In physics, chemistry, and biology, intermolecular forces are forces that act between stable molecules or between functional groups of macromolecules.

These forces are generally much weaker than the chemical bonding forces. Their bonding energies are less than a few kcal/mol. But they are responsible for many different physical, chemical, and biological phenomena. In general one distinguishes short and long range intermolecular forces. (The molecule is a substance are held together by the forces acting between the molecules which are called inter-molecular forces)

Hydrogen bonding

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Chemical bond

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Software for calculation of intermolecular forces

Quantum 3.2 Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine
SAPT: An ab initio quantumchemical package.

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Chemical bonds

Intramolecular
("strong")

Covalent bonds	Electron deficiency 3c–2e 4c–2e 8c–2e Hypervalence 3c–4e Agostic Bent Coordinate (dipolar) Pi backbond Metal–ligand multiple bond Charge-shift Hapticity Conjugation Hyperconjugation Aromaticity
Metallic bonds	Metal aromaticity
Ionic bonds	Cation–pi bond Salt bond

Intermolecular
("weak")

van der Waals force	London dispersion force
Hydrogen	Low-barrier hydrogen bond Resonance-assisted Symmetric hydrogen bond Dihydrogen bonds C–H···O interaction Dihydrogen complex
Other noncovalent	Mechanical bond Halogen bond Chalcogen Metallophilic Intercalation Stacking Cation–pi Anion–pi Salt bridge Aurophilicity Entropic force Chemical polarity

Note: the weakest strong bonds are not necessarily stronger than the strongest weak bonds

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Hydrogen bonding

Related pages

Other websites

Software for calculation of intermolecular forces