Audacia, et fortasse saepissime fortitudo,^[1] est electio et voluntas ad angorem, dolorem, cruciatum, periculum, incertitudinem, vel minas tolerandas, eis enim opponens. Audacia corporea est fortitudo erga dolorem corporeum, laborem, mortem, vel minas mortales, atque audacia moralis est facultas iuste agendi erga impedimenta populorum,^[2] pudorem, opprobrium, animi infractionem, vel damnum personale. Fortitudo, una ex virtutibus classicis etiam audacia dicitur, sed praeterea notiones perseverantiae et patientiae comprehendit.^[3] Symbolus audaciae saepe est leo.^[4]

In traditionibus Occidentalibus, cogitationes notabiles de audacia posuerunt Socrates, Plato, Aristoteles, Thomas Aquinas, Severinus Kierkegaard, aliique philosophi, ac fides et scripta Iudaica et Christiana.

In traditionibus Hinduicis, mythologia multa fortitudinis audaciaeque exempla praebet. Potissimum carmina Ramayana et Mahabharata multa audaciae corporeae moralisque exempla praebent.

In traditionibus Orientalibus, cogitationes de audacia in Tao Te Ching, textu classico Sinico, praebentur, qui liber contendit audaciam ex amore deduci.

Audacia nuper a psychologi investigatur.

Nexus interni

Notae

Bibliographia

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• Becker, Ernest. 1973. The Denial of Death. Novi Eboraci: The Free Press.
• Bussey, K. 1992. "Lying and truthfulness: Children's definitions, standards, and evaluative reactions." Child Development 63, 129–37.
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• Deutsch, M. 1961. "Courage as a concept in social psychology." The Journal of Positive Psychology 55 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1080/00224545.1961.9922158.
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• Evans, P. D., et D. G. White. 1981. "Towards an empirical definition of courage." Behaviour Research and Therapy 19: 419–24.
• Fleury, Cynthia. 2010. La fin du courage: la reconquête d'une vertu démocratique. Lutetiae: Fayard.
• Hobbes, Thomas. 1972. De Homine et De Cive, ed. Bernard Gert. Indianapoli: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8446-4756-2.
• Hobbes, Thomas. 1991. Leviathan, ed. Richard Tuck. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
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• Hume, David. 2009. A Treatise On Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects. The Floating Press.
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• Kühne, Ulrich, ed. 2006.l Mutige Menschen: Frauen und Männer mit Zivilcourage. Monaci: Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag.
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• Putman, Daniel. 2001. "The Emotions of Courage." Journal of Social Philosophy 32 (4): 463–70. doi:10.1111/0047-2786.00107.
• Rate, Christopher R., Jennifer A. Clarke, Lindsay Sternberg, et Robert J. Sternberg. 2007. "Implicit theories of courage." The Journal of Positive Psychology 2 (2): 80–98. doi:10.1080/17439760701228755.
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• Walton, Douglas N. 1986. Courage: A Philosophical Investigation. Agelopoli: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05443-1.
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• Zimmerman, Barry J. 1995. "Self-regulation involves more than meta cognition: a social cognitive perspective." Educational Psychologist 30, 217–21.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Audacia spectant.

• "Fortitude."| Catholic Encyclopedia. New Advent Press.
• "Second Part of the Second Part," Summa Theologica. New Advent Press.