Tabula Eurasiae anni 1, in qua videri possunt Imperium Romanum (rubro colore), Imperium Parthicum (fusco), Domus Han (flavo), regna Indica et aliae civitates minores (flavo diluto)

Rationes commercii inter imperium Romanum et orientem, secundum librum saeculi I Periplum maris Erythraei

Rationes inter imperia Sinicum et Romanum, viis plerumque non rectis habitae, comprehenderunt commutationem et coniunctionem nuntiorum, sapientiae, commerciique inter imperium Romanum et imperium Sinicum domus Han atque inter Imperium Romanum Orientale et varias domos Sinicas. Haec imperia gradatim invicem appropinquabant, Romanis in Orientem Medium, Sinisque Han in Mediam Asiam invadentibus. Paulum autem alii alios cognoverant et raro nuntios communicare conati sunt. Imperia internuntia velut Regnum Parthorum et Imperium Cossanum ad rectionem commercii serici retinendam communicationem inter illa imperia inhibuerunt. Anno 97 Ban Chao dux Sinicus Gan Ying legatum Romam mittere conatus est, cui vero Parthi dissuaserunt ne Sinum Persicum transiret. Scriptores rerum gestarum Sinici nonnullos legatos Romanos in Sinas venisse tradunt: primum ab Antonino Pio vel Marco Aurelio anno 166 missum, alios annis 226 et 284 advenisse, deinde post longum intervallum primum legatum ex imperio Romano orientali anno 643 venisse.

In Via Serica viisque marinis, sericum Sinicum atque vitrum Romanum pannique subtiles Romani commutabantur. Nummi Romani inde a saeculo primo facti in Sinis inventi sunt, atque nummus Maximiani et medalia Antonini Pii et Marci Aurelii in Vietnamia, eadem regione ubi scriptores Sinici Romanos egressos esse tradunt. Vitrum et argentum Romana etiam in sitibus archaeologicis Sinicis temporis Han inventa sunt. Nummi et globuli Romani etiam in Iaponia inventi sunt.

In fontibus Latinis et Graecis non facile intelligitur num mentio Sinarum sit cum nomen Seres (Graece Σῆρες) legitur, quod illud nomen adeo ambiguum est, ut complures gentes Asiaticas significare possit quae terras ab India, per Mediam Asiam, ad Sinas usque incolebant. In fontibus Sinicis imperium Romanum primo 大秦 (Dàqín, 'magna (domus) Qin'), deinde 拂菻 (Fúlǐn, originis fortasse Persicae) appellabatur. Scriptores Sinici referunt plures legatos Fulin, hoc est imperii Romani Orientalis, in Sinas tempore Domus Tang venisse et obsidionem Constantinopolis a Muawiyah I inter annos 674 et 678 factam describunt.

Geographi imperii Romani velut Ptolemaeus oceanum Indicum orientalem adumbraverunt usque ad Auream Chersonesum, sinum Thailandiensem, Mare Sinense Australe patentem. Cattigara Ptolemaei fortasse fuit Óc Eo Vietnamiae, ubi reliquiae Romanae Antonini temporis inventae sunt. Geographi Sinici aliquantum Asiam occidentalem et provincias orientales imperii Romani cognoverant. Scriptor rerum gestarum saeculi VII, Theophylactus Simocatta, descripsit coniunctionem Sinarum septentrionalium et meridianarum, quae antehac nationes separatae inter se pugnaverant. Etenim hoc tempore factum est, ut imperator Wen domus Sui domo Chen superata Sinas coniunxerit.

Bibliographia

[recensere | fontem recensere]

Adshead, S. A. M. (1995) [1988]. China in World History, 2nd edition. New York: Palgrave MacMillan and St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-333-62132-5.
An, Jiayao. (2002). "When Glass Was Treasured in China", in Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds), Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road, 79–94. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 2-503-52178-9.
Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra (2011). Bangwei Wang and Tansen Sen (eds), India and China: Interactions Through Buddhism and Diplomacy: a Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi. London: Anthem Press. ISBN 93-80601-17-4.
Ball, Warwick. (2016). Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire, 2nd edition. London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-72078-6.
Bang, Peter F. (2009). "Commanding and Consuming the World: Empire, Tribute, and Trade in Roman and Chinese History", in Walter Scheidel (ed), Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires, pp. 100–120. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975835-7.
Bauman, Richard A. (2005). Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge, reprint of 1996 edition. ISBN 0-203-42858-7.
Braun, Joachim (2002). Douglas W. Scott (trans), Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine: Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources. Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-4477-4.
Bretschneider, Emil. (1888). Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century, Vol. 1. Abingdon: Routledge, reprinted 2000.
Brosius, Maria (2006). The Persians: An Introduction. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32089-5.
Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012). "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC–1398 AD)", in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations. ISSN 2157-9687.
Corbier, Mireille. (2005). "Coinage and Taxation: the State's point of view, A.D. 193-337", in Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History XII: the Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337, Vol. 12 (2nd edition), pp. 327–392. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30199-8.
Cumont, Franz (1933). The Excavations of Dura-Europos: Preliminary Reports of the Seventh and Eighth Seasons of Work. New Haven: Crai.
de Crespigny, Rafe. 2007. A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Dresden, Mark J. 1981. Introductory Note. Im Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, ed. Guitty Azarpay. Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03765-0.
Dubs, Homer H. 1941. An Ancient Military Contact between Romans and Chinese. The American Journal of Philology 62(3):322–330.
Encyclopædia Britannica. (1903) [1890]. Day Otis Kellogg (ed.), The New Americanized Encyclopædia Britannica: a General Encyclopædia of Art, Science, Literature, History, Biography, Invention, and Discovery, Covering the Whole Range of Human Knowledge, Vol. 3. Chicago: Saalfield Publishing (Riverside Publishing).
Fan, Ye (September 2003). The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu: The Xiyu juan, "Chapter on the Western Regions", from Hou Hanshu 88, Second Edition (Extensively revised with additional notes and appendices). In Hill, John E.. . Depts.washington.edu .
Fontana, Michela (2011). Matteo Ricci: a Jesuit in the Ming Court. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-0586-4.
Grant, R.G. (2005). Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat. DK Pub.. ISBN 978-0-7566-1360-0 .
Hansen, Valerie (2012). The Silk Road: A New History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-993921-3.
Harper, P. O. (2002). "Iranian Luxury Vessels in China From the Late First Millennium B.C.E. to the Second Half of the First Millennium C.E.", in Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds), Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road, 95–113. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 2-503-52178-9.
Haw, Stephen G. (2006). Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Kublai Khan. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-34850-1.
Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE. BookSurge. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1
Hirth, Friedrich (2000). East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E.. In Jerome S. Arkenberg. . Fordham.edu (Fordham University)
Hirth, Friedrich (1885): China and the Roman Orient. 1875. Shanghai and Hong Kong. Unchanged reprint. Chicago: Ares Publishers, 1975.
Hoh, Erling (May–June 1999). Romans in China?. . Archaeology.org (Archaeological Institute of America)
Howard, Michael C. (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel. McFarland and Company.
Jacobi, David (1999), "The Latin empire of Constantinople and the Frankish states in Greece", in David Abulafia (ed), The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume V: c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 525–542. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
Kumar, Yukteshwar. (2005). A History of Sino-Indian Relations, 1st Century A.D. to 7th Century A.D.: Movement of Peoples and Ideas between India and China from Kasyapa Matanga to Yi Jing. New Delhi: APH Publishing. ISBN 81-7648-798-8.
Lewis, Mark Edward. (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Lieu, Samuel N.C. (2009). "Epigraphica Nestoriana Serica" in Werner Sundermann, Almut Hintze, and Francois de Blois (eds), Exegisti monumenta Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams, pp. 227–246. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05937-4.
Liu, Xinru. (2001). "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in Michael Adas (ed.), Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, American Historical Association.
Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03519-5.
Mawer, Granville Allen. 2013. "The Riddle of Cattigara" in Robert Nichols and Martin Woods (eds), Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita to Australia, 38–39, Canberra: National Library of Australia. ISBN 978-0-642-27809-8.
McLaughlin, Raoul. 2010. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India, and China. London: Continuum, ISBN 978-1-84725-235-7.
McLaughlin, Raoul. 2014. The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: the Ancient World Economy and the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia, and India. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-78346-381-7.
Needham, Joseph. 1971. Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 1986.
Olschki, Leonardo (1960). Marco Polo's Asia: An Introduction to His "Description of the World" Called "Il Milione". Berkley: University of California Press and Cambridge University Press.
O'Reilly, Dougald J.W. (2007). Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia. Lanham: AltaMira Press, Division of Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7591-0279-1.
Osborne, Milton (2006) [2000]. The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future, revised edition. Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-893-6
Ostrovsky, Max (2007). Y = Arctg X: the Hyperbola of the World Order. Lanham: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-3499-0.
Parker, Grant (2008). The Making of Roman India. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85834-2.
Pike, John. (last modified 11-07-2011). "Roman Money". Globalsecurity.org. Accessed 14 September 2016.
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1999. Review: The Roman Empire as Known to Han China: The Roman Empire in Chinese Sources by D. D. Leslie; K. H. J. Gardiner, Journal of the American Oriental Society] 119 (1) (January–March): 71–79.
Redfern, Rebecca C. et al. "Going south of the river: A multidisciplinary analysis of ancestry, mobility and diet in a population from Roman Southwark, London". Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 74, October 2016, pp. 11–22. Accessed 24 September 2016.
Reinert, Stephen W. (2002). "Fragmentation (1204–1453)", in Cyril Mango (ed), The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 248–283. ISBN 0-19-814098-3.
von Richthofen, Ferdinand. (1877). China. Vol.I. Berlin; cited in Richard Hennig (1944), Terrae incognitae : eine Zusammenstellung und kritische Bewertung der wichtigsten vorcolumbischen Entdeckungsreisen an Hand der daruber vorliegenden Originalberichte, Band I, Altertum bis Ptolemäus. Leiden, Brill.
Schafer, Edward H. (1985) [1963]. The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics (1st paperback ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-05462-8.
Scheidel, Walter (2009). "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires", in Walter Scheidel (ed), Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires, 137–208. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975835-7.
Schoff, William H. (2004). "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century" in The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea. In Lance Jenott. . Depts.washington.edu (University of Washington) .
Schoff, W. H. (1915). The Eastern Iron Trade of the Roman Empire. [New Haven].
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, (1974). Michael Winterbottom (trans), Declamations, Volume I: Controversiae, Books 1–6. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99511-6.
Sezgin, Fuat; Carl Ehrig-Eggert; Amawi Mazen; E. Neuba uer (1996). نصوص ودراسات من مصادر صينية حول البلدان الاسلامية. Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften (Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University)
Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2011). Western Civilization: a Brief History. Boston: Wadsworth, Cencage Learning. ISBN 0-495-57147-4.
Stein, Aurel M. (1907). Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan. 2 vols. pp. 44–45. M. Aurel Stein. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Stein, Aurel M. (1932), On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China, pp. 47, 292–295. Reprinted with Introduction by Jeannette Mirsky (1999), Delhi: Book Faith India.
Suárez, Thomas (1999). Early Mapping of Southeast Asia. Singapore: Periplus Editions. ISBN 962-593-470-7.
Sun, Zhixin Jason. Life and Afterlife in Early Imperial China. American Journal of Archaeology 113(3) (July 2009): 1–9. ((doi:10.3764/ajaonline1133.Sun)).
Thorley, John. 1971/ "The Silk Trade between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height, 'Circa' A. D. 90–130", Greece and Rome, 18(1): 71–80.
Thorley, John. "The Roman Empire and the Kushans", in Greece and Rome, Vol. 26, No. 2 (1979), pp. 181–190 (187f.).
Tremblay, Xavier (2007). "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century", in Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacker (eds), The Spread of Buddhism. Lugduni Batavorum: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15830-6.
Whitfield, Susan (1999). Life Along the Silk Road. Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23214-3.
Wilford, John Noble (2000) [1981]. The Mapmakers, editio retractata. Novi Eboraci: Vintage Books, pars Random House. ISBN 0-375-70850-2.
Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). Chinese History: a Manual, Revised and Enlarged. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00247-4.
Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-Sheng. "History of Chinese Society: Liao (907–1125)", in Transactions of American Philosophical Society (vol. 36, Part 1, 1946).
Young, Gary K. (2001). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC – AD 305. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-24219-3.
Yu, Huan (September 2004). The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265, Quoted in zhuan 30 of the Sanguozhi, Published in 429 CE. In John E. Hill. . Depts.washington.edu .
Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations", in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds), The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 377–462. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.
Yule, Henry (1915). Henri Cordier (ed.), Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route. London: Hakluyt Society. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
Zhou R., An L., Wang X., Shao W., Lin G., Yu W., Yi L., Xu S., Xu J., Xie X. "Testing the hypothesis of an ancient Roman soldier origin of the Liqian people in northwest China: a Y-chromosome perspective", in Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 52, No. 7 (2007), pp. 584–91.
Zürcher, Erik (2002). "Tidings from the South, Chinese Court Buddhism and Overseas Relations in the Fifth Century AD". Erik Zürcher in: A Life Journey to the East. Sinological Studies in Memory of Giuliano Bertuccioli (1923–2001). Edited by Antonio Forte and Federico Masini. Italian School of East Asian Studies. Kyoto. Essays: Volume 2, pp. 21–43.