Gerald Maurice Edelman |
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Lair | (1929-07-01) Juli 1, 1929 (umur 95) Ozone Park, Queens, New York |
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Kabangsan | Amérika Sarékat |
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Babagan | imunologi |
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Misuwur amarga | sistem kekebalan |
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Notable awards | Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Kedhokteran taun 1972 |
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Gerald Maurice Edelman(lair ing New York City, 1 Juli 1929; umur 95 taun) inggih punika salah satunggaling ilmuwan Amérika Sarékat. Edelman menangaken Penghargaan Nobel ing babagan Fisiologi utawi Kedhokteran ing taun 1972 kanggé karyanipun babagan sistem kekebalan sesarengan kaliyan Rodney Robert Porter.[1]
Nalika taun 1950, Edelman nampi gelar sarjana saking Ursinus College, Pennsylvania. Lajeng piyambakipun nglampahi pendidikan wonten ing University of Pennsylvania lan pikantuk gelar dhokter saking Fakultas Kedhokteran wonten ing taun 1954. Setunggal taun lajengipun, piyambakipun gabung kaliyan U.S. Army lan dados kapten wonten ing Korp Medis lan praktek wonten ing Station Hospital ing Paris, Perancis. Wonten ing taun 1957, piyambakipun dados mahasiswa sarjana wonten ing Rockefeller Institute, pikantukm Ph.D. wonten taun 1960. Sabibaripun lulus, piyambakipun dipunangkat minangka Pembantu Dekan kanggé Mahasiswa Sarjana wonten ing Institut Rockefeller. Saking taun 1963 dumugi taun 1966, Edelman dados Dekan Kolega saperlu Studi Sarjana. Wiwit taun 1966, piyambakipun dados guru besar wonten ing Rockefeller University.[2]
Gerald Edelman inggih punika pendiri lan direktur The Neurosciences Institute, pusat panalitén nirbala wonten ing San Diego ingkang ngemot babagan dhasar biologis fungsi polo ingkang langkung inggil wonten ing manungsa.
Piyambakipun kacathet saking téyori akalipun, dipunterbitaken wonten ing trilogi buku teknis. Karyanipun Topobiology ngemot téyori kados pundi jaringan saraf ingkang asli saking polo bayi ingkang nembé dipunlairaken kasungsun antawis perkembangan embrio. Neural Darwinism ngandung téyori memori ingkang dipunyasa ing sakitar gagasan kekenyalan wonten ing nanggepi lingkungan. The Remembered Present ngemot téyori kesadaran.[3]
Edelman sampun mirsakaken, punapa kita kedah nyobi yasa model polo ingkang gadhah fungsi utawi model polo ingkang nglewati interaksi kaliyan sakitaripun saged ngrembakakaken polo? Wangsulan Edelman inggih punika bilih kita kedah damel model polo lan nggatosaken kados pundi anggénipun sami nindakaken "interaksi" kaliyan lingkunganipun. Edelman sarujuk wontenipun qualia lan manunggalaken wonten ing téyori akal dhedhasar otakipun. Konsep qualianipun ngindari perangkap pamanggih qualia mirunggan kanthi sipat non-fungsional, ingkang dipunkritik déning Daniel Dennett.
Edelman ngandharaken téyori biologis kesadaran, ingkang kanthi eksplisit dipunpadosi wonten ing téyori seleksi alam Charles Darwin lan téyori Darwin babagan dinamika populasi. Piyambakipun boten sarujuk dualisme lan ugi boten nggatosaken hipotesis ingkang langkung énggal kados model kesadaran 'komputasional', ingkang sami babagan fungsi polo wonten ing operasi komputer.
Edelman gadhah pamanggih bilih sadaya akal lan kesadaran gadhah sipat materiil lan murni fenomena biologis, kadadosan amargi kompleksipun prosès sel wonten ing polo, lan bilih perkembangan kesadaran lan kapinteran saged dipunandharaken kanthi téyori Darwin.[4]
Panampa Bebungah Nobèl babagan Fisiyologi utawa Kadhokteran |
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1901–1925 | |
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1926–1950 |
- 1926 Johannes Fibiger
- 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg
- 1928 Charles Nicolle
- 1929 Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins
- 1930 Karl Landsteiner
- 1931 Otto Warburg
- 1932 Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
- 1933 Thomas Morgan
- 1934 George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy
- 1935 Hans Spemann
- 1936 Henry Dale / Otto Loewi
- 1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi
- 1938 Corneille Heymans
- 1939 Gerhard Domagk
- 1940
- 1941
- 1942
- 1943 Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy
- 1944 Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser
- 1945 Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey
- 1946 Hermann Muller
- 1947 Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay
- 1948 Paul Müller
- 1949 Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz
- 1950 Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench
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1951–1975 |
- 1951 Max Theiler
- 1952 Selman Waksman
- 1953 Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
- 1954 John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins
- 1955 Hugo Theorell
- 1956 André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
- 1957 Daniel Bovet
- 1958 George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
- 1959 Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
- 1960 Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar
- 1961 Georg von Békésy
- 1962 Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins
- 1963 John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
- 1964 Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
- 1965 François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
- 1966 Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins
- 1967 Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald
- 1968 Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg
- 1969 Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria
- 1970 Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
- 1971 Earl Sutherland Jr.
- 1972 Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter
- 1973 Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
- 1974 Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade
- 1975 David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin
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1976–2000 |
- 1976 Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek
- 1977 Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
- 1978 Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
- 1979 Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield
- 1980 Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell
- 1981 Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel
- 1982 Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane
- 1983 Barbara McClintock
- 1984 Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein
- 1985 Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein
- 1986 Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini
- 1987 Susumu Tonegawa
- 1988 James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings
- 1989 J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus
- 1990 Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas
- 1991 Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann
- 1992 Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs
- 1993 Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp
- 1994 Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell
- 1995 Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus
- 1996 Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel
- 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner
- 1998 Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad
- 1999 Günter Blobel
- 2000 Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel
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2001–saiki |
- 2001 Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse
- 2002 Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston
- 2003 Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield
- 2004 Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck
- 2005 Barry Marshall / Robin Warren
- 2006 Andrew Fire / Craig Mello
- 2007 Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies
- 2008 Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
- 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak
- 2010 Robert G. Edwards
- 2011 Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously)
- 2012 John B. Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka
- 2013 James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof
- 2014 John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser
- 2015 William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou
- 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi
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