- Småländska
- South Swedish
- Stockholm
- Rinkeby
- Uppländska
- Västgötska
- Westrobothnian
- Old Swedish
- Danish*
- Bornholmsk
- Gøtudanskt
- Insular Danish
- Jutlandic
- South Jutlandic
- Perkerdansk
- Old Danish
- Middle Danish
- Dalecarlian
|
---|
|
---|
East Germanic | |
---|
|
|
Philology |
---|
Language subgroups |
- Northwest
- Gotho-Nordic
- South
|
---|
Reconstructed |
- Proto-Germanic
- Proto-Germanic grammar
- Germanic parent language
- Ancient Belgian language
|
---|
Diachronic features |
- Grimm's law
- Verner's law
- Holtzmann's law
- Sievers's law
- Kluge's law
- Germanic substrate hypothesis
- West Germanic gemination
- High German consonant shift
- Germanic a-mutation
- Germanic umlaut
- Germanic spirant law
- Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
- Great Vowel Shift
|
---|
Synchronic features |
- Germanic verb
- Germanic strong verb
- Germanic weak verb
- Preterite-present verb
- Grammatischer Wechsel
- Indo-European ablaut
|
---|
|
|
|