Major articles

2 pages or more

• Jesus - Jesus Christ; Jesus Christ - Data on Jesus; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Jesus' Public Behavior; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Teaching of Jesus; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Identity and Destiny of Jesus: Traditions Public and Private; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Why and How Jesus Died; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Easter Experience of the Disciples; Quest for the Historical Jesus; The Actual Words of Jesus; The Teaching of Jesus Christ; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus as Teacher of "Wisdom"; The Worship of Jesus;

Significant articles

3 paragraphs to 2 pages

• Jesus - Jesus Christ - Data on Jesus - Canonical Gospels; Jesus Christ - Data on Jesus - Data from Noncanonical Sources; Jesus Christ - Data on Jesus - Indices to Historicity and to Nonhistoricity; Jesus Christ - Sociohistorical Context; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Beginnings; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Proclamation and Its Meaning; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Jesus' Public Behavior - The Twelve; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Jesus' Public Behavior - Cures and Exorcisms; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Jesus' Public Behavior - Fellowship with Sinners; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Teaching of Jesus - Jesus' Response to the Responses; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Teaching of Jesus - Torah-Transcendant Teaching; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Teaching of Jesus - Clarification by Contrast; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Identity and Destiny of Jesus: Traditions Public and Private - The Messianic Connection; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Identity and Destiny of Jesus: Traditions Public and Private - The Son of Man; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Why and How Jesus Died - The Royal Entry and the Cleansing of the Temple; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Why and How Jesus Died - Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Execution; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Why and How Jesus Died - The Why and the How of Jesus' Death; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Bibliography; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Reimarus to Schweitzer; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Schweitzer to Käsemann; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "New Quest"; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "Third Quest"; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Bibliography; The Actual Words of Jesus - The Quest for Authentic Sayings; The Actual Words of Jesus - Bibliography; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Introduction; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Introduction - Modern Study; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Introduction - Sources; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Introduction - Using the Sources: Method; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Important Preliminary Considerations; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Important Preliminary Considerations - Relationship to Judaism; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus as Teacher of "Wisdom" - Conventional Wisdom; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus as Teacher of "Wisdom" - The Forms of Jesus' Wisdom Teaching; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus as Teacher of "Wisdom" - The Forms of Jesus' Wisdom Teaching - Parables; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus as Teacher of "Wisdom" - The Forms of Jesus' Wisdom Teaching - Aphorisms; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus as Teacher of "Wisdom" - The Subversive Wisdom of Jesus; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus as Teacher of "Wisdom" - The Alternative Wisdom of Jesus; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - The Teaching of Jesus and Politics/Society; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - The Teaching of Jesus and Politics/Society - Challenge to the Core Value of Purity; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus and the Future; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus and the Future - Eschatology; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Bibliography; The Worship of Jesus - Origins; The Worship of Jesus - Doxologies; The Worship of Jesus - Hymns; The Worship of Jesus - Pagan Perceptions of Christianity; The Worship of Jesus - Christian Adherence to Jewish Monotheism; The Worship of Jesus - Relationship to Patristic Christological Development; The Worship of Jesus - Bibliography;

Minor articles

1 or 2 paragraphs

• Jesus - Jesus Christ - Data on Jesus - The Rest of the New Testament; Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Identity and Destiny of Jesus: Traditions Public and Private - Jesus' Scenario of the Future; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Problems; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Reimarius to Schweitzer - Reimarus; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Reimarius to Schweitzer - Strauss; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Reimarius to Schweitzer - Renan; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Reimarius to Schweitzer - Holtzmann; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Reimarius to Schweitzer - Weiss; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Reimarius to Schweitzer - Schweitzer; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Reimarius to Schweitzer - The "Old Quest": Quest for the Historical Jesus - Reimarius to Schweitzer - Conclusion; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Schweitzer to Käsemann - Barth; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Schweitzer to Käsemann - Bultmann; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Schweitzer to Käsemann - Gospel Study; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "New Quest" - Bornkamm; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "New Quest" - Jeremias; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "New Quest" - Schillbeeckx; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "New Quest" - The "Jesus Seminar"; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "New Quest" - Jesus the Cynic?; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "New Quest" - Conclusion; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "Third Quest" - Introduction; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "Third Quest" - Meyer; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "Third Quest" - Harvey; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "Third Quest" - Borg; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "Third Quest" - Sanders; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "Third Quest" - Others; Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "Third Quest" - Unfinished Agendas; Quest for the Historical Jesus - Conclusion; The Actual Words of Jesus - Sources; The Actual Words of Jesus - The Trustworthiness of the Synoptic Tradition; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Important Preliminary Considerations - Jesus' Message Not About Himself; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Important Preliminary Considerations - Eschatological Consensus in Question; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - The Teaching of Jesus and Politics/Society - Prophetic and Conflict Forms of Jesus' Teaching; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - The Teaching of Jesus and Politics/Society - Criticism of Ruling Elites; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - The Teaching of Jesus and Politics/Society - A Renewal Movement within Judaism?; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus and the Future - Kingdom of God; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus and the Future - Sociohistorical Crisis; The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Conclusion; The Worship of Jesus - Christian Adherence to Jewish Monotheism - 1 Corinthians 8:6; The Worship of Jesus - Christian Adherence to Jewish Monotheism - The Book of Revelation; The Worship of Jesus - Christian Adherence to Jewish Monotheism - Missionary Christianity in the Apocryphal Acts; The Worship of Jesus - Christian Adherence to Jewish Monotheism - Persecution and Martyrdom;

Subarticles

• Jesus*** - Jesus Christ***; Quest for the Historical Jesus***; The Actual Words of Jesus***; The Teaching of Jesus Christ***; The Worship of Jesus***;
  • Jesus - Jesus Christ - Data on Jesus***; Sociohistorical Context**; The History of Jesus***;
    • Jesus - Jesus Christ - Data on Jesus - Canonical Gospels**; The Rest of the New Testament**; Data from Noncanonical Sources**; Indices to Historicity and to Nonhistoricity**;
    • Jesus - Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Beginnings**; The Proclamation and Its Meaning**; Jesus' Public Behavior***; The Teaching of Jesus***; The Identity and Destiny of Jesus: Traditions Public and Private***; Why and How Jesus Died***; The Easter Experience of the Disciples***; Bibliography**;
      • Jesus - Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Jesus' Public Behavior - The Twelve**; Cures and Exorcisms**; Fellowship with Sinners**;
      • Jesus - Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Teaching of Jesus - Jesus' Response to the Responses**; Torah-Transcendant Teaching**; Clarification by Contrast**;
      • Jesus - Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - The Identity and Destiny of Jesus: Traditions Public and Private - The Messianic Connection**; Jesus' Scenario of the Future*; The Son of Man**;
      • Jesus - Jesus Christ - The History of Jesus - Why and How Jesus Died - The Royal Entry and the Cleansing of the Temple**; Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Execution**; The Why and the How of Jesus' Death**;
  • Jesus - Quest for the Historical Jesus - Problems*; Reimarus to Schweitzer**; Schweitzer to Käsemann**; The "New Quest"**; The "Third Quest"**; Conclusion*; Bibliography**;
    • Jesus - Quest for the Historical Jesus - Reimarius to Schweitzer - Reimarus*; Strauss*; Renan*; Holtzmann*; Weiss*; Schweitzer*; The "Old Quest": Conclusion*;
    • Jesus - Quest for the Historical Jesus - Schweitzer to Käsemann - Barth*; Bultmann*; Gospel Study*;
    • Jesus - Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "New Quest" - Bornkamm*; Jeremias*; Schillbeeckx*; The "Jesus Seminar"*; Jesus the Cynic?*; Conclusion*;
    • Jesus - Quest for the Historical Jesus - The "Third Quest" - Introduction*; Meyer*; Harvey*; Borg*; Sanders*; Others*; Unfinished Agendas*;
  • Jesus - The Actual Words of Jesus - Sources*; The Trustworthiness of the Synoptic Tradition*; The Quest for Authentic Sayings**; Bibliography**;
  • Jesus - The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Introduction**; Important Preliminary Considerations**; Jesus as Teacher of "Wisdom"***; The Teaching of Jesus and Politics/Society**; Jesus and the Future**; Conclusion*; Bibliography**;
    • Jesus - The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Introduction - Modern Study**; Sources**; Using the Sources: Method**;
    • Jesus - The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Important Preliminary Considerations - Jesus' Message Not About Himself*; Eschatological Consensus in Question*; Relationship to Judaism**;
    • Jesus - The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus as Teacher of "Wisdom" - Conventional Wisdom**; The Forms of Jesus' Wisdom Teaching**; The Subversive Wisdom of Jesus; The Alternative Wisdom of Jesus;
      • Jesus - The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus as Teacher of "Wisdom" - The Forms of Jesus' Wisdom Teaching - Parables**; Aphorisms**;
    • Jesus- The Teaching of Jesus Christ - The Teaching of Jesus and Politics/Society - Prophetic and Conflict Forms of Jesus' Teaching*; Criticism of Ruling Elites*; Challenge to the Core Value of Purity**; A Renewal Movement within Judaism?*;
    • Jesus- The Teaching of Jesus Christ - Jesus and the Future - Eschatology**; Kingdom of God*; Sociohistorical Crisis*;
  • Jesus - The Worship of Jesus - Origins**; Doxologies**; Hymns**; Pagan Perceptions of Christianity**; Christian Adherence to Jewish Monotheism**; Relationship to Patristic Christological Development**; Bibliography**;
    • Jesus - The Worship of Jesus - Christian Adherence to Jewish Monotheism - 1 Corinthians 8:6*; The Book of Revelation*; Missionary Christianity in the Apocryphal Acts*; Persecution and Martyrdom*;

The Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus by Craig A. Evans, New York, Routledge, 2008, ISBN 9780415975698

Major articles

over 2 pages

• Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha* - The Old Testament Apocrypha; The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha; Apostleship, evangelism, witness*; Aramaic and the ''Ipsissima verba Jesu''*; Archaeology and Jesus*; Archaeology of Galilee and Judea*; Authenticity criteria* - Overview of the crieria; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis;
• Baptism of Jesus*; Beatitudes and blessing*; Bethsaida*; Biography*; Birth of Jesus*; Günther Bornkamm*; Rudolf Bultmann*;
• Capernaum*; Child, Children*; Chreia, apophthegm*; Christ, Messiah*; Christology*; Chronology*; Curses and woe*;
• Dead Sea Scrolls*; Death and burial of Jesus* - The crucifixion of Jesus; The necessity of burial; Demythologization*; Martin Dibelius*; Disciples, Discipleship*; Divine Man/Theios Anēr*; Divorce and remarriage*;
• Eschatology*; Ethics of Jesus*; Exorcisms and healings* - Exorcism and healing in the ministry of Jesus;
• Faith*; Festivals and feasts, Jewish*; Form criticism* - New Testament form criticism;
• Gentiles*; Geography of Galilee and Judea* - Jesus in Galilee; God*; Gospel as genre*; Gospel of John* - Historical soundings in John; Gospel of Luke* - The Lukan Jesus; Evaluating the historical worth; Gospel of Mark*; Gospel of Matthew*; Gospels, Extra-New Testament*; Great Commandment*; Greco-Roman culture in Israel*;
• Herod Antipas* - Antipas' reign; Historical criticism (or gospels as sources)* - Recent discussion; Further reading; Historiography*; Holy Spirit*; Households, Jewish*;
• Inscriptions and papyri* - Inscriptions; Interpretation of scripture*; Interpretation of the gospels*;
• Jerusalem* - Jesus and Jerusalem; Jesus' self-understanding*; Jesus Seminar*; Jewish (false) prophets in late antiquity*; John the Baptist*; Jubilee, sin,and forgiveness* - Jubilee;
• Kingdom of God*;
• Language criticism*; Last Supper, words of institution*; Law (Sabbath, purity, commandments)*; Literary criticism, new forms of*; Lord*; Love*;
• Martyrs and Martyrdom in Jewish late antiquity* - Early Jewish martyrs and the significance of their deaths; Jewish martyrology and early Christian interpretations of Jesus' death; Master/Rabbi*; Messiah/Christ*; Messianism and messianic figures in Second Temple Judaism*; Midrash and rabbinic rules of interpretation*; Miracle story* - Interpreting the gospel miracle stories; Moses*;
• Nazareth*;
• Old Testament scriptures*;
• Parable and proverb*; Parousia*; Passion predictions*; Paul, Jesus tradition in* - Paul's use of the Jesus tradition; Piety, Jewish*; Pontius Pilate*; Prayer*; Prophecy*;
• Q*; Quest of the historical Jesus* - From Reimarus to Schweitzer; Third Quest;
• Rabbinic ethics*; Rabbinic literature*; Ransom saying*; Redaction criticism*; Resurrection of Jesus*; Rhetoric*; Righteousness, justice*; Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea* - Commerce; Commerce - Judea; Roman rule in Palestine*;
• Sacrifices, tithes, offerings*; Salvation* - Salvation in the NT gospels; Samaritans*; Friedrich Schleiermacher*; Albert Schweitzer*; Scripture in teachings and activities of Jesus*; Sea of Galilee*; Sermon on the Mount*; Servant of the Lord*; Simon, Peter*; Social scientific criticism*; Son of David*; Son of God*; Son of Man*; Source criticism*; Sources, extra-New Testamental*; Stoicism and Cynicism*; Synagogue*;
• Targums*; Tax, tax collectors*; Teacher, teaching forms, and styles*; Temple*; Temple action of Jesus* - The historicity of the temple action; Temptation of Jesus*; Textual criticism and oldest gospel manuscripts*; Tomb of Jesus?*; Tradition criticism* - New Testament tradition criticism; Transfiguration of Jesus*; Trial of Jesus*; Typology*;
• Visions*;
• Johannes Weiss*; Amos N. Wilder*; Wisdom*; William Wrede*;

Significant articles

3 paragraphs to 2 pages

• Abiathar*; Abraham*; Adam*; Allegory*; Angels* - Jesus and angels; Annas and Caiphas*; Anti-semitism* - Terms and concepts; Points of debate; Major works; Further reading; Apocalyptic* - Apocalyptic as literary genre; Apocalyptic eschatology; Apocalyptic discourse; Jesus - interpretations; Jesus - sources and issues; Further reading; Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha - Significance for the study of the historical Jesus; Apostleship, evangelism, witness - Terms; The function of the Twelve during Jesus' ministry; The function of the Twelve during Jesus' ministry; The mission(s) of the Twelve; Witness; Aramaic and the ''Ipsissima verba Jesu'' - The Semitic language criterion of authenticity; The criterion under fire; The Aramaic Jesus; Archaeology and Jesus - Recent discoveries; Jewish Galilee; Archaeology of Galilee and Judea - The territorial limits of Galilee; Population; Pre-Maccabean religion; The coming of Rome; Judea from Cyrus to Aristobulus; Judea as Roman territory; Ascension*; Authenticity criteria - Some definitions; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - Preliminary considerations; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - I criterion: Recurrent attestation; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - I criterion: Recurrent attestation - Rationale; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - II criterion:Dissimiarity to Christiainity; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - II criterion:Dissimiarity to Christiainity - Rationale; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - III criterion: Multiple attestation; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - III criterion: Multiple attestation - Rationale; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - IV criterion: coherence; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - IV criterion: coherence - Rationale; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - V criterion: Historical intelligibility; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - V criterion: Historical intelligibility - Rationale; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - VI criterion: Implausability; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - VI criterion: Implausability - Rationale; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - VII criterion: Incoherence; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - VII criterion: Incoherence - Rationale; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - General assessment; Further reading;
• Baptism of Jesus - The sources; Historicity and significance; Beatitudes and blessing - Jesus' beatitudes in the Gospels; Jesus' beatitudes and the Qumran wisdom text 4QBeatitudes; Bethany and Bethphage* - Bethany; Bethlehem*; Bethsaida - History of research; The finds of the excavations; Applications for historical Jesus research; Further reading; Biography - The growth of ancient biography; The generic features of ancient biography; Implications for the historical Jesus; Birth of Jesus - The birth narratives in Matthew and Luke; Critical issues pertaining to the birth narrative; Critical issues pertaining to the birth narrative - Sources; Blasphemy* - Usage and meaning of blasphemy; The role of blasphemy in the life and death of Jesus; Günther Bornkamm - Further reading; Buddhist thought and Jesus*; Rudolf Bultmann - Education and early life; Form criticism or form history; Jesus and the Word;
• Caesarea Maritima*; Caesarea Philippi*; Cana in Galilee* - The identification of the site and the archaeological research; Capernaum - The cultural atmosphere of first-century CE Capernaum; Capernaum after the first century CE; Child, Children - The place of children in the Hebrew scriptures; Referencces to children in the three Synoptic Gospels; References to children in Matthew and Luke; References to children in Matthew's Gospel; References to children in Luke's Gospel; References to children in John's Gospel; Summary of Jesus' teaching on the child and children; Chorazin*; Chreia, apophthegm - Terminological and methodological considerations; Examples; Christ, Messiah - The messiah and messianic ideas in Israel's scriptures; LXX; Dead Sea Scrolls; OT Pseudepigrapha; Jesus as Christ; Christology - Components and procedure; Jewish expectation; Jesus' understanding of his identity; The needs of preaching and evangelism; The Christology in the Pauline and Deutero-Pauline Epistles; The Johannine literature; Hebrews and the General Epistles; Chronology - The birth of Jesus; The commencement of John the Baptist's ministry; The death of Jesus; The death of Jesus - The day of Jesus' death; The death of Jesus - The year of Jesus' death; Coinage, Jewish*; Coinage, Roman*; Compassion on the poor*; Hans Conzelmann*;
• Nils Alstrup Dahl*; Daniel - Further reading; David*; Dead Sea Scrolls - The kingdom of God; Jubilee proclamation; Dead Sea Scrolls: Begotten Messiah Text (1Q28A=1QSA)*; Dead Sea Scrolls: Jerusalem priesthood in the scrolls*; Dead Sea Scrolls: Messianic apocalypse (4Q521)* - Parallels; Relation to the historical Jesus; Dead Sea Scrolls: Self-glorification hymn (4Q491C)*; Dead Sea Scrolls: Son of God text (4Q246)* - History of interpation; 4Q246 and the Gospel of Luke; Death and burial of Jesus - Factors leading to the death of Jesus; The burial of Jesus; Decapolis*; Demons and exorcism* - The New Testament world; Jesus; Demythologization - Further reading; Diaspora* - Geography and history; The Diaspora and historical Jesus studies; Martin Dibelius - Further reading; Disciples, Discipleship - General characteristics of disciples in the New Testament; Disciples/discipleship in Mark; Disciples/discipleship in Matthew; Disciples/discipleship in Luke/Acts; Disease, health, longevity*;Divine Man/Theios Anēr - Development of the "divine man" hypothesis; Pillars of the "divine man" hypothesis; Critique of the "divine man" hypothesis; The "divine man" hypothesis in recent Leben Jesu research; Divorce and remarriage - Jewish teaching on divorce; Jewish teaching on divorce - Marriage and divorce in the Mishnah; Jewish teaching on divorce - Marriage and divorce at Qumran; Jesus' teaching on divorce and remarriage; Charles Harold Dodd*; James D. G. Dunn* - Further reading;
• Elders*; Elijah and Elisha*; Entry into Jerusalem*; Eternal life* - Eternal life and the kingdom of God in the gospels; Ethics of Jesus - The ethics of Jesus in discussion; The ethics of Jesus and God; The ethics of Jesus and self; The ethics of Jesus and others; The ethics of Jesus, cost and reward; Exorcisms and healings - Further reading;
• Faith - Mark and the synoptics; John; Family*; Fasting*; Fellowship and sharing* - Fellowship and sharing as life-style; Teaching fellowship and sharing; Teaching fellowship and sharing - Imitatio Dei; Festivals and feasts, Jewish - The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - Sabbath; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - Passover; Food, hunger* - Terminology; Form criticism - Old Testament form criticism; New Testament form criticism - Gospels; New Testament form criticism - Epistles; Further reading; Ernst Fuchs*;
• Genealogies* - Matthew; Gentiles - Jesus, Gentiles, and scholarship; Jesus' teaching about Gentiles; Geography of Galilee and Judea - Physical, political, and theological geography; Physical, political, and theological geography - The main landscapes; Geography of John the Baptist; Jesus in Judea; Jesus in Judea - Jerusalem; Further reading; Gerasa*; Gethsemane*; God - Continuity with the God of the Old Testament; God as "Father"; God as judge; God as king; God as the God of all creation; Maurice Goguel* - Positions advocated; Gospel as genre - Gospel genre in history and scholarship; Gospel genre as biography; Implications for the historical Jesus; Further reading; Gospel of John - What makes John different?; Authorship; New confidence in John; Historical soundings in John - The Synoptic Gospels; Historical soundings in John - Independent Johannine material; Historical soundings in John - Independent Johannine material - The wine miracle at Cana (2:1-11); Historical soundings in John - Independent Johannine material - The day of crucifixion (19:14); Historical soundings in John - John and Judaism; John, incarnation and history; Further reading; Gospel of Mark - Markan priority; Mark and extracanonical gospels; Dating and provenance; Authorship; Markan genre and ancient historiography; Orality and collective memory; Further reading; Gospel of Matthew - Theology; Critical issues; Historical Jesus; Further reading; Gospels, Extra-New Testament - Gospel of Thomas; Gospel of Peter; Egerton Papyrus 2; Jewish-Christian gospels; Great Commandment - The Jewish origins of the commandments; The Jewish origins of the commandments - Love of God; The Jewish origins of the commandments - Love of others; Role in the early Church; Authenticity; Greco-Roman culture in Israel - The Hellenistic period (332-63 BCE); From the advent of Rome to the First Revolt (63 BCE-70 CE); The languages of Palestine;
• Adolf von Harnack*; Heaven and Hell* - Afterlife in the Hebrew Bible and Judaism; Herod Antipas - Antipas' reign - Antipas and John the Baptist; Antipas' reign - Antipas and Jesus; Historical criticism (or gospels as sources) - History; Further reading - On historical criticism (or gospels as sources); Heinrich Julius Holtzmann*; Holy Spirit - The experience of Jesus; The experience of believers; The experience of believers - Not during Jesus' lifetime; The experience of believers - Public witness; Households, Jewish - The family unit; Language and education; Economics; Religion;
• Inscriptions and papyri - Papyri; Interpretation of scripture - Translations and paraphrases; Rewritten Bible; Interpretive approaches; Interpreters; Interpreters - Jesus; Interpretation of the gospels - Genre of the gospels; Criticism of the Synoptic Gospels; Criticism of the Synoptic Gospels - Source criticism; Criticism of the Synoptic Gospels - Redaction criticism; Criticism of the Synoptic Gospels - New forms of literary criticism; Source criticism; Interpretation of the Gospels; Further reading; Isaiah*;
• James and John, sons of Zebedee* - James the son of Zebedee; Issues; Jeremiah*; Joachim Jeremias* - Further reading; Jericho*; Jesus' self-understanding - The focus of the gospel tradition; The evidence of the titles; The evidence of the titles - Messiah and Son of David; The evidence of the titles - Son of Man; The evidence of the words and deeds of Jesus; The evidence of the words and deeds of Jesus - The authority of Jesus; Jesus' demands concerning himself; The aims of Jesus and his self-consciousness; The aims of Jesus and his self-consciousness - Consciousness of uniqueness; Further reading; Jonah*; Jubilee, sin,and forgiveness - Jubilee - As a pre-Christian concept; Jubilee - In Judaism prior to Jesus; Jubilee - Jesus and the kingdom of God; Sin; Sin - Word choice and usage; Forgiveness; Forgiveness - In the teaching of Jesus; Forgiveness - The unforgivable sin; Judas Iscariot* - The name "Judas Iscariot"; The act of Judas; Judgement*;
• Martin Kähler*; Ernst Käsemann*; Kingdom of God - Kingdom of God: the expression; Meaning of "kingdom of God”; Themes; Themes - Present; Themes - Future; Joseph Klausner* - Jesus the Messiah;
• Language criticism - Aramaic emphasis; Semitic revival; Linguistic evaluation; Last Supper, words of institution - Jesus' Last Supper as a Passover meal; Literary and tradition-historical analysis; Historical reconstruction; Literary criticism, new forms of - Structuralism; Deconstruction and reader-response approaches; Further reading; Lord - The Septuagint; Secular usage; Sacred usage; Sacred usage - Jesus (post-resurrection); Implications; Further reading; Love - The commands to love: "Love your enemies!"; Some Johannine traditions;
• Magic, sorcery*; Thomas Walter Manson*; Martyrs and Martyrdom in Jewish late antiquity - Further reading; Mary Magdalene*; Mary, Mother of Jesus*; Messiah/Christ - Paul; Paul - First and Second Thessalonians; Paul - Romans 5:1-5; Paul - Romans 11:1-10; Sayings source Q; Synoptic gospels; Synoptic gospels - The Synoptic Apocalypse: Mark 13:5-27; Synoptic gospels - The Synoptic Apocalypse: Mark 13:5-27 - The Matthean redaction of the Apocalypse; Conclusion: Messiah/Christ from Paul, to Q, the Synoptic Gospels and Revelation; Messianic secret*; Messianism and messianic figures in Second Temple Judaism - Messianism; Historical developments from the Maccabees to Bar Kochbah; Historical developments from the Maccabees to Bar Kochbah - Messianic concepts from Judas Maccabaeus to Pompeius; Historical developments from the Maccabees to Bar Kochbah - Messianic concepts from Pompeius to Titus and Vespasian; Messianic figures from Titus and Vespasian to Bar Kochbah; Metaphor and simile* - Metaphors; Ben F. Meyer*; Midrash and rabbinic rules of interpretation - Rabbinic midrash; Rabbinic literature; Jesus and the exegetical rules of Hillel; Miracle story - Miracle stories in context; Moses - Early Jewish appropriation; Jesus' appropriation;
• Oaths and swearing* - Jesus' abolition of oaths; Obduracy, hardness of heart*; Old Testament scriptures - Contents of scripture; Division and ordering of scripture; The text of scripture; Ossuary of James*;
• Parable and proverb - Jesus' parables; Jesus' parables - Story parables; Jesus' parables - Parables with allegorical elements; Interpreting the parables; Parousia - Parousia in the early church; The coming Son of Man; Jesus and the parousia: final observations; Passion predictions - Survey of materials; Religious background; Authenticity; Meaning of the passion predictions in the context of Jesus' ministry; Peace* - Jesus as peacemaker; Peace and salvation in the NT; Pharisees*; Piety, Jewish - Piety, cult and life-commitment; Jerusalem and Jewish piety; Mosaic law; Pontius Pilate - Jewish sources; Pilate in the gospels; Praetorium*; Prayer - Jesus and prayer; God as Father in the prayers and teaching of Jesus; Amen; Prophecy - Jesus as prophet;
• Q - Extent and nature of Q; The composition, genre and conceptual affinities of Q; Further reading; Quest of the historical Jesus - Bultmann to the "New Quest"; Further reading;
• Rabbinic ethics - The 613 commandments and their single purpose; Talmud of Babylonia Makkot 23b-24a/3:16 II.1; The Ten Commandments; Meklita attributed to R. Ishmael LIV:III.1 Bahodesh 8; Rabbinic literature - Mishnah; Talmud; Ransom saying - Authenticity; Background; Redaction criticism - Contributions and limitations; Further reading; Hermann Samuel Reimarus*; Repentance - Repentance in the NT gospels; Resurrection of Jesus - Resurrection, immortality and eternal life in first-century Judaism; Did Jesus teach resurrection from the dead?; Gospel narratives about the resurrection of Jesus; Further reading; Rewritten scripture*; Rhetoric - The practice of rhetoric in the first century CE; The rhetoric of the gospels; The rhetoric of the gospels - Forms of argumentation in the gospels; Rhetoric and rhetorical criticism of the gospels; Righteousness, justice - Religious-historical background; "Righteousness" in the Sermon on the Mount; Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Roads; Roads - Major roads; Major roads - North-south; Roads - Major roads - East-west; Roads - Minor roads; Roads - Minor roads - Galilee; Roads - Minor roads – Judea; Commerce - Galilee; Commerce - Galilee - Galilean cities; Commerce - Galilee - Galilean cities - Sepphoris; Commerce - Galilee - Galilean cities - Tiberias; Commerce - Galilee - Notable non-Galilean cities of influence; Commerce - Judea - Local secular trade; Commerce - Judea - Local secular trade - Agriculture; Commerce - Judea - Local secular trade - Livestock; Commerce - Judea - Local secular trade - Trades and crafts; Commerce - Judea - Foreign secular trade; Commerce - Judea - Foreign secular trade - Exports; Commerce - Judea - Foreign secular trade - Imports; Commerce - Judea - Trade related to the Temple; Commerce - Judea - Trade related to the Temple - Goods; Commerce - Judea - Trade related to the Temple - Services (money changing); Further reading; James M. Robinson* - The New Quest; Nag Hammadi and the origins of Christology; Roman government in Israel*; Roman rule in Palestine - The earliest Roman influence; The earliest Roman influence - Friends to tributaries; Indirect Roman presence and its effects; Indirect Roman presence and its effects - Herod; Indirect Roman presence and its effects - Archelaus; Direct Roman presence and its effects; Direct Roman presence and its effects - Taxes; Direct Roman presence and its effects - High priests; Direct Roman presence and its effects - Jerusalem and the Temple; Further reading; Ruling priests*;
• Sacrifices, tithes, offerings - Further reading; Sadducees*; Samaritans - Samaritan and Jewish tensions; Samaritans in the New Testament; Ed Parish Sanders*; Sanhedrin* - Powers and procedures; Edward Schillebeeckx*; Karl Ludwig Schmidt*; Albert Schweitzer - Formative years; The course of the quest; Schweitzer's Jesus; Scribes*; Scripture in teachings and activities of Jesus - Self-understanding as the Son of Man; Sea of Galilee - The Sea of Galilee and its surroundings; The Galilee Boat (aka Kinneret Boat or "Jesus Boat"); Battle of Migdal (J.W. 3:443-505, 522-42); Sermon on the Mount - Origin and sources; Building databases; Alternative methods; Interpretation; An apocalyptic Jesus?; Servant of the Lord - The Servant in Isaiah 40-55; The early Christian understanding of Jesus (and his messengers) as fulfilling the role of the Servant; Did Jesus understand his role in the light of the Servant?; Further reading; Sinners* - Historicity of Jesus' company with sinners; Implications of Jesus' company with sinners; Slavery, servants*; Social scientific criticism - Social history; Social scientific criticism; Further reading; Solomon* - Solomon: the miracle-working son of David; Son of David - Old Testament and Judaic background; Historical Jesus; Mark 10:46-52; Mark 12:35-37; Gospel of Matthew; Son of God - "Son of God" at the time of Jesus; Early Christian usage in reference to Jesus; The historical Jesus as Son of God; The Abba prayer; Did Jesus claim to be God's son?; Son of Man - Antecedents of "son of man" in Hebrew Bible and Jewish literature; Preliminary observations about the "son of man" in the gospel tradition; "Son of man" as Jesus' own usage derived from Dan 7:13 and I Enoch; "Son of man" as Jesus' non-titular self-identification; "Son of man" as a title of the early church; Conclusion; Further reading; Source criticism - Synoptic data; Priority of Mark; The two-source theory; The Farrer theory; Sources, extra-New Testamental - Jesus in classical writings; Jesus in classical writings - Celsus; Jesus in Jewish sources; Jesus in Jewish sources - Rabbinic literature; Jesus in Jewish sources – Josephus; Stoicism and Cynicism - Stoicism: origins, history, and relation to the historical Jesus; Cynicism: origins, history, and relation to the historical Jesus; Further reading; David Friedrich Strauss*; Suffering, martyrdom*; Synagogue - "Synagogue" in the New Testament; The evidence of the Theodotos Inscription and Imperial decrees in Josephus; Archaeology;
• Targums - Origin of Targums; Classification of Targums; Jesus and Targumic tradition; Further reading; Vincent Taylor*; Teacher, teaching forms, and styles - The title "teacher"; The title "teacher" - The gospels; Teaching authority; Teaching settings; Teaching settings - Instruction of disciples; Teaching forms; Teaching styles; Further reading; Temple - Archaeology and architectural design; Archaeology and architectural design - The Herodian temple; Archaeology and architectural design - The outer court and porticoes; The Herodian temple as institution; Temple action of Jesus - Meaning of the temple action; Temptation of Jesus - The wilderness temptation story in the canonical gospels; The wilderness temptation story in Q; Authenticity; Textual criticism and oldest gospel manuscripts - Principles of textual criticism regarding the Jesus tradition; Manuscripts for consideration; Gerd Theissen*; Tithing and paying taxes* - Tithing; Paying taxes; Tradition criticism - In search of a definition; Old Testament tradition criticism; New Testament tradition criticism - Gospels; Transfiguration of Jesus - Meanings and background associations; Luke's reference to Jesus' "exodus"; Trial of Jesus - Four preliminary issues; The examination by the Jewish leadership; The trial of Pilate; Barabbas and sentencing by Pilate; Further reading; Tribes of Israel*; Typology - Hebrew Bible; Jesus and the New Testament; Jesus and the New Testament - "Something greater";
• Geza Vermes* - The Christological question; Violence*; Visions - The visionary backcground in the Bible and ancient Judaism; Jesus and visions;
• Johannes Weiss - Further reading; Amos N. Wilder - Apocalyptic eschatology; Wisdom - Wisdom in Israel; Wisdom in the teaching of Jesus; Further reading; N. T. Wright* - Life and teaching of Jesus; Resurrection of Jesus;

Minor articles

1 or 2 paragraphs

• Abiathar - Further reading; Abraham - Further reading; Adam - Further reading; Allegory - Further reading; Angels - "Fallen angels"; Further reading; Annas and Caiphas - Further reading; Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha - Further reading; Apostleship, evangelism, witness - Historicity of the Twelve; The Twelve and apostles after Easter; Further reading; Further reading - General, apostleship and mission; Further reading - On the mission of the Seventy; Further reading - On the gospel of John and witness; Aramaic and the ''Ipsissima verba Jesu'' - The language of Jesus; Conclusion; Further reading; Archaeology and Jesus - Further reading; Archaeology of Galilee and Judea - Population; Further reading; Ascension - Further reading; Authenticity criteria - Overview of the crieria - Criterion of double dissimilarity; Overview of the crieria - Criterion of coherence; Overview of the crieria - Criterion of multiple attestation; I criterion: Recurrent attestation - Rule of application; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - II criterion:Dissimiarity to Christiainity - Rule of application; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - III criterion: Multiple attestation - Rule of application; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - IV criterion: coherence - Rule of application; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - V criterion: Historical intelligibility - Rule of application; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - VI criterion: Implausability - Rule of application; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - VII criterion: Incoherence - Rule of application;
• Baptism of Jesus - Further reading; Beatitudes and blessing - Beatitudes in Greek and Hebrew; Further reading; Bethany and Bethphage - Bethany - Bethany beyond the Jordan; Bethphage; Further reading; Bethlehem - Further reading; Biography - The growth of ancient biography - Greek biography; The growth of ancient biography - Roman biography; The growth of ancient biography - Jewish biography; Ways of classifying ancient biographies; Implications for the historical Jesus - The Christological claim; Implications for the historical Jesus - Truth and historicity; Implications for the historical Jesus - The narrative context; Further reading; Birth of Jesus - Critical issues pertaining to the birth narrative - Genre; Critical issues pertaining to the birth narrative - Use of the Old Testament; Critical issues pertaining to the birth narrative - Religionsgeschichte; The date of Jesus' birth; The place of Jesus' birth; A virginal conception; Further reading; Blasphemy - Further reading; Buddhist thought and Jesus - Further reading; Rudolf Bultmann - Demythologizing; Evaluation; Further reading;
• Henry J. Cadbury - Further reading; Caesarea Maritima - Further reading; Caesarea Philippi - Further reading; Cana in Galilee - Implication for the historical Jesus research; Further reading; Capernaum - Further reading; Child, Children - Further reading; Chorazin - Further reading; Chreia, apophthegm - Further reading; Christ, Messiah - The messiah and messianic ideas in the Second Temple period; Other texts; Messianic woes; Further reading; Christology - From the experience of Jesus to Christology proper; The resurrection; Experience of the Spirit; Mark and Matthew; Luke-Acts; Conclusion; Further reading; Chronology - The birth of Jesus - The death of Herod; The birth of Jesus - The census of Quirinus; The birth of Jesus - The star of the Magi; The commencement of Jesus' ministry; The commencement of John the Baptist's ministry - The commencement of Jesus' ministry; The commencement of John the Baptist's ministry - The first Passover of Jesus' ministry; The duration of Jesus' ministry; The death of Jesus - The year of Jesus' death - The officials of the trial; The death of Jesus - The year of Jesus' death - The contribution of astronomy; The death of Jesus - The year of Jesus' death - The ministry of Jesus; The death of Jesus - The year of Jesus' death - The confirmation of history; The death of Jesus - The year of Jesus' death - Conclusion; Summary of the dates; Further reading; Coinage, Jewish - Further reading; Coinage, Roman - Further reading; Compassion on the poor - Further reading; Hans Conzelmann - Further reading; Curses and woe - Further reading;
• Nils Alstrup Dahl - Further reading; David - Further reading; Dead Sea Scrolls - Further reading; Dead Sea Scrolls: Begotten Messiah Text (1Q28A=1QSA) - Further reading; Dead Sea Scrolls: Jerusalem priesthood in the scrolls - Further reading; Dead Sea Scrolls: Messianic apocalypse (4Q521) - Further reading; Dead Sea Scrolls: Self-glorification hymn (4Q491C) - Further reading; Dead Sea Scrolls: Son of God text (4Q246) - Further reading; Death and burial of Jesus - Further reading; Decapolis - Further reading; Demons and exorcism - Old Testament; Further reading; Demythologization - Further reading - Primary sources - works by Rudolf Bultmann; Further reading - Secondary sources; Diaspora - Facets of Jewish identity in the Diaspora; Diaspora communities in the Greek cities; The historical Jesus and the diaspora; Further reading; Disciples, Discipleship - Disciples/discipleship in John; Further reading; Disease, health, longevity - Further reading; Divine Man/Theios Anēr - Further reading; Divorce and remarriage - Marriage and divorce in the Greco-Roman world; Conclusions; Further reading; Charles Harold Dodd - Further reading;
• Elders - Further reading; Elijah and Elisha - Further reading; Entry into Jerusalem - A history of triumphal entries; The entry in Mark; The meaning of the entry for Jesus; Further reading; Eschatology - Further reading; Eternal life - Jewish source; Future and present in the teaching of Jesus; Future and present in John; Further reading; Ethics of Jesus - The ethics of Jesus and their inception; Further reading; Exorcisms and healings - Exorcism and healing in the name of Jesus;
• Faith - Further reading; Family - Further reading; Fasting - Further reading; Fellowship and sharing - Fellowship and sharing as life-style - Two kinds of followers; Fellowship and sharing as life-style - Table-fellowship; Teaching fellowship and sharing - Fellowship and sharing in the Sermon on the Mount; Further reading; Festivals and feasts, Jewish - The festal calendar of ancient Judaism; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - Unleavened bread; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - Weeks; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - New Year; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - Day of Atonement; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - Tabernacles; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - Dedication; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - Lots; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - Further reading; Food, hunger - Further reading; Form criticism - Apocalyptic; Ernst Fuchs - Further reading;
• Genealogies - Luke; Analysis; Further reading; Gentiles - Jesus' encounters with Gentiles; Factors leading toward a gentile mission; Further reading; Geography of Galilee and Judea - Physical, political, and theological geography - Political geography; Geography of John the Baptist - Birth and education; Geography of John the Baptist - Places of baptism; Geography of John the Baptist - Death and burial; Jesus in Galilee - Nazareth; Jesus in Galilee - Concentration on Galilee; Jesus in Galilee - Capernaum; Jesus in Galilee - Other Galilean villages; Jesus in Galilee - Bethsaida; Jesus in the north; Jesus in the Decapolis; Jesus in Samaria; Jesus in Judea - Bethlehem; Jesus in Judea - Ephraim; Jesus in Judea - Jericho; Jesus in Judea - Mount of Olives; Jesus in Judea - Emmaus; Jesus in Judea - Other cities of the coastal plain; Gerasa - Further reading; Gethsemane - Further reading; God - The mutual compatability of apocalyptic and wisdom conceptions of God; Continuity with other Second Temple Jewish movements; God's boundless love; Further reading; Maurice Goguel - How his work has been critically assessed; Further reading; Gospel as genre - Gospel genre in history and schoarship - Form critics and uniqueness; Gospel genre in history and schoarship - Redaction critics and gospel communities; Implications for the historical Jesus - A christological hermeneutic; Implications for the historical Jesus - Unity and diversity; Implications for the historical Jesus - Reconstructing the gospels' settings; Gospel of John - Historical soundings in John - Independent Johannine material - The temple cleansing (2:13-22); Conclusion; Gospel of Luke - Conclusion; Further reading; Gospel of Mark - Markan priority - The argument from length; Markan priority - The argument from literary style; Markan priority - The argument from propriety or potential embarrassent; Markan priority - The argument from Matthean-Lukan divergence; Markan priority - The argument from Matthean-Lukan redaction; Gospel of Matthew - Matthew among the gospels; Authorship; Date: internal evidence: destruction of the temple?; Date: external evidence: relationship to Mark and Q; Interpretation: redaction criticism; Interpretation: narrative criticism; Theology - Fulfillment; Theology - Christology; Theology - Ecclesiology; Critical issues - "History of effects" (Wirkengegeschichte); Critical issues - Relationship with Judaism; Critical issues - Roman Empire; Gospels, Extra-New Testament - Other papyrus fragments of unknown gospels; Gospel of the Egyptians; Birth and infancy gospels; Gospel of Nicodemus; Gnostic gospels; Secret Gospel of Mark; Further reading; Great Commandment - The Hellenistic origins of the coupling; The newness of Jesus' teaching; As a summary of obedience; Further reading; Greco-Roman culture in Israel - Palestine after 70 CE; Greco-Roman philosophy; Further reading;
• Adolf von Harnack - Further reading; Heaven and Hell - Afterlife in the teachings of Jesus; Hell; Heaven; Conclusions; Further reading; Herod Antipas - Antipas' early life; Antipas' realm; Antipas' reign - Antipas and Archelaus; Antipas and exile; Further reading; Historical criticism (or gospels as sources) - ; Assessment; Further reading - Studies on the history of historical criticism; Historiography - Further reading; Heinrich Julius Holtzmann - Further reading; Holy Spirit - The experience of Jesus - Anointing; The experience of Jesus - Doing good; The experience of Jesus - Exorcisms; The experience of believers - The Paraclete; The experience of believers - Prayer; Further reading; Households, Jewish - Further reading;
• Inscriptions and papyri - Further reading; Interpretation of scripture - Translations and paraphrases - Septaugint; Translations and paraphrases - Targums; Rewritten Bible - Jubilees; Rewritten Bible - Psudo-Philo; Rewritten Bible – Josephus; Interpretive approaches - Pesher; Interpretive approaches - Allegory; Interpretive approaches - Argument; Interpretive approaches - Midrash; Interpreters - Philo; Interpreters - Josephus; Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha; Conclusion; Further reading; Interpretation of the gospels - Criticism of the Synoptic Gospels - Form criticism; Criticism of the fourth Gospel; Tradition criticism; Interpretation of the Gospels - Mark; Interpretation of the Gospels - Matthew; Interpretation of the Gospels - Luke; Interpretation of the Gospels - John; Interpretation of the Gospels - Q; Further reading - General studies; Further reading - Studies and commentaries on Mark; Further reading - Studies and commentaries on Matthew; Further reading - Studies and commentaries on Luke; Further reading - Studies and commentaries on John; Further reading - Studies and commentaries on Q; Isaiah - Further reading;
• James and John, sons of Zebedee - John the son of Zebedee; Further reading; Jeremiah - Further reading; Jericho - Further reading; Jerusalem - Jerusalem in Matthew's Gospel; Jerusalem in Mark's Gospel; Jerusalem in Luke's Gospel; Jerusalem in John's Gospel; Further reading; Jesus' self-understanding - The historical question; The evidence of the titles - Prophet; The evidence of the words and deeds of Jesus - The kingdom of God; Jesus Seminar - Further reading; Jewish (false) prophets in late antiquity - Further reading; John the Baptist - Further reading; Jonah - Further reading; Jubilee, sin,and forgiveness - Jubilee - Etymology; Jubilee - Questions and practice; Sin - Semitic backgrounds in the Gospels; Forgiveness - Word choice and usage; Further reading; Judas Iscariot - The traditions about Judas; Further reading; Judgement - Further reading;
• Martin Kähler - Further reading; Ernst Käsemann - Further reading; Kingdom of God - Further reading; Joseph Klausner - Jesus in the Galilean context; Reactions to Klausner's work; Further reading;
• Language criticism - Papyri appreciation; Linguistic evaluation - Greek language and its context; Linguistic evaluation - Greek textual variance; Linguistic evaluation - Discourse features; Conclusion; Further reading; Last Supper, words of institution - Objections to the authenticity of the words of institution considered; Further reading; Law (Sabbath, purity, commandments) - Further reading; Literary criticism, new forms of - Discourse analysis; Narrative criticism; Rhetorical and socio-rhetorical criticism; Lord - Old Testament evidence; The New Testament; Sacred usage - God; Sacred usage - Jesus (pre-resurrection); Love - The commands to love: The Great Commandment (Mark 12:28-34); The Samaritan's love; God as a loving father; Jesus' love of people in general; Jesus' love of (or friendship with) outcasts; The exclusiveness of love; Miscellaneous sayings about love; Further reading;
• Magic, sorcery - Magic in the New Testament world; Accusations against Jesus in the first century; Accusations against Jesus in the second century; Later accusations against Jesus; Recent depiction of Jesus as a magician; Further reading; Thomas Walter Manson - Further reading; Mary Magdalene - Further reading; Mary, Mother of Jesus - Further reading; Master/Rabbi - Further reading; Messiah/Christ - Paul - 1 Corinthians 15; Synoptic gospels - Mark; Synoptic gospels - The Synoptic Apocalypse: Mark 13:5-27 - The Lukan redaction of the Apocalypse; Synoptic gospels - Revelation; Further reading; Messianic secret - Further reading; Messianism and messianic figures in Second Temple Judaism - Messianic figures and Messiah concepts; Historical developments from the Maccabees to Bar Kochbah - Messianic concepts up to the time of Judas Maccabaeus; Conclusion; Further reading; Metaphor and simile - Similes; Further reading; Ben F. Meyer - Further reading; Midrash and rabbinic rules of interpretation - Semantic development; Rabbinic midrash - Halakah/haggadah; Rabbinic midrash - Rabbinic periods; Rabbinic literature - Forms of midrash; Qal wa-homer lit. "light and heavy"; Gezera shawa (lit. "an equivalent regulation"); Binyan 'ab mikkatub' 'ehad ("lit. "constructing a father [i.e. principal rule] from one [passage]"); Binyan 'ab mishshene ketubim (lit. "constructing a father [i.e. principal rule] from two writings [or passages]"); Kelal upherat upherat ukelal (lit. "general and particular, and particular and general"); Kayyose bo bemaqom 'aher (lit. "to which something [is] similar in another place [or passage]"); Dabar halamed me'inyano (lit. "aword of instruction from [its] context [or subject]"); Further reading; Miracle story - Gospel miracle stories; Further reading; Moses - Early Christian appropriation; Further reading;
• Nazareth - Further reading;
• Oaths and swearing - Oaths in ancient Judaism; Further reading; Obduracy, hardness of heart - Further reading; Old Testament scriptures - Further reading; Ossuary of James - Further reading;
• Parable and proverb - Jesus' parables - Aphorisms and similitudes; Jesus' parables - Example stories; Conclusion; Further reading; Parousia - Further reading; Passion predictions - Survey of materials - Parables; Survey of materials - Last Supper tradition; Survey of materials - Metaphors of suffering; Survey of materials - Rejected-prophet sayings; Further reading; Paul, Jesus tradition in - Paul's access to the Jesus tradition; Paul's use of the Jesus tradition - 1 Corinthians 15: 1-8; Paul's use of the Jesus tradition - 1 Corinthians 11:23-26; Paul's use of the Jesus tradition - Romans 8:15-17; Galatians 4:6-7; Paul's use of the Jesus tradition - Words of the Lord; Paul's use of the Jesus tradition - The kingdom of God; Paul's use of the Jesus tradition - The law of Christ; Paul's use of the Jesus tradition - Imitation of Christ; Paul's use of the Jesus tradition - The Twelve; Conclusion; Further reading; Peace - Shalom in the OT; Pax Romana; Further reading; Pharisees - Further reading; Piety, Jewish - Essenes; Pharisees; Jesus and the Pharisees; Sadducees; Further reading; Pontius Pilate - Pilate's background; Responsibilities; Pilate's involvement in Jesus' trial; Further reading; Praetorium - Further reading; Prayer - The Lord's Prayer; Jesus and prayer in the early non-canonical Gospels; Further reading; Prophecy - Application of OT messianic prophecies; The prophetic spirit in contemporary Judaism; Other prophets; Further reading;
• Q - Early views of Q and the historical Jesus; Q and the historical Jesus; Quest of the historical Jesus - Conclusion;
• Rabbinic ethics - "The righteous shall live by faith"; Talmud of Babylonia tractate Shabbat 30b-31a/2:5 I.12; Sifra CC:III.1, 4-7; Further reading; Rabbinic literature - Midrash; Tosefta; Targumim and Midrash Rabbah; The Sefer Yesirah; Rabbinic literature and Jesus; Further reading;Ransom saying - The integrity of the passage; Significance; Further reading; Redaction criticism - Simple exercise in redaction criticism; Major redaction-critical studies; Hermann Samuel Reimarus - Further reading; Repentance - Repentance in the OT and in ancient Judaism; Further reading; Resurrection of Jesus - The resurrection of Jesus and Christian life; Further reading - General studies of resurrection and afterlife; Further reading - Resurrection and the historical Jesus; Further reading - Resurrection in the New Testament; Further reading - Resurrection and Christian theology; Rewritten scripture - Further reading; Rhetoric - The rhetoric of the gospels - Genre of the gospels; Further reading; Righteousness, justice - Jesus and righteousness; Matthew 3:15; "Righteousness" in the Sermon on the Mount - Matthew 5:6; "Righteousness" in the Sermon on the Mount - Matthew 5:10; "Righteousness" in the Sermon on the Mount - Matthew 5:20; "Righteousness" in the Sermon on the Mount - Matthew 6:33; "Righteousness" in the Sermon on the Mount - Matthew 6:1; Other occurrences of "righteousness"; Further reading; Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Commerce - Currency; Commerce - Galilee - Notable non-Galilean cities of influence - The Decapolis; Commerce - Galilee - Notable non-Galilean cities of influence - Acre and Tyre; Commerce - Judea - Local secular trade - Wood; Commerce - Judea - Local secular trade - Perfumes and Resins; Commerce - Judea - Local secular trade - Salt; Commerce - Judea - Local secular trade - Slaves; Commerce - Judea - Brigandage; James M. Robinson - Reconstruction and Interpretation of Q; Further reading; Roman government in Israel - Further reading; Roman rule in Palestine - The earliest Roman influence - King makers; Pilate, high priests and the trial of Jesus; Ruling priests - Further reading;
• Sadducees - Further reading;Salvation - Salvation in the OT and in Ancient Judaism; Further reading; Samaritans - Samaritans in the New Testament - Matthew; Samaritans in the New Testament - John; Samaritans in the New Testament - Luke; Samaritans in the New Testament - Acts; Samaritan view of early Christianity; Further reading; Ed Parish Sanders - Further reading; Sanhedrin - Background; Jesus and the Sanhedrin; Further reading; Edward Schillebeeckx - Further reading; Friedrich Schleiermacher - Further reading; Karl Ludwig Schmidt - Further reading; Albert Schweitzer - Assessment; Further reading; Scribes - Further reading; Scripture in teachings and activities of Jesus - Proclamation of the kingdom (or rule) of God; Appointment of the Twelve; Entry into Jerusalem; Action in the temple precincts;Passion predictions and related sayings; Words of Institution; Further reading; Sea of Galilee - Other evidence for seafaring on the lake; Further reading; Sermon on the Mount - Closing observations; Further reading; Simon, Peter - Further reading; Sinners - Meaning of the designation "sinners"; Further reading; Slavery, servants - Further reading; Social scientific criticism - Sociological exegesis; Solomon - Gospel references to Solomon; Solomon's glory: Matt. 6:29/Luke 12:27b; Greater than Solomon: Matt. 12:42/Luke 11:31; Further reading; Son of David - Mark 11:1-11; Mark 15:1-41; Further reading; Son of God - Does the issue depend on whether such evidence exists?; Further reading; Son of Man - Use of the phrase "son of man" in the gospels; Source criticism - Definition and focus; Priority of Mark - Markan omission of congenial material; Priority of Mark - Markan addition of elements uncongenial to Matthew and Luke; Priority of Mark - Harder readings; Priority of Mark - Dates of the gospels; Priority of Mark - Editorial fatigue; The two-source theory - Luke's order; The two-source theory - Alternating primitivity; The two-source theory - Luke's ignorance of Matthew's additions to Mark; The two-source theory - Luke's ignorance of M; The Farrer theory - Luke's order; The Farrer theory - Alternating primitivity; The Farrer theory - Luke's ignorance of Matthew's additions to Mark; The Farrer theory - Luke's lack of M; M and L; Source criticism of John; Source criticism and the historical Jesus; Further reading; Sources, extra-New Testamental - Jesus in classical writings - Pliny the Younger; Jesus in classical writings - Suetonius; Jesus in classical writings - Tacitus; Further reading; David Friedrich Strauss - Further reading; Suffering, martyrdom - Further reading; Synagogue - The synagogue in Flavius Josephus; Further reading;
• Targums - Classification of Targums - Targums to the Pentateuch; Classification of Targums - Targums to the Prophets; Classification of Targums - Targums to the Writings; Character of Targums; Further reading - Aramaic texts; Further reading - English translations; Further reading - Studies; Tax, tax collectors - Further reading; Vincent Taylor - Further reading; Teacher, teaching forms, and styles - The title "teacher" - Flavius Josephus; The title's function; Teaching authority - Teacher; Teaching authority - Prophet; Teaching authority - Messiah; Teaching settings - Synagogue teaching; Teaching settings - Scribal debates; Teaching settings - Proclamation to the masses; Teaching settings - Instruction of sedentary sympathizers; Teaching forms - Languages of instruction; Teaching forms - Teaching summaries; Teaching forms - Parables; Teaching forms - Parabolic acts; Teaching forms - Personal example; Teaching styles - Short and vivid; Teaching styles - Poetical techniques; Teaching styles - Memorizable form; Temple - Archaeology and architectural design - The inner part; The Herodian temple as institution - Priests; The Herodian temple as institution - Sacrifices; The Herodian temple as institution - Pilgrims and links between the Diaspora and the Temple; The Herodian temple as institution - Other religious functions; The Herodian temple as institution - Fiscal functions; The Herodian temple as institution - Temple market; The Herodian temple as institution - Agora and Caesareum; Further reading; Temple action of Jesus - Further reading; Temptation of Jesus - Jesus and temptation; Further reading; Textual criticism and oldest gospel manuscripts - Manuscripts for consideration - P1; Manuscripts for consideration - P4; Manuscripts for consideration - P5; Manuscripts for consideration - P22; Manuscripts for consideration - P28; Manuscripts for consideration - P35; Manuscripts for consideration - P39; Manuscripts for consideration - P45; Manuscripts for consideration - P52; Manuscripts for consideration - P53; Manuscripts for consideration - P64; Manuscripts for consideration - P66; Manuscripts for consideration - P67; Manuscripts for consideration – P69; Manuscripts for consideration - P70; Manuscripts for consideration - P75; Manuscripts for consideration – P77/P103; Manuscripts for consideration - P80; Manuscripts for consideration - P86; Manuscripts for consideration - P90; Manuscripts for consideration - P95; Manuscripts for consideration - P101; Manuscripts for consideration - P102; Manuscripts for consideration - P104; Manuscripts for consideration - P106; Manuscripts for consideration - P107; Manuscripts for consideration - P108; Manuscripts for consideration - P109; Manuscripts for consideration - P110; Manuscripts for consideration - P111; Manuscripts for consideration – O162; Manuscripts for consideration – O171; Conclusion; Further reading; Gerd Theissen - Further reading; Tithing and paying taxes - Further reading; Tomb of Jesus? - Further reading; Tradition criticism - New Testament tradition criticism - Luke-Acts; New Testament tradition criticism - Epistles/letters; Contributions of tradition criticism; Further reading; Transfiguration of Jesus - The Transfiguration's place in the gospels and geograhy; A misplaced resurrection account?; The Transfiguration and the historical Jesus; Further reading; Trial of Jesus - A preliminary holding of Jesus; Examination by Herod Antipas (Luke 23:6-12); Summary; Tribes of Israel - Individual tribes mentioned in the gospels; The twelve tribes of Israel in the gospels; Further reading; Typology - Jesus and the New Testament - New covenant; Jesus and the New Testament - Son of God; Jesus and the New Testament - Son of David; Jesus and the New Testament - Son of Man; Jesus and the New Testament - Servant of the Lord; Jesus and the New Testament - Prophet-like-Moses; Jesus and the New Testament - The serpent in the wilderness; Jesus and the New Testament - The stone; Jesus and the New Testament - "The twelve"; Conclusion; Further reading;
• Geza Vermes - Jesus, the Galilean holy man; The son of man; Vermes's methodological approach; Further reading; Violence - Further reading; Visions - Further reading;
• Amos N. Wilder - The constitutive power of language; The parables of Jesus; Further reading; Wisdom - Wisdom applied to Jesus; Conclusion; William Wrede - Further reading; N. T. Wright - Further reading;

Subarticles

• Abiathar** - Further reading*;
• Abraham** - Further reading*;
• Adam** - Further reading*;
• Allegory** - Further reading*;
• Angels** - "Fallen angels"*; Jesus and angels**; Further reading*;
• Annas and Caiphas** - Further reading*;
• Anti-semitism** - Terms and concepts**; Points of debate**; Major works**; Further reading**;
• Apocalyptic** - Apocalyptic as literary genre**; Apocalyptic eschatology**; Apocalyptic discourse**; Jesus - interpretations**; Jesus - sources and issues**; Further reading**;
• Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha*** -The Old Testament Apocrypha***; The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha***; Significance for the study of the historical Jesus**; Further reading*;
• Apostleship, evangelism, witness*** - Terms**; Historicity of the Twelve*; The function of the Twelve during Jesus' ministry**; The Twelve and apostles after Easter*; The mission(s) of the Twelve**; Witness**; Further reading*;
  • Apostleship, evangelism, witness - Further reading - General, ap_ostleship and mission*; On the mission of the Seventy*; On the gospel of John and witness*;
• Aramaic and the Ipsissima verba Jesu*** - The Semitic language criterion of authenticity**; The criterion under fire**; The language of Jesus*; The Aramaic Jesus**; Conclusion*; Further reading*;
• Archaeology and Jesus*** - Recent discoveries**; Jewish Galilee**; Further reading*;
• Archaeology of Galilee and Judea*** - The territorial limits of Galilee**; Population**; Pre-Maccabean religion**; The coming of Rome**; Judea from Cyrus to Aristobulus**; Population*; Judea as Roman territory**; Further reading*;
• Ascension** - Further reading*;
• Authenticity criteria*** - Overview of the crieria***; Some definitions**; The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis***; Further reading**;
  • Authenticity criteria - Overview of the crieria - Criterion of double dissimilarity*; Criterion of coherence*; Criterion of multiple attestation*;
  • Authenticity criteria - The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - Preliminary conshderations**; The criteria and their use**; General assessment**;
    • Authenticity criteria - The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - I criterion: Recurrent attestation**; II criterion:Dissimiarity to Christiainity**; III criterion: Multiple attestation**; IV criterion: coherence**; V criterion: Historical intelligibility**; VI criterion: Implausability**; VII criterion: Incoherence**;
      • Authenticity criteria - The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - I criterion: Recurrent attestation - Rule of application*; Rationale**;
      • Authenticity criteria - The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - II criterion:Dissimiarity to Christiainity - Rule of application*; Rationale**;
      • Authenticity criteria - The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - III criterion: Multiple attestation - Rule of application*; Rationale**;
      • Authenticity criteria - The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - IV criterion: coherence - Rule of application*; Rationale**;
      • Authenticity criteria - The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - V criterion: Historical intelligibility - Rule of application*; Rationale**;
      • Authenticity criteria - The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - VI criterion: Implausability - Rule of application*; Rationale**;
      • Authenticity criteria - The authenticity criteria articulated as a part of the authenticity analysis - The criteria and their use - VII criterion: Incoherence - Rule of application*; Rationale**;
• Baptism of Jesus*** - The sources**; Historicity and significance**; Further reading*;
• Beatitudes and blessing*** - Beatitudes in Greek and Hebrew*; Jesus' beatitudes in the Gospels**; Jesus' beatitudes and the Qumran wisdom text 4QBeatitudes**; Further reading*;
• Bethany and Bethphage** - Bethany**; Bethphage*; Further reading*;
  • Bethany and Bethphage - Bethany - Bethany beyond the Jordan*;
• Bethlehem** - Further reading*;
• Bethsaida*** - History of research**; The finds of the excavations**; Applications for historical Jesus research**; Further reading**;
• Biography*** - The growth of ancient biography**; Ways of classifying ancient biographies*; The generic features of ancient biography**; Implications for the historical Jesus**; Further reading*;
  • Biography - The growth of ancient biography - Greek biography*; Roman biography*; Jewish biography*;
  • Biography - Implications for the historical Jesus - The Christological claim*; Truth and historicity*; The narrative context*;
• Birth of Jesus*** - The birth narratives in Matthew and Luke**; Critical issues pertaining to the birth narrative**; The date of Jesus' birth*; The place of Jesus' birth*; A virginal conception*; Further reading*;
  • Birth of Jesus - Critical issues pertaining to the birth narrative - Sources**; Genre*; Use of the Old Testament*; Religionsgeschichte*;
• Blasphemy** - Usage and meaning of blasphemy**; The role of blasphemy in the life and death of Jesus**; Further reading*;
• Günther Bornkamm*** - Further reading**;
• Buddhist thought and Jesus** - Further reading*;
• Rudolf Bultmann*** - Education and early life**; Form criticism or form history**; Demythologizing*; Jesus and the Word**; Evaluation*; Further reading*;
• Henry J. Cadbury - Further reading*;
• Caesarea Maritima** - Further reading*;
• Caesarea Philippi** - Further reading*;
• Cana in Galilee** - The identification of the site and the archaeological research**; Implication for the historical Jesus research*; Further reading*;
• Capernaum*** - The cultural atmosphere of first-century CE Capernaum**; Capernaum after the first century CE**; Further reading*;
• Child, Children*** - The place of children in the Hebrew scriptures**; Referencces to children in the three Synoptic Gospels**; References to children in Matthew and Luke**; References to children in Matthew's Gospel**; References to children in Luke's Gospel**; References to children in John's Gospel**; Summary of Jesus' teaching on the child and children**; Further reading*;
• Chorazin** - Further reading*;
• Chreia, apophthegm*** - Terminological and methodological considerations**; Examples**; Further reading*;
• Christ, Messiah*** - The messiah and messianic ideas in Israel's scriptures**; The messiah and messianic ideas in the Second Temple period*; LXX**; Dead Sea Scrolls**; OT Pseudepigrapha**; Other texts*; Messianic woes*; Jesus as Christ**; Further reading*;
• Christology*** - Components and procedure**; Jewish expectation**; Jesus' understanding of his identity**; From the experience of Jesus to Christology proper*; The resurrection*; Experience of the Spirit*; The needs of preaching and evangelism**; The Christology in the Pauline and Deutero-Pauline Epistles**; Mark and Matthew*; Luke-Acts*; The Johannine literature**; Hebrews and the General Epistles**; Conclusion*; Further reading*;
• Chronology*** - The birth of Jesus**; The commencement of Jesus' ministry*; The commencement of John the Baptist's ministry**; The duration of Jesus' ministry*; The death of Jesus**; Summary of the dates*; Further reading*;
  • Chronology - The birth of Jesus - The death of Herod*; The census of Quirinus*; The star of the Magi*;
  • Chronology - The commencement of John the Baptist's ministry - The commencement of Jesus' ministry*; The first Passover of Jesus' ministry*;
  • Chronology - The death of Jesus - The day of Jesus' death**; The year of Jesus' death**;
    • Chronology - The death of Jesus - The year of Jesus' death - The officials of the trial*; The contribution of astronomy*; The ministry of Jesus*; The confirmation of history*; Conclusion*;
• Coinage, Jewish** - Further reading*;
• Coinage, Roman** - Further reading*;
• Compassion on the poor** - Further reading*;
• Hans Conzelmann** - Further reading*;
• Curses and woe*** - Further reading*;
• Nils Alstrup Dahl**- Further reading*;
• Daniel** - Further reading**;
• David** - Further reading*;
• Dead Sea Scrolls*** - The kingdom of God**; Jubilee proclamation**; Further reading*;
• Dead Sea Scrolls: Begotten Messiah Text (1Q28A=1QSA)** - Further reading*;
• Dead Sea Scrolls: Jerusalem priesthood in the scrolls** - Further reading*;
• Dead Sea Scrolls: Messianic apocalypse (4Q521)** - Parallels**; Relation to the historical Jesus**; Further reading*;
• Dead Sea Scrolls: Self-glorification hymn (4Q491C)** - Further reading*;
• Dead Sea Scrolls: Son of God text (4Q246)** - History of interpation**; 4Q246 and the Gospel of Luke**; Further reading*;
• Death and burial of Jesus*** - Factors leading to the death of Jesus**; The crucifixion of Jesus***; The necessity of burial***; The burial of Jesus**; Further reading*;
• Decapolis** - Further reading*;
• Demons and exorcism** - Old Testament*; The New Testament world**;Jesus**; Further reading*;
• Demythologization*** - Further reading**;
  • Demythologization - Further reading - Primary sources - works by Rudolf Bultmann*; Secondary sources*;
• Diaspora** - Geography and history**; Facets of Jewish identity in the Diaspora*; Diaspora communities in the Greek cities*; The historical Jesus and the diaspora*; The Diaspora and historical Jesus studies**; Further reading*;
• Martin Dibelius*** - Further reading**;
• Disciples, Discipleship*** - General characteristics of disciples in the New Testament**; Disciples/discipleship in Mark**; Disciples/discipleship in Matthew**; Disciples/discipleship in Luke/Acts**; Disciples/discipleship in John*; Further reading*;
• Disease, health, longevity** - Further reading*;
• Divine Man/Theios Anēr*** - Development of the "divine man" hypothesis**; Pillars of the "divine man" hypothesis**; Critique of the "divine man" hypothesis**; The "divine man" hypothesis in recent Leben Jesu research**; Further reading*;
• Divorce and remarriage*** - Jewish teaching on divorce**; Marriage and divorce in the Greco-Roman world*; Jesus' teaching on divorce and remarriage**; Conclusions*; Further reading*;
  • Divorce and remarriage - Jewish teaching on divorce - Marriage and divorce in the Mishnah**; Marriage and divorce at Qumran**;
• Charles Harold Dodd** - Further reading*;
• James D. G.Dunn** - Further reading**;
• Elders** - Further reading*;
• Elijah and Elisha** - Further reading*;
• Entry into Jerusalem** - A history of triumphal entries*; The entry in Mark*; The meaning of the entry for Jesus*; Further reading*;
• Eschatology*** - Further reading*;
• Eternal life** - Jewish source*; Eternal life and the kingdom of God in the gospels**; Future and present in the teaching of Jesus*; Future and present in John*; Further reading*;
• Ethics of Jesus*** - The ethics of Jesus in discussion**; The ethics of Jesus and God**; The ethics of Jesus and self**; The ethics of Jesus and others**; The ethics of Jesus, cost and reward**; The ethics of Jesus and their inception*; Further reading*;
• Exorcisms and healings*** - Exorcism and healing in the ministry of Jesus***; Exorcism and healing in the name of Jesus*; Further reading**;
• Faith*** - Mark and the synoptics**; John**; Further reading*;
• Family** - Further reading*;
• Fasting** - Further reading*;
• Fellowship and sharing** - Fellowship and sharing as life-style**; Teaching fellowship and sharing**; Further reading*;
  • Fellowship and sharing - Fellowship and sharing as life-style - Two kinds of followers*; Table-fellowship*;
  • Fellowship and sharing - Teaching fellowship and sharing - Fellowship and sharing in the Sermon on the Mount*; Imitatio Dei**;
• Festivals and feasts, Jewish***- The festal calendar of ancient Judaism*; The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus**;
  • Festivals and feasts, Jewish - The Jewish feasts and festivals in the time of Jesus - Sabbath**; Passover**; Unleavened bread*; Weeks*; New Year*; Day of Atonement*; Tabernacles*; Dedication*; Lots*; Further reading*;
• Food, hunger** - Terminology**; Further reading*;
• Form criticism*** - Old Testament form criticism**; New Testament form criticism***; Apocalyptic*; Further reading**;
  • Form criticism - New Testament form criticism - Gospels**; Epistles**;
• Ernst Fuchs** - Further reading*;
• Genealogies** - Matthew**; Luke*; Analysis*; Further reading*;
• Gentiles***- Jesus, Gentiles, and scholarship**; Jesus' teaching about Gentiles**; Jesus' encounters with Gentiles*; Factors leading toward a gentile mission*; Further reading*;
• Geography of Galilee and Judea*** - Physical, political, and theological geography**; Geography of John the Baptist**; Jesus in Galilee***; Jesus in the north*; Jesus in the Decapolis*; Jesus in Samaria*; Jesus in Judea**; Further reading**;
  • Geography of Galilee and Judea - Physical, political, and theological geography - The main landscapes**; Political geography*;
  • Geography of Galilee and Judea - Geography of John the Baptist - Birth and education*; Places of baptism*; Death and burial*;
  • Geography of Galilee and Judea - Jesus in Galilee - Nazareth*; Concentration on Galilee*; Capernaum*; Other Galilean villages*; Bethsaida*;
  • Geography of Galilee and Judea - Jesus in Judea - Bethlehem*; Ephraim*; Jericho*; Mount of Olives*; Jerusalem**; Emmaus*; Other cities of the coastal plain*;
• Gerasa** - Further reading*;
• Gethsemane** - Further reading*;
• God*** - Continuity with the God of the Old Testament**; The mutual compatability of apocalyptic and wisdom conceptions of God*; Continuity with other Second Temple Jewish movements*; God's boundless love*; God as "Father"**; God as judge**; God as king**; God as the God of all creation**; Further reading*;
• Maurice Goguel** - Positions advocated**; How his work has been critically assessed*; Further reading*;
• Gospel as genre*** - Gospel genre in history and schoarship**; Gospel genre as biography**; Implications for the historical Jesus**; Further reading**;
  • Gospel as genre - Gospel genre in history and schoarship - Form critics and uniqueness*; Redaction critics and gospel communities*;
  • Gospel as genre - Implications for the historical Jesus - A christological hermeneutic*; Unity and diversity*; Reconstructing the gospels' settings*;
• Gospel of John*** - What makes John different?**; Authorship**; New confidence in John**; Historical soundings in John***; John, incarnation and history**; Conclusion*; Further reading**;
  • Gospel of John - Historical soundings in John - The Synoptic Gospels**; Independent Johannine material**; John and Judaism**;
    • Gospel of John - Historical soundings in John - Independent Johannine material - The wine miracle at Cana (2:1-11)**; The temple cleansing (2:13-22)*; The day of crucifixion (19:14)**;
• Gospel of Luke*** - The Lukan Jesus***; Evaluating the historical worth***; Conclusion*; Further reading*;
• Gospel of Mark*** - Markan priority**; Mark and extracanonical gospels**; Dating and provenance**; Authorship**; Markan genre and ancient historiography**; Orality and collective memory**; Further reading**;
  • Gospel of Mark*** - Markan priority - The argument from length*; The argument from literary style*; The argument from propriety or potential embarrassent*; The argument from Matthean-Lukan divergence*; The argument from Matthean-Lukan redaction*;
• Gospel of Matthew*** - Matthew among the gospels*; Authorship*; Date: internal evidence: destruction of the temple?*; Date: external evidence: relationship to Mark and Q*; Interpretation: redaction criticism*; Interpretation: narrative criticism*; Theology**; Critical issues**; Historical Jesus**; Further reading**;
  • Gospel of Matthew - Theology - Fulfillment*; Christology*; Ecclesiology*;
  • Gospel of Matthew - Critical issues - "History of effects" (Wirkengegeschichte)*; Relationship with Judaism*; Roman Empire*;
• Gospels, Extra-New Testament*** - Gospel of Thomas**; Gospel ofPeter**; Egerton Papyrus 2**; Other papyrus fragments of unknown gospels*; Jewish-Christian gospels**; Gospel of the Egyptians*; Birth and infancy gospels*; Gospel of Nicodemus*; Gnostic gospels*; Secret Gospel of Mark*; Further reading*;
• Great Commandment*** - The Jewish origins of the commandments**; The Hellenistic origins of the coupling*; The newness of Jesus' teaching*; As a summary of obedience*; Role in the early Church**; Authenticity**; Further reading*;
  • Great Commandment - The Jewish origins of the commandments - Love of God**; Love of others**;
• Greco-Roman culture in Israel*** - The Hellenistic period (332-63 BCE)**; From the advent of Rome to the First Revolt (63 BCE-70 CE)**; Palestine after 70 CE*; The languages of Palestine**; Greco-Roman philosophy*; Further reading*;
• Adolf von Harnack** - Further reading*;
• Heaven and Hell**- Afterlife in the Hebrew Bible and Judaism**; Afterlife in the teachings of Jesus*; Hell*; Heaven*; Conclusions*; Further reading*;
• Herod Antipas*** - Antipas' early life*; Antipas' realm*; Antipas' reign***; Antipas and exile*; Further reading*;
  • Herod Antipas - Antipas' reign - Antipas and Archelaus*; Antipas and John the Baptist**; Antipas and Jesus**;
• Historical criticism (or gospels as sources) *** - History**; Recent discussion***; Assessment*; Further reading***;
  • Historical criticism (or gospels as sources)- Further reading - On historical criticism (or gospels as sourcs)**; Studies on the history of historical criticism*;
• Historiography*** - Further reading*;
• Heinrich Julius Holtzmann** - Further reading*;
• Holy Spirit*** - The experience of Jesus**; The experience of believers**; Further reading*;
  • Holy Spirit - The experience of Jesus - Anointing*; Doing good*; Exorcisms*;
  • Holy Spirit - The experience of believers - Not during Jesus' lifetime**; Public witness**; The Paraclete*; Prayer*;
• Households, Jewish*** - The family unit**; Language and education**; Economics**; Religion**; Further reading*;
• Inscriptions and papyri*** - Inscriptions***; Papyri**; Further reading*;
• Interpretation of scripture*** - Translations and paraphrases**; Rewritten Bible**; Interpretive approaches**; Interpreters**; Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha*; Conclusion*; Further reading*;
  • Interpretation of scripture - Translations and paraphrases - Septaugint*; Targums*;
  • Interpretation of scripture - Rewritten Bible - Jubilees*; Psudo-Philo*; Josephus*;
  • Interpretation of scripture - Interpretive approaches - Pesher*; Allegory*; Argument*; Midrash*;
  • Interpretation of scripture - Interpreters - Jesus**; Philo*; Josephus*;
• Interpretation of the gospels*** - Genre of the gospels**; Criticism of the Synoptic Gospels**; Criticism of the fourth Gospel*; Source criticism**; Tradition criticism*; Interpretation of the Gospels**; Further reading**;
  • Interpretation of the gospels - Criticism of the Synoptic Gospels - Source criticism**; Form criticism*; Redaction criticism**; New forms of literary criticism**;
  • Interpretation of the gospels - Interpretation of the Gospels - Mark*; Matthew*; Luke*; John*; Q*;
  • Interpretation of the gospels - Further reading - General studies*; Studies and commentaries on Mark*; Studies and commentaries on Matthew*; Studies and commentaries on Luke*; Studies and commentaries on John*; Studies and commentaries on Q*;
• Isaiah** - Further reading*;
• James and John, sons of Zebedee** - James the son of Zebedee**; John the son of Zebedee*; Issues**; Further reading*;
• Jeremiah**-
• Joachim Jeremias** - Further reading**;
• Jericho** - Further reading*;
• Jerusalem*** - Jesus and Jerusalem***; Jerusalem in Matthew's Gospel*; Jerusalem in Mark's Gospel*; Jerusalem in Luke's Gospel*; Jerusalem in John's Gospel*; Further reading*;
• Jesus' self-understanding*** - The historical question*; The focus of the gospel tradition**; The evidence of the titles**; The evidence of the words and deeds of Jesus**; Jesus' demands concerning himself**; The aims of Jesus and hhis self-consciousness**; Further reading**;
  • Jesus' self-understanding - The evidence of the titles - Prophet*; Messiah and Son of David**; Son of Man**;
  • Jesus' self-understanding - The evidence of the words and deeds of Jesus - The kingdom of God*; The authority of Jesus**;
• Jesus' self-understanding - The aims of Jesus and hhis self-consciousness - Consciousness of unipueness**;
• Jesus Seminar*** - Further reading*;
• Jewish (false) prophets in late antiquity*** - Further reading*;
• John the Baptist*** - Further reading*;
• Jonah** - Further reading*;
• Jubilee, sin,and forgiveness*** - Jubilee***; Sin**; Forgiveness**; Further reading*;
  • Jubilee, sin,and forgiveness - Jubilee - Etymology*; As a pre-Christian concept**; Questions and practice*; In Judaism prior to Jesus**; Jesus and the kingdom of God**;
  • Jubilee, sin,and forgiveness - Sin - Word choice and usage**; Semitic backgrounds in the Gospels*;
  • Jubilee, sin,and forgiveness - Forgiveness - Word choice and usage*; In the teaching of Jesus**; The unforgivable sin**;
• Judas Iscariot** - The name "Judas Iscariot"**; The act of Judas**; The traditions about Judas*; Further reading*;
• Judgement** - Further reading*;
• Martin Kähler** - Further reading*;
• Ernst Käsemann** - Further reading*;
• Kingdom of God*** - Kingdom of God: the expression**; Meaning of "kingdom of God”**; Themes**; Further reading*;
  • Kingdom of God - Themes - Present**; Future**;
• Joseph Klausner** - Jesus in the Galilean context*; Jesus the Messiah**; Reactions to Klausner's work*; Further reading*;
• Language criticism*** - Aramaic emphasis**; Papyri appreciation*; Semitic revival**; Linguistic evaluation**; Conclusion*; Further reading*;
  • Language criticism - Linguistic evaluation - Greek language and its context*; Greek textual variance*; Discourse features*;
• Last Supper, words of institution*** - Jesus' Last Supper as a Passover meal**; Literary and tradition-historical analysis**; Historical reconstruction**; Objections to the authenticity of the words of institution considered*; Further reading*;
• Law (Sabbath, purity, commandments)*** - Further reading*;
• Literary criticism, new forms of*** - Structuralism**; Discourse analysis*; Narrative criticism*; Rhetorical and socio-rhetorical criticism*; Deconstruction and reader-response approaches**; Further reading**;
• Lord*** - Old Testament evidence*; The Septuagint**; The New Testament*; Secular usage**; Sacred usage**; Implications**; Further reading**;
  • Lord - Sacred usage - God*; Jesus (pre-resurrection)*; Jesus (post-resurrection)**;
• Love*** - The commands to love: The Great Commandment (Mark 12:28-34)*; The commands to love: "Love your enemies!"**; The Samaritan's love*; God as a loving father*; Jesus' love of people in general*; Jesus' love of (or friendship with) outcasts*; The exclusiveness of love*; Miscellaneous sayings about love*; Some Johannine traditions**; Further reading*;
• Magic, sorcery**- Magic in the New Testament world*; Accusations against Jesus in the first century*; Accusations against Jesus in the second century*; Later accusations against Jesus*; Recent depiction of Jesus as a magician*; Further reading*;
• Thomas Walter Manson** - Further reading*;
• Martyrs and Martyrdom in Jewish late antiquity*** - Early Jewish martyrs and the significance of their deaths***; Jewish martyrology and early Christian interpretations of Jesus' death***; Further reading**;
• Mary Magdalene** - Further reading*;
• Mary, Mother of Jesus** - Further reading*;
• Master/Rabbi*** - Further reading*;
• Messiah/Christ*** - Paul**; Sayings source Q**; Synoptic gospels**; Conclusion: Messiah/Christ from Paul, to Q, the Synoptic Gospels and Revelation**; Further reading*;
  • Messiah/Christ - Paul - First and Second Thessalonians**; 1 Corinthians 15*; Romans 5:1-5**; Romans 11:1-10**;
  • Messiah/Christ - Synoptic gospels - Mark*; The Synoptic Apocalypse: Mark 13:5-27**; Revelation*;
    • Messiah/Christ - Synoptic gospels - The Synoptic Apocalypse: Mark 13:5-27 - The Matthean redaction of the Apocalypse**; The Lukan redaction of the Apocalypse*;
• Messianic secret** - Further reading*;
• Messianism and messianic figures in Second Temple Judaism*** - Messianism**; Messianic figures and Messiah concepts*; Historical developments from the Maccabees to Bar Kochbah**; Messianic figures from PTitus and Vespasian to Bar Kochbah**; Conclusion*; Further reading*;
  • Messianism and messianic figures in Second Temple Judaism - Historical developments from the Maccabees to Bar Kochbah - Messianic concepts up to the time of Judas Maccabaeus*; Messianic concepts from Judas Maccabaeus to Pompeius**; Messianic concepts from Pompeius to Titus and Vespasian**;
• Metaphor and simile** - Similes*; Metaphors**; Further reading*;
• Ben F. Meyer** - Further reading*;
• Midrash and rabbinic rules of interpretation*** - Semantic development*; Rabbinic midrash**; Rabbinic literature**; Jesus and the exegetical rules of Hillel**; Qal wa-homer lit. "light and heavy"*; Gezera shawa (lit. "an equivalent regulation")*; Binyan 'ab mikkatub' 'ehad ("lit. "constructing a father [i.e. principal rule] from one [passage]")*; Binyan 'ab mishshene ketubim (lit. "constructing a father [i.e. principal rule] from two writings [or passages]")*; Kelal upherat upherat ukelal (lit. "general and particular, and particular and general")*; Kayyose bo bemaqom 'aher (lit. "to which something [is] similar in another place [or passage]")*; Dabar halamed me'inyano (lit. "aword of instruction from [its] context [or subject]")*; Further reading*;
  • Midrash and rabbinic rules of interpretation - Rabbinic midrash - Halakah/haggadah*; Rabbinic periods*;
  • Midrash and rabbinic rules of interpretation - Rabbinic literature - Forms of midrash*;

.*Miracle story*** - Gospel miracle stories*; Miracle stories in context**; Interpreting the gospel miracle stories***; Further reading*;

• Moses*** - Early Jewish appropriation**; Early Christian appropriation*; Jesus' appropriation**; Further reading*;
• Nazareth*** - Further reading*;
• Oaths and swearing** - Oaths in ancient Judaism*; Jesus' abolition of oaths**; Further reading*;
• Obduracy, hardness of heart** - Further reading*;
• Old Testament scriptures*** - Contents of scripture**; Division and ordering of scripture**; The text of scripture**; Further reading*;
• Ossuary of James** - Further reading*;
• Parable and proverb*** - Jesus' parables**; Interpreting the parables**; Conclusion*; Further reading*;
  • Parable and proverb - Jesus' parables - Aphorisms and similitudes*; Story parables**; Example stories*; Parables with allegorical elements**;
• Parousia*** - Parousia in the early church**; The coming Son of Man**; Jesus and the parousia: final observations**; Further reading*;
• Passion predictions*** - Survey of materials**; Religious background**; Authenticity**; Meaning of the passion predictions in the context of Jesus' ministry**; Further reading*;
  • Passion predictions - Survey of materials - Parables*; Last Supper tradition*; Metaphors of suffering*; Rejected-prophet sayings*;
• Paul, Jesus tradition in*** - Paul's access to the Jesus tradition*; Paul's use of the Jesus tradition***; Conclusion*; Further reading*;
  • Paul, Jesus tradition in - Paul's use of the Jesus tradition - 1 Corinthians 15: 1-8*; 1 Corinthians 11:23-26*; Romans 8:15-17; Galatians 4:6-7*; Words of the Lord*; The kingdom of God*; The law of Christ*; Imitation of Christ*; The Twelve*;
• Peace** - Shalom in the OT*; Pax Romana*; Jesus as peacemaker**; Peace and salvation in the NT**; Further reading*;
• Pharisees** - Further reading*;
• Piety, Jewish*** - Piety, cult and life-commitment**; Jerusalem and Jewish piety**; Mosaic law**; Essenes*; Pharisees*; Jesus and the Pharisees*; Sadducees*; Further reading*;
• Pontius Pilate*** - Pilate's background*; Responsibilities*; Jewish sources**; Pilate in the gospels**; Pilate's involvement in Jesus' trial*; Further reading*;
• Praetorium** - Further reading*;
• Prayer*** - Jesus and prayer**; God as Father in the prayers and teaching of Jesus**; The Lord's Prayer*; Jesus and prayer in the early non-canonical Gospels*; Amen**; Further reading*;
• Prophecy*** - Application of OT messianic prophecies*; The prophetic spirit in contemporary Judaism*; Jesus as prophet**; Other prophets*; Further reading*;
• Q*** - Extent and nature of Q**; Early views of Q and the historical Jesus*; The composition, genre and conceptual affinities of Q**; Q and the historical Jesus*; Further reading**;
• Quest of the historical Jesus*** - From Reimarus to Schweitzer***; Bultmann to the "New Quest"**; Third Quest***; Conclusion*; Further reading**;
• Rabbinic ethics*** - The 613 commandments and their single purpose**; "The righteous shall live by faith"*; Talmud of Babylonia Makkot 23b-24a/3:16 II.1**; Talmud of Babylonia tractate Shabbat 30b-31a/2:5 I.12*; Sifra CC:III.1, 4-7*; The Ten Commandments**; Meklita attributed to R. Ishmael LIV:III.1 Bahodesh 8**; Further reading*;
• Rabbinic literature*** - Mishnah**; Midrash*; Tosefta*; Talmud**; Targumim and Midrash Rabbah*; The Sefer Yesirah*; Rabbinic literature and Jesus*; Further reading*;
• Ransom saying*** - The integrity of the passage*; Authenticity**; Background**; Significance*; Further reading*;
• Redaction criticism*** -The method in operation**; Simple exercise in redaction criticism*; Origins and development**; Major redaction-critical studies*; Contributions and limitations**; Further reading**;
• Hermann Samuel Reimarus** - Further reading*;
• Repentance** - Repentance in the OT and in ancient Judaism*; Repentance in the NT gospels**; Further reading*;
• Resurrection of Jesus*** - Resurrection, immortality and eternal life in first-century Judaism**; Did Jesus teach resurrection from the dead?**; Gospel narratives about the resurrection of Jesus**; The resurrection of Jesus and Christian life*; Further reading**;
  • Resurrection of Jesus - Further reading - General studies of resurrection and afterlife*; Resurrection and the historical Jesus*; Resurrection in the New Testament*; Resurrection and Christian theology*;
• Rewritten scripture** - Further reading*;
• Rhetoric*** - The practice of rhetoric in the first century CE**; The rhetoric of the gospels**; Rhetoric and rhetorical criticism of the gospels**; Further reading*;
  • Rhetoric - The rhetoric of the gospels - Genre of the gospels*; Forms of argumentation in the gospels**;
• Righteousness, justice*** - Religious-historical background**; Jesus and righteousness*; Matthew 3:15*; "Righteousness" in the Sermon on the Mount**; Other occurrences of "righteousness"*; Further reading*;
  • Righteousness, justice - "Righteousness" in the Sermon on the Mount - Matthew 5:6*; Matthew 5:10*; Matthew 5:20*; Matthew 6:33*; Matthew 6:1*;
• Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea*** - Roads**; Commerce***; Further reading**;
  • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Roads - Major roads**; Minor roads**;
    • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Roads - Major roads - North-south**; East-west**;
    • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Roads - Minor roads - Galilee**; Judea**;
  • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Commerce - Currency*; Galilee**; Judea***;
    • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Commerce - Galilee - Galilean cities**; Notable non-Galilean cities of influence**;
      • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Commerce - Galilee - Galilean cities - Sepphoris**; Tiberias**;
      • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Commerce - Galilee - Notable non-Galilean cities of influence - The Decapolis*; Acre and Tyre*;
    • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Commerce - Judea - Local secular trade**; Foreign secular trade**; Trade related to the Temple**; Brigandage*;
      • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Commerce - Judea - Local secular trade - Agriculture**; Livestock**; Wood*; Perfumes and Resins*;Trades and crafts**; Salt*; Slaves*;
      • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Commerce - Judea - Foreign secular trade - Exports**; Imports**;
      • Roads and commerce in Galilee and Judea - Commerce - Judea - Trade related to the Temple - Goods**; Services (money changing)**;
• Robinson, James M.** - The New Quest**; Nag Hammadi and the origins of Christology**; Reconstruction and Interpretation of Q*; Further reading*;
• Roman government in Israel**- Further reading*;
• Roman rule in Palestine*** - The earliest Roman influence**; Indirect Roman presence and its effects**; Direct Roman presence and its effects**; Pilate, high priests and the trial of Jesus*; Further reading**;
  • Roman rule in Palestine - The earliest Roman influence - Friends to tributaries**; King makers*;
  • Roman rule in Palestine - Indirect Roman presence and its effects - Herod**; Archelaus**;
  • Roman rule in Palestine - Direct Roman presence and its effects - Taxes**; High priests**; Jerusalem and the Temple**;
• Ruling priests** - Further reading*;
• Sacrifices, tithes, offerings*** - Further reading**;
• Sadducees** - Further reading*;
• Salvation*** - Salvation in the OT and in Ancient Judaism*; Salvation in the NT gospels***; Further reading*;
• Samaritans*** - Samaritan and Jewish tensions**; Samaritans in the New Testament**; Samaritan view of early Christianity*; Further reading*;
  • Samaritans - Samaritans in the New Testament - Matthew*; John*; Luke*; Acts*;
• Ed Parish Sanders** - Further reading*;
• Sanhedrin** - Background*; Powers and procedures**; Jesus and the Sanhedrin*; Further reading*;
• Edward Schillebeeckx** - Further reading*;
• Friedrich Schleiermacher*** - Further reading*;
• Karl Ludwig Schmidt** - Further reading*;
• Albert Schweitzer*** - Formative years**; The course of the quest**; Schweitzer's Jesus**; Assessment*; Further reading*;
• Scribes** - Further reading*;
• Scripture in teachings and activities of Jesus*** - Proclamation of the kingdom (or rule) of God*; Appointment of the Twelve*; Self-understanding as the Son of Man**; Entry into Jerusalem*; Action in the temple precincts*;Passion predictions and related sayings*; Words of Institution*; Further reading*;
• Sea of Galilee*** - The Sea of Galilee and its surroundings**; The Galilee Boat (aka Kinneret Boat or "Jesus Boat")**; Battle of Migdal (J.W. 3:443-505, 522-42)**; Other evidence for seafaring on the lake*; Further reading*;
• Sermon the Mount*** - Origin and sources**; Building databases**; Alternative methods**; Interpretation**; An apocalyptic Jesus?**; Closing observations*; Further reading*;
• Servant of the Lord*** - The Servant in Isaiah 40-55**; The early Christian understanding of Jesus (and his messengers) as fulfilling the role of the Servant**; Did Jesus understand his role in the light of the Servant?**; Further reading**;
• Simon, Peter*** - Further reading*;
• Sinners** - Historicity of Jesus' company with sinners**; Meaning of the designation "sinners"*; Implications of Jesus' company with sinners**; Further reading*;
• Slavery, servants** - Further reading*;
• Social scientific criticism*** - Social history**; Sociological exegesis*; Social scientific criticism**; Further reading**;
• Solomon** - Gospel references to Solomon*; Solomon's glory: Matt. 6:29/Luke 12:27b*; Greater than Solomon: Matt. 12:42/Luke 11:31*; Solomon: the miracle-working son of David**; Further reading*;
• Son of David*** - Old Testament and Judaic background**; Historical Jesus**; Mark 10:46-52**; Mark 11:1-11*; Mark 12:35-37**; Mark 15:1-41*; Gospel of Matthew**; Further reading*;
• Son of God*** - "Son of God" at the time of Jesus**; Early Christian usage in reference to Jesus**; The historical Jesus as Son of God**; The Abba prayer**; Did Jesus claim to be God's son?**; Does the issue depend on whether such evidence exists?*; Further reading*;
• Son of Man*** - Use of the phrase "son of man" in the gospels*; Antecedents of "son of man" in Hebrew Bible and Jewish literature**; Preliminary observations about the "son of man" in the gospel tradition**; "Son of man" as Jesus' own usage derived from Dan 7:13 and I Enoch**; "Son of man" as Jesus' non-titular self-identification**; "Son of man" as a title of the early church**; Conclusion**; Further reading**;
• Source criticism*** - Definition and focus*; Synoptic data**; Priority of Mark**; The two-source theory**; The Farrer theory**; M and L*; Source criticism of John*; Source criticism and the historical Jesus*; Further reading*;
  • Source criticism - Priority of Mark - Markan omission of congenial material*; Markan addition of elements uncongenial to Matthew and Luke*; Harder readings*; Dates of the gospels*; Editorial fatigue*;
  • Source criticism - The two-source theory - Luke's order*; Alternating primitivity*; Luke's ignorance of Matthew's additions to Mark*; Luke's ignorance of M*;
  • Source criticism - The Farrer theory - Luke's order*; Alternating primitivity*; Luke's ignorance of Matthew's additions to Mark*; Luke's lack of M*;
• Sources, extra-New Testamental*** - Jesus in classical writings**; Jesus in Jewish sources**; Further reading*;
  • Sources, extra-New Testamental - Jesus in classical writings - Pliny the Younger*; Suetonius*; Tacitus*; Celsus**;
  • Sources, extra-New Testamental - Jesus in Jewish sources - Rabbinic literature**; Josephus**;
• Stoicism and Cynicism*** - Stoicism: origins, history, and relation to the historical Jesus**; Cynicism: origins, history, and relation to the historical Jesus**; Further reading**;
• David Friedrich Strauss** - Further reading*;
• Suffering, martyrdom** - Further reading*;
• Synagogue*** - "Synagogue" in the New Testament**; The synagogue in Flavius Josephus*; The evidence of the Theodotos Inscription and Imperial decrees in Josephus**; Archaeology**; Further reading*;
• Targums*** - Origin of Targums**; Classification of Targums**; Character of Targums*; Jesus and Targumic tradition**; Further reading**;
  • Targums - Classification of Targums - Targums to the Pentateuch*; Targums to the Prophets*;

Targums to the Writings*; 

• Targums - Further reading - Aramaic texts*; English translations*; Studies*;
• Tax, tax collectors*** - Further reading*;
• Vincent Taylor** - Further reading*;
• Teacher, teaching forms, and styles*** - The title "teacher"**; The title's function*; Teaching authority**; Teaching settings**; Teaching forms**; Teaching styles**; Further reading**;
  • Teacher, teaching forms, and styles - The title "teacher" - Flavius Josephus*; The gospels**;
  • Teacher, teaching forms, and styles - Teaching authority - Teacher*; Prophet*; Messiah*;
  • Teacher, teaching forms, and styles - Teaching settings - Synagogue teaching*; Scribal debates*; Proclamation to the masses*; Instruction of sedentary sympathizers*; Instruction of disciples**;
  • Teacher, teaching forms, and styles - Teaching forms - Languages of instruction*; Teaching summaries*; Parables*; Parabolic acts*; Personal example*;
  • Teacher, teaching forms, and styles - Teaching styles - Short and vivid*; Poetical techniques*; Memorizable form*;
• Temple*** - Archaeology and architectural design**; The Herodian temple as institution**; Further reading*;
  • Temple - Archaeology and architectural design - The Herodian temple**; The inner part*; The outer court and porticoes**;
  • Temple - The Herodian temple as institution - Priests*; Sacrifices*; Pilgrims and links between the Diaspora and the Temple*; Other religious functions*; Fiscal functions*; Temple market*; Agora and Caesareum*;
• Temple action of Jesus*** - The historicity of the temple action***; Meaning of the temple action**; Further reading*;
• Temptation of Jesus*** - The wilderness temptation story in the canonical gospels**; The wilderness temptation story in Q**; Authenticity**; Jesus and temptation*; Further reading*;
• Textual criticism and oldest gospel manuscripts*** - Principles of textual criticism regarding the Jesus tradition**; Manuscripts for consideration**; Conclusion*; Further reading*;
  • Textual criticism and oldest gospel manuscripts - Manuscripts for consideration - P1*; P4*; P5*; P22*; P28*; P35*; P39*; P45*; P52*; P53*; P64*; P66*; P67*; P69*;P70*; P75*; P77/P103*;P80*; P86*; P90*; P85*; P101*; P102*; P104*; P106*; P107*; P108*; P109*; P110*; P111*; O162*;O171*;
• Gerd Theissen** - Further reading*;
• Tithing and paying taxes** - Tithing**; Paying taxes**; Further reading*;
• Tomb of Jesus?*** - Further reading*;
• Tradition criticism*** - In search of a deefinition**; Old Testament tradition criticism**; New Testament tradition criticism***; Contributions of tradition criticism*; Further reading*;
  • Tradition criticism - New Testament tradition criticism - Gospels**; Luke-Acts*; Epistles/letters*;
• Transfiguration of Jesus*** -The Transfiguration's place in the gospels and geograhy*; Meanings and background associations**; Luke's reference to Jesus' "exodus"**; A misplaced resurrection account?*; The Transfiguration and the historical Jesus*; Further reading*;
• Trial of Jesus*** - Four preliminary issues**; A preliminary holding of Jesus*;The examination by the Jewish leadership**; The trial of Pilate**; Examination by Herod Antipas (Luke 23:6-12)*; Barabbas and sentencing by Pilate**; Summary*; Further reading**;
• Tribes of Israel** - Individual tribes mentioned in the gospels*; The twelve tribes of Israel in the gospels*; Further reading*;
• Typology*** - Hebrew Bible**; Jesus and the New Testament**; Conclusion*; Further reading*;
  • Typology - Jesus and the New Testament - New covenant*; Son of God*; Son of David*; Son of Man*; Servant of the Lord*; Prophet-like-Moses*; "Something greater"**; The serpent in the wilderness*; The stone*; "The twelve"*;
• Geza Vermes** - Jesus, the Galilean holy man*; The son of man*; Vermes's methodological approach*; The Christological question**; Further reading*;
• Violence** - Further reading*;
• Visions*** - The visionary backcground in the Bible and ancient Judaism**; Jesus and visions**; Further reading*;
• Johannes Weiss*** - Further reading**;
• Amos N. Wilder*** - The constitutive power of language*; The parables of Jesus*; Apocalyptic eschatology**; Further reading*;
• Wisdom*** - Wisdom in Israel**; Wisdom in the teaching of Jesus**; Wisdom applied to Jesus*; Conclusion*; Further reading**;
• William Wrede*** - Further reading*;
• N. T. Wright** - Life and teaching of Jesus**; Resurrection of Jesus**; Further reading*;

The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Zondervan, 2009 ISBN 978-0-310-24136-2

Major articles

over 2 pages

• Jesus Christ - The background to the life of Jesus; The background to the life of Jesus - The religious situation; The background to the life of Jesus - The religious situation - The Jewish parties; Various approaches to the life of Christ; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The existential approach; Literary sources for the life of Christ; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The Synoptic Gospels; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The fourfold presentation of Jesus; Literary sources for the life of Christ - Extracanonical material for the life of Christ; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The thirty years in Nazareth; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The period of preparation; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the choosing of the Twelve; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the departure of Jesus for Jerusalem on his last journey; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - Jesus at two Jewish feasts; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - The journey into Jerusalem; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - The ministry in Jerusalem; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The passion and resurrection of Jesus; The teaching of Jesus; The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods; The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus; The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus - Teaching about the kingdom; The teaching of Jesus - Jesus' testimony concerning himself; The miracles of Jesus; The miracles of Jesus - The validity of miracles; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought;

Significant articles

3 paragraphs to 2 pages

• Jesus Christ - The background to the life of Jesus - The political situation; The background to the life of Jesus - The social situation; The background to the life of Jesus - The religious situation - Worship among the Jews; The background to the life of Jesus - The religious situation - The Jewish parties - A comparison between Sadducees and Pharisees; The background to the life of Jesus - The religious situation - The Jewish parties - The Pharisees and their doctrines; The background to the life of Jesus - The religious situation - The Jewish parties - The Essenes; Various approaches to the life of Christ - The traditional approach; Various approaches to the life of Christ - The rationalistic approach; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The form-critical approach; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The existential approach - Influences upon Bultmann; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The existential approach - Classification of materials for the life of Jesus; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The new quest; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - Redaction criticism; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The Synoptic Gospels - The sayings source (Q); Literary sources for the life of Christ - The Synoptic Gospels - Material peculiar to Matthew and Luke; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The Synoptic Gospels - The birth narratives; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The fourth gospel*; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The fourth gospel - The problems of historicity; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The fourth gospel - Relationship to the Synoptic Gospels; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The fourfold presentation of Jesus - Matthew's portrait; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The fourfold presentation of Jesus - Mark's portrait; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The fourfold presentation of Jesus - John's portrait; Literary sources for the life of Christ - Other NT evidence for the life of Christ; Literary sources for the life of Christ - Extracanonical material for the life of Christ - Non-Christian evidences; Literary sources for the life of Christ - Extracanonical material for the life of Christ - Christian evidences; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - Summary of methods; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The thirty years in Nazareth - John's prologue (Jn 1:1-18); The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The thirty years in Nazareth - The birth narratives (Matt. 1:1-2:23; Lk. 1:1-2:38); The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The thirty years in Nazareth - Home life at Nazareth (Lk. 2:39-52); The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The period of preparation - John the Baptist (Matt. 3:1-12; Mk. 1:1-8; Lk. 3:1-17); The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The period of preparation - The baptism (Matt. 3:13-17; Mk. 1:9-11; Lk. 3:21-22); The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The period of preparation - The temptation of Jesus (Matt. 4:1-11; Mk. 1:12-13; Lk. 4:1-13); The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Judean ministry of Jesus; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the choosing of the Twelve - Healings and other miracles; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the choosing of the Twelve - The choosing of the Twelve; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee - Sabbath controversies and healings; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee - Samples of the teachings of Jesus; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee - The feeding of the multitude; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the departure of Jesus for Jerusalem on his last journey - Caesarea Philippi; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the departure of Jesus for Jerusalem on his last journey - The Transfiguration; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the departure of Jesus for Jerusalem on his last journey - More miracles; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - From Galilee to Bethany; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - Jesus dines with Pharisees; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - Address to the multitudes*; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - Further parables for the Pharisees; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - Teaching for the disciples; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - Two parables about prayer; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - The raising of Lazarus; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - The journey into Jerusalem - Conclusion of the ministry in Perea; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - The ministry in Jerusalem - The entry into Jerusalem and the cleansing of the Temple; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - The ministry in Jerusalem - Days of controversy; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - The ministry in Jerusalem - Words about the future; The passion and resurrection of Jesus - From the plot to the arrest; The passion and resurrection of Jesus - The passion; The passion and resurrection of Jesus - The resurrection; The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods - Poetic forms; The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods - Parabolic forms; The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus - Teaching about God; The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus - Teaching about the kingdom - Various schools of thought; The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus - Teaching about the kingdom - Aspects of the kingdom; The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus - Teaching about the kingdom - The parables of the kingdom; The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus - Teaching about the kingdom - The ethics of the kingdom; The teaching of Jesus - Jesus' testimony concerning himself - The names that Jesus used of himself; The teaching of Jesus - The teaching about the work of Christ; The teaching of Jesus - The teaching about the Holy Spirit; The miracles of Jesus - The validity of miracles - Various approaches to Jesus' miracles; The miracles of Jesus - The validity of miracles - The classification of miracles; The miracles of Jesus - The validity of miracles - The probability of the miracles; The miracles of Jesus - The purpose of the miracles; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Primitive thought; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Pauline thought; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Pauline thought - Preliminary observations; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Pauline thought - Summary of Paul's Christology; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Johannine thought; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Other aspects of Christ;

Minor articles

1 or 2 paragraphs

• Jesus Christ - The significance of the name; The background to the life of Jesus - The cultural situation; The background to the life of Jesus - The religious situation - The Jewish parties - The Zealots; Various approaches to the life of Christ - The mythological approach; Various approaches to the life of Christ - The sentimental approach; Various approaches to the life of Christ - The liberal lives of Jesus; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Nineteenth-century British approaches; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The eschatological movement; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The dialectical approach; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The existential approach - Some basic assumptions; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - Heilsgeschichte; Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The third quest; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The Synoptic Gospels - The synoptic problem; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The Synoptic Gospels - The priority of Mark; Literary sources for the life of Christ - The fourfold presentation of Jesus - Luke's portrait; Literary sources for the life of Christ - Extracanonical material for the life of Christ - Apocryphal gospels; Literary sources for the life of Christ - Extracanonical material for the life of Christ - Gnostic works; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the choosing of the Twelve - The initial call of disciples; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the choosing of the Twelve - The Sermon on the Mount; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the choosing of the Twelve - Popularity and criticism; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee - Division and attack; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee - Unbelief at Nazareth; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee - The death of John the Baptist; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee - The walking on the water; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee - The tradition of the elders; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the departure of Jesus for Jerusalem on his last journey - In a Gentile district; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the departure of Jesus for Jerusalem on his last journey - The second feeding of a multitude; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the departure of Jesus for Jerusalem on his last journey - More sayings of Jesus; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - Some teaching on prayer; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - More teaching by parables; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - Encounters with Pharisees; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - Another clash with the Pharisees; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - The apostles receive teaching about service; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - The healing of the lepers; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - Sayings about the kingdom and the future; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - The journey into Jerusalem - In Jericho; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - The journey into Jerusalem - Jesus at Bethany; The passion and resurrection of Jesus - The ascension; The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods - Its adaptability; The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods - Use of rhetoric; The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods - Logical devices; The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods - The use of repetition; The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods - Illustrations; The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods - The influence of the OT; The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus - Teaching about the kingdom - The kingdom as present; The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus - Teaching about the kingdom - The eschatological event; The teaching of Jesus - Jesus' testimony concerning himself - Other indications; The teaching of Jesus - The teaching about the work of Christ - His death as a sacrificial offering; The teaching of Jesus - The teaching about the work of Christ - His death was voluntary; The teaching of Jesus - The teaching about the work of Christ - His death was a divine necessity; The teaching of Jesus - The teaching about the work of Christ - His death was substitutionary; The teaching of Jesus - The teaching about the work of Christ - His death was a triumph over the devil; The teaching of Jesus - The teaching about the work of Christ - His death is applicable only through repentance and faith; The miracles of Jesus - The validity of miracles - The characteristics of the gospel miracles; The miracles of Jesus - The validity of miracles - Principles of verification; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Pauline thought - Summary of Paul's Christology - The new Adam; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Pauline thought - Summary of Paul's Christology - The preexistent Christ; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Pauline thought - Summary of Paul's Christology - Cosmic significance; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Pauline thought - Summary of Paul's Christology - Relationship with the Father; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Pauline thought - Summary of Paul's Christology - Relationship with the Spirit; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Conclusion; Bibliography;

Subarticles

• Jesus Christ - The significance of the name*; The background to the life of Jesus***; Various approaches to the life of Christ***; Literary sources for the life of Christ***; The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ***; The teaching of Jesus***; The miracles of Jesus***; Jesus Christ in early Christian thought***; Bibliography*;
  • Jesus Christ - The background to the life of Jesus - The political situation**; The social situation**; The cultural situation*; The religious situation***;
    • Jesus Christ - The background to the life of Jesus - The religious situation - Worship among the Jews**; The Jewish parties***;
      • Jesus Christ - The background to the life of Jesus - The religious situation - The Jewish parties - A comparison between Sadducees and Pharisees**; The Pharisees and their doctrines**; The Essenes**; The Zealots*;
  • Jesus Christ - Various approaches to the life of Christ - The traditional approach**; The rationalistic approach**; The mythological approach*; The sentimental approach*; The liberal lives of Jesus*; Nineteenth-century British approaches*; Twentieth-century viewpoints***;
    • Jesus Christ - Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The eschatological movement*; The dialectical approach*; The form-critical approach**; The existential approach***; The new quest**; Redaction criticism**; Heilsgeschichte*; The third quest*;
      • Jesus Christ - Various approaches to the life of Christ - Twentieth-century viewpoints - The existential approach - Influences upon Bultmann**; Some basic assumptions*; Classification of materials for the life of Jesus**;
  • Jesus Christ - Literary sources for the life of Christ - The Synoptic Gospels***; The fourth gospel**; The fourfold presentation of Jesus***; Other NT evidence for the life of Christ**; Extracanonical material for the life of Christ***;
    • Jesus Christ - Literary sources for the life of Christ - The Synoptic Gospels - The synoptic problem*; The priority of Mark*;The sayings source (Q)**; Material peculiar to Matthew and Luke**; The birth narratives**;
    • Jesus Christ - Literary sources for the life of Christ - The fourth gospel - The problems of historicity**; Relationship to the Synoptic Gospels**;
    • Jesus Christ - Literary sources for the life of Christ - The fourfold presentation of Jesus - Matthew's portrait**; Mark's portrait**; Luke's portrait*; John's portrait**;
    • Jesus Christ - Literary sources for the life of Christ - Extracanonical material for the life of Christ - Non-Christian evidences**; Christian evidences**; Apocryphal gospels*; Gnostic works*;
  • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - Summary of methods**; The thirty years in Nazareth***; The period of preparation***; The Judean ministry of Jesus**; The Galilean ministry***; The closing period of the ministry***; The passion and resurrection of Jesus***;
    • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The thirty years in Nazareth - John's prologue (Jn 1:1-18)**; The birth narratives (Matt. 1:1-2:23; Lk. 1:1-2:38)**; Home life at Nazareth (Lk. 2:39-52)**;
    • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The period of preparation - John the Baptist (Matt. 3:1-12; Mk. 1:1-8; Lk. 3:1-17)**; The baptism (Matt. 3:13-17; Mk. 1:9-11; Lk. 3:21-22)**; The temptation of Jesus (Matt. 4:1-11; Mk. 1:12-13; Lk. 4:1-13)**;
    • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the choosing of the Twelve***; The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee***; The period up to the departure of Jesus for Jerusalem on his last journey***;
      • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the choosing of the Twelve - The initial call of disciples*; The Sermon on the Mount*; Healings and other miracles**; Popularity and criticism*; The choosing of the Twelve**;
      • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the withdrawl of Jesus from northern Galilee - Sabbath controversies and healings**; Division and attack*; Samples of the teachings of Jesus**; Unbelief at Nazareth*; The death of John the Baptist*; The feeding of the multitude**; The walking on the water*; The tradition of the elders*;
      • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The Galilean ministry - The period up to the departure of Jesus for Jerusalem on his last journey - In a Gentile district*; The second feeding of a multitude*; Caesarea Philippi**; The Transfiguration**; More miracles**; More sayings of Jesus*;
    • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem***; The journey into Jerusalem***; The ministry in Jerusalem***;
      • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - Moving toward Jerusalem - From Galilee to Bethany**; Some teaching on prayer*; More teaching by parables*; Encounters with Pharisees*; Jesus at two Jewish feasts***; Jesus dines with Pharisees**; Address to the multitudes**; Further parables for the Pharisees**; Teaching for the disciples**; Another clash with the Pharisees*; The apostles receive teaching about service*; The healing of the lepers*; Sayings about the kingdom and the future*; Two parables about prayer**; The raising of Lazarus**;
      • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - The journey into Jerusalem - Conclusion of the ministry in Perea**; In Jericho*; Jesus at Bethany*;
      • Jesus Christ - The early life and ministry of Jesus Christ - The closing period of the ministry - The ministry in Jerusalem - The entry into Jerusalem and the cleansing of the Temple**; Days of controversy**; Words about the future**;
  • Jesus Christ - The passion and resurrection of Jesus - From the plot to the arrest**; The passion**; The resurrection**; The ascension*;
  • Jesus Christ - The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods***; The content of the teaching of Jesus***; Jesus' testimony concerning himself***; The teaching about the work of Christ**; The teaching about the Holy Spirit**;
    • Jesus Christ - The teaching of Jesus - His teaching methods - Its adaptability*; Use of rhetoric*; Logical devices*; The use of repetition*; Illustrations*; Poetic forms**; The influence of the OT*; Parabolic forms**;
    • Jesus Christ - The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus - Teaching about God**; Teaching about the kingdom***;
      • Jesus Christ - The teaching of Jesus - The content of the teaching of Jesus - Teaching about the kingdom - Various schools of thought**; The kingdom as present*; Aspects of the kingdom**; The eschatological event*; The parables of the kingdom**; The ethics of the kingdom**;
    • Jesus Christ - The teaching of Jesus - Jesus' testimony concerning himself - The names that Jesus used of himself**; Other indications*;
    • Jesus Christ - The teaching of Jesus - The teaching about the work of Christ - His death as a sacrificial offering*; His death was voluntary*; His death was a divine necessity*; His death was substitutionary*; His death was a triumph over the devil*; His death is applicable only through repentance and faith*;
  • Jesus Christ - The miracles of Jesus - The validity of miracles***; The purpose of the miracles**;
    • Jesus Christ - The miracles of Jesus - The validity of miracles - Various approaches to Jesus' miracles**; The classification of miracles**; The characteristics of the gospel miracles*; Principles of verification*; The probability of the miracles**;
  • Jesus Christ - Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Primitive thought**; Pauline thought**; Johannine thought**; Other aspects of Christ**; Conclusion*;
    • Jesus Christ - Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Pauline thought - Preliminary observations**; Summary of Paul's Christology**;
      • Jesus Christ - Jesus Christ in early Christian thought - Pauline thought - Summary of Paul's Christology - The new Adam*; The preexistent Christ*; Cosmic significance*; Relationship with the Father*; Relationship with the Spirit*;