Pseudoscorpiones^[1] sunt ordo arthropodum classis Arachnidorum.^[2] Homines magnopere adiuvant, quia larvas Tineolae bisselliellae et dermestidarum, psocoptera, formicidas, acaros, et parva diptera praedantur. Minuti sunt, et raro videntur propter eorum magnitudinem, quamquam in multis circumiectis abundant. Cum homines eos videantur, praecipue intus, saepe ixodida parvaeque araneae false putantur. Pseudoscorpiones phoresiam saepe faciunt, genus commensalismi, cum unus organismus alio ad se transvehendum utatur.

Proprietates

Pseudoscorpiones sunt parva arachnida, corpore complanato et pyriformi, pedipalpisque qui pedipalporum scorpionum similes sunt. A duobus ad octo millimetra longi plerumque sunt.^[3] Maxima species descripta est Garypus titanius Insulae Ascensionis^[4] usque ad 12 mm longi.^[5]^[6] Magnitudo media est 3 fere millimetra.^[7]

Pseudoscorpionis sunt octo crura, quoque in quinis ad septenis segmentis consistens; numero segmentorum fusorum familiae et genera distinguuntur. Eis sunt bini pedipalpi longissimi, chelis palpalibus (forcipibus) praediti, qui forficum scorpionis admodum similes sunt.

Pseudoscorpio phoreticus super dipterum in Germania.

Pedipalpi plerumque in manibus immobilibus digitisque mobilibus consistunt, quorum hic a musculo adductionis continetur. Glandula ductusque veneni plerumque in digito mobili inveniuntur, unde veneno praedam immobilem faciunt. Per digestionem super praedam fluidum aliquantulum corrosivum exudant, tum liquefacta corporis reliquia ingerunt.

Abdomen, opisthosoma rite in zoologia appellatum, in duodecim segmentis consistit, quorum quodque a lamina sclerotizata (tergites supra, sternites infra appellata) protegitur. Abdomen est breve et in parte posteriori rotundum, potius quam in caudam segmentatam et aculeum extendens, ut in scorpionibus veris. Color corporis ab adusto flavo tincto ad atrofuscum est, unguibus autem saepe aliter coloratis. Eis sunt bini, quattuor, aut nulli oculi.^[6]

Pseudoscorpions sericum ex glandula inter maxillas emittunt ad globulos disciformes faciendos ut coeant, cutem novam ponant, caeloque frigido resistant. Eis autem non sunt pulmones biblioformes et tetrapulmonata scorpionum verorum; potius, solum per tracheas spirant, quae lateraliter per bina spiracula paria in posterioribus marginibus sternitum segmentorum abdominalium tertii et quartii aperiunt.^[8]

Distributio geographica

Plus quam 3300 specierum pseudoscorpionum in plus quam 430 genera digeruntur, et exempla nova saepe inveniuntur. Omnem per orbem terrarum extenduntur, etiam in regionibus a temperatis ad frigidas sicut Ontario septentrionalis, et super lineam materiae in Montibus Saxosis Vyominae in Civitatibus Foederatis et Cavernis Jenolan Australiae, sed multitudines densissimae et pervariae in regionibus tropicis et subtropicis habitant, ubi etiam ad insulas sicut Canarias Insulas extenduntur, ubi circiter viginti quinque species endemicae inveniuntur.^[9] Etiam in insulis Melitensibus sunt duae species endemicae.^[10] Species sub cortice arborum, in detritu foliorum et pinorum, in solo, in foraminibus in arboribus, sub lapidibus, in cavernis sicut Caverna Movile, ad litus in zona interaestuaria, intra saxa fissa inveniuntur.^[3]^[11]

Commemorationes historicae

Pseudoscorpiones primum ab Aristotele descripti sunt, qui eos fortasse inter volumina in bibliotheca invenit, ubi psocopteris vescissentur. Robertus Hooke hoc animal Land-Crab ('brachyurum terrestre') in libro Micrographia (1665) appellavit. Annis 1780, Georgius Adams "insectum-nephropidum, quod nonnulli operarii, cerevisiam bibentes, conspecti sunt, et quod ab ingenioso viro honesto ad meum hospitium tulit"^[12] commemoravit.^[13]

Classificatio

Numeri taxorum anno 2012 exeunte aestimabantur.^[14]

Ordo Pseudoscorpiones de Geer, 1778 (2 subordines)

† Familia Dracochelidae Schawaller, Shear, et Bonamo, 1991 (1 genus fossile, 1 species fossilis)

Subordo Epiocheirata Harvey, 1992 (2 superfamiliae)

Superfamilia Chthonioidea Daday, 1888 (4 familiae)

Familia Chthoniidae Daday, 1888 (28 genera, 650 species [3 fossiles])
Familia Lechytiidae Chamberlin, 1929 (1 genus, 23 species [1 fossiles])
Familia Pseudotyrannochthoniidae Beier, 1932 (5 genera, 49 species)
Familia Tridenchthoniidae Balzan, 1892 (15 genera, 71 species [1 genus fossile, 1 species fossilis])

Superfamilia Feaelloidea Ellingsen, 1906 (2 familiae)

Familia Feaellidae Ellingsen, 1906 (1 genus, 12 species)
Familia Pseudogarypidae Chamberlin, 1923 (2 genera, 7 species [5 species fossiles])

Subordo Iocheirata Harvey, 1992 (5 superfamiliae)

Superfamilia Neobisioidea Chamberlin, 1930 (7 familiae)

Familia Bochicidae Chamberlin, 1930 (12 genera, 42 species)
Familia Gymnobisiidae Beier, 1947 (4 genera, 11 species)
Familia Hyidae Chamberlin, 1930 (2 genera, 14 species)
Familia Ideoroncidae Chamberlin, 1930 (11 genera, 59 species)
FamiliaNeobisiidae Chamberlin, 1930 (33 genera, 595 species [4 species fossiles])
Familia Parahyidae Harvey, 1992 (1 genus, 1 species)
Familia Syarinidae Chamberlin, 1930 (18 genera, 111 species)

Superfamilia Garypoidea Simon, 1879 (6 familiae)

Familia Garypidae Simon, 1879 (10 genera, 80 species)
Familia Garypinidae Daday, 1888 (21 genera, 76 species [2 species fossiles])
Familia Geogarypidae Chamberlin, 1930 (3 genera, 60 species [3 species fossiles])
Familia Larcidae Harvey, 1992 (2 genera, 15 species)
Familia Menthidae Chamberlin, 1930 (5 genera, 12 species)
Familia Olpiidae Banks, 1895 (36 genera, 268 species)

Superfamilia Cheiridioidea Hansen, 1894 (2 familiae)

Familia Cheiridiidae Hansen, 1894 (7 genera, 73 species [1 genus fossile, 3 species fossiles])
Familia Pseudochiridiidae Chamberlin, 1923 (2 genera, 12 species [1 species fossilis])

Superfamilia Sternophoroidea Chamberlin, 1923 (1 familae)

Familia Sternophoridae Chamberlin, 1923 (3 genera, 20 species)

Superfamilia Cheliferoidea Risso, 1827 (4 familiae)

Familia Atemnidae Kishida, 1929 (21 genera, 178 species [1 genus fossile, 1 species fossilis])
Familia Cheliferidae Risso, 1827 (58 genera, 273 species [5 genus fossile, 12 species fossiles])
Familia Chernetidae Menge, 1855 (117 genera, 663 species [1 genus fossile, 3 species fossiles])
Familia Withiidae Chamberlin, 1931 (36 genera, 158 species [1 genus fossile, 1 species fossilis])

Notae

↑ Etiam Chelonethida appellati.
↑ Schembri et Baldacchino 2011: 66.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Pennsylvania State University: "Entomological Notes: Pseudoscorpion Fact Sheet."
↑ M. Beier (1961). "Pseudoscorpione von der Insel Ascension". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 13a 3 (34): 593–98
↑ "Endemic invertebrates". Ascension Island Conservation Centre .
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 "Pseudoscorpions". Agricultural Research Council (Africa Australis) .
↑ Schembri et Baldacchino 2011: 66.
↑ "Discontinuous gas exchange in a tracheate arthropod, the pseudoscorpion Garypus californicus: occurrence, characteristics and temperature dependence."
↑ Volker Mahnert (2011). "A nature's treasury: pseudoscorpion diversity of the Canary Islands, with the description of nine new species (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae, Cheiridiidae) and new records". Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 19: 27–45 .
↑ Schembri, Patrick J.; Baldacchino, Alfred E. (2011). Ilma, Blat u Hajja: Is-Sisien tal-Ambjent Naturali Malti. p. 66. ISBN 978-99909-44-48-8 .
↑ Movile Cave - An Oddity Of Romania. . WorldAtlas .
↑ Anglice "a lobster-insect, spied by some labouring men who were drinking their porter, and borne away by an ingenious gentleman, who brought it to my lodging."
↑ Adams 1787.
↑ Harvey 2013.

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