Bagian dari seri tantang |
Islam |
---|
Iman |
|
|
Laman ko marupokan bagian dari |
---|
Namo Langkok |
Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā'ah |
Rukun Iman |
Tauhid • Malaikaik |
Rukun Islam |
Syahadaik • Salat |
Khulafaur Rasyidin |
Abu Bakr • Umar bin al-Khattab |
Aqidah |
Asy'ariyah • Maturidi • Al-Atsari |
Fiqih |
Hanafiyah • Malikiyah • Syafi'iyah• Hanabilah |
Hadits |
Sahih Bukhari • Sahih Muslim |
Wahabi atau Wahhabisme (bahaso Arab: الوهابية, al-Wahhābiya(h)) adolah sabuah aliran jo gerakan reformasi agamo dalam Islam nan mulonyo dipimpin dek Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.[lower-alpha 1] Gerakan ko acok disabuik sabagai aliran "ultakonservatif",[1] "kareh",[2] atau "puritan".[3][4][5] Pandukuang gerakan ko picayo baso gerakannyo sabagai "gerakan reformasi", nan batujuan untuak mambaliakan ajaran agamo ka "ajaran tauhid nan murni",[6] baliak ka ajaran Islam nan sabananyo, nan marujuak pado Al-Qur'an jo Hadits, barasiah dari sagalo panyimpangan nan dianggap bid'ah, syirik, jo khurafat.[6][7] Samantaro panatangnyo manyabuik Wahabi sabagai "gerakan sektarian nan sasek",[6] "sekte cacek",[8] atau panyimpang ajaran Islam.[2][9] Istilah Wahabi acok manuai polemik dan dek pandukuangnyo biasonyo manulak mamakai istilah tu, labiah ka tuju jo manyabuik Salafi atau muwahhid,[10][11][12] untuak manakanan prinsip katauhidan[13] ("Aso" jo "Tungga"nyo Allah)[14], manulak pado kalompok lain nan masih mampraktikkan kasyirikan.[15] Gerakan ko dipangaruahi jo Ibnu Taymiyyah sarato mazhab Hambali, walaupun rami juo dari kalangan ulama Hambali nan manulak gagasan Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.[5]
Wahhabisme dinamoi manuruik namo aktivis sarato pandakwah abaik ka-18, Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab (1703-1792).[5] Baliau mamulai gerakan reformasinyo di daerah Najd,[16] manyampaian baso paralunyo pambarasiahan ajaran Islam nan sangkek tu marak bacampua jo pamujaan ka urang siak sarupo bakunjuang ka kubua urang-urang siak sarato mandoa di situ, nan dek baliau dianggap sabagai hal baru dalam agamo (bid'ah).[14][17] Nan akhianyo, baliau bakarajo samo jo pamimpin satampek, Muhammad bin Saud, nan manawarkan kapatuahan politik sarato bajanji untuak malinduangi jo mambantu panyebaran dakwah Wahabi.[18]
Aliansi antaro pandukuang Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab jo Muhammad bin Saud alah jaleh tajalin arek. Katurunan Saud taruih malanjuikan karajo samo aliansi politik-agamo ko inggo proklamasi Karajaan Arab Saudi pado taun 1932, bahkan inggo zaman modern. Kini ajaran Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab alah ditatapan sabagai ajaran rasmi Islam Sunni[2][19] nan didukuang karajaan.[20] Jo bantuan dana dari ekspor minyak Arab Saudi,[21][22] gerakan ko bakambang capek mampangaruahi dunia Islam sajak taun 1970-an.[2] Kamantarian Lua Nagari Amerika Serikat alah mampakirokan baso alah labiah dari ampek dekade tarakhia Riyadh alah maaliahan lansuang pandanaan malalui yayasan-yayasan nan dikalola dek Wahabi inggo $10 milyar (£6 milyar).[23]
"Bateh" untuak manantuan nan ma nan Wahabi amaiklah payah,[24] tapi dalam pamakaiannyo kini, istilah Wahabi jo Salafi acok batuka pamakaiannyo dan inyo disabuik sabagai gerakan nan akanyo babeda nan alah manyatu sajak taun 1960-an.[25][26][27] Walau baitu, Wahabi disabuik sabagai "aliran tatantu dalam Salafi",[28] atau sabagai Salafinyo Saudi.[29][30] Dipakirokan jumlah pandukuang Wahabi amaik baragam, manuruik ciek sumber adola 5 juta urang Wahabi di Taluak Persia (dibandiangan jo sadoalah Islam Sunni 28,5 juta sarato Syiah 89 juta).[20][31]
Mayoritas Sunni jo Syiah di saluruah dunia kurang satuju jo ajaran Wahabi, dan rami Muslim nan manyabuiknyo sabagai sekte atau "aliran nan manyimpang".[8] Rami dari kalangan ulama, tamasuak nan dari Universitas Al-Azhar, manyabuik Wahabi jo istilah sarupo "ajaran setan".[32] Wahabisme alah dituduah sabagai "sumber dari sagalo bantuak terorisme global",[33][34] dek dianggap mainspirasi ideologi Islamic State of Iraq and Syam (ISIS),[35] sarato mambuek umaik tacarai dek malabeli Muslim lain nan manantang dakwahnyo sabagai kafir[36] (takfir) sarato manyaru untuak manumpahan darahnyo.[37][38][39] Wahabisme pun dikritik pulo dek usahonyo dalam maancuran makam-makam urang siak, mausoleum, sarato artefak-artefak jo bangunan-bangunan Islam jo non-Islam.[40][41][42]
Pangikuik gerakan Wahabi maidentifikasi diri sabagai Islam Sunni (Ahlussunnah wal jamaah).[43] Ajaran utamo dari Wahabi adolah panagehan tantang kaasoan jo tungganyo Allah,[44][45] malawan kasyirikan.[46] Dakwah nan disampaian iyolah maajak umaik untuak manjalanan ajaran agamo bak cando kaum salaf (umaik tadaulu). Sacaro tageh, pangikuik ajaran ko manulak ajaran-ajaran bid'ah nan biaso dilakukan mayoritas Sunni jo Syiah di saluruah dunia,[47] sarupo bakalabiahan dalam manyanjuang nabi jo urang-urang siak. Wahabi manakankan pado pamahaman literal pado tafsir Al-Quran jo Hadits, nan manulak pamahaman dalil-dalil jo logika atau rasional (ahlur-ra'yu). Wahabi acok dikaikkan jo pamahaman takfir (malabeli muslim lainnyo sabagai kafir) dek panantang-panantangnyo. Ajaran Wahabi pun maajaan paralunyo ijtihad salamo basasuaian jo isi kanduangan Quran, Sunnah, sarato ajaran kaum salaf, nan deknyo hal ko ndak disabuik sabagai bid'ah.[48]
Pangikuik ajaran Wahabi kiro-kiro ado 4,56 juta urang di Taluak Persia, di mano 4 juta dari Arab Saudi (umumnyo Najd) dan sisonyo dari Uni Emirat Arab jo Qatar. Paretongan ko dibuek manuruik kriteria budayo bukan sacaro panyatoan.[49] Banyak dari Sunni di Qatar nan Wahabi (46,9%) sarato 44,8% di Uni Emirat Arab. 5,7% urang Bahrain sarato 2,2% urang Kuwait nan Wahabi.[49]
For more than two centuries, Wahhabism has been Saudi Arabia's dominant creed. It is an austere form of Sunni Islam that insists on a literal interpretation of the Quran. Wahhabis believe that all those who don't practice their form of Islam are heathens and enemies. Critics say that Wahhabism's rigidity has led it to misinterpret and distort Islam, pointing to extremists such as Osama bin Laden and the Taliban. Wahhabism's explosive growth began in the 1970s when Saudi charities started funding Wahhabi schools (madrassas) and mosques from Islamabad to Culver City, California.
<ref>
indak sah;
indak ado teks untuak ref banamo Commins-viv
<ref>
indak sah;
indak ado teks untuak ref banamo Wiktorowicz, Quintan 2006 p.235
<ref>
indak sah;
indak ado teks untuak ref banamo GlasseIsl
<ref>
indak sah;
indak ado teks untuak ref banamo lacey-glory
<ref>
indak sah;
indak ado teks untuak ref banamo threat-define
<ref>
indak sah;
indak ado teks untuak ref banamo Dillon-3-4
Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world, from Morocco to Indonesia, via Israel, Saudi Arabia, Chechnya. Jon Kyl, US Senator for Arizona
<ref>
indak sah;
indak ado teks untuak ref banamo Blanchard
<ref>
indak sah;
indak ado teks untuak ref banamo Glasse-heretics
It is the undisputed case that the Taliban justification for this travesty [the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamiyan] can be traced to the Wahhabi indoctrination program prevalent in the Afghan refugee camps and Saudi-funded Islamic schools (madrasas) in Pakistan that produced the Taliban ... In Saudi Arabia itself, the destruction has focused on the architectural heritage of Islam's two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina, where Wahhabi religious foundations, with state support, have systematically demolished centuries-old mosques and mausolea, as well as hundreds of traditional Hijazi mansions and palaces.
<ref>
indak sah;
indak ado teks untuak ref banamo Esposito3332
<ref>
indak sah;
indak ado teks untuak ref banamo demo2