Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth, with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[1][2] Cancer are different than benign tumors, which do not spread.[2]
These factors act, at least partly, by mutation of the genes of a cell.[7] Typically, many genetic changes are required before cancer develops.[7] Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents.[8]
Pain, and symptom management are an important part of care.[1]Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease.[1]
Survival
The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer, and extent of disease at the start of treatment.[7] In children under 15 at diagnosis, the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%.[16] For all cancers in the United States, the average five-year survival rate is 66%.[17]
Epidemiology
Females
In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and cervical cancer.[7] If skin cancer, other than melanoma, were included in total new cancer cases each year, it would account for around 40% of cases.[18][19]
The risk of cancer increases significantly with age, and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries.[7] Rates of cancer are increasing, as more people live to an old age, and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. These changes will challenge health care in the decades to come.[21]
References
^ abcdefgh"Cancer". World Health Organization. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
^ abc"Defining Cancers". National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
^"Obesity and Cancer Risk". National Cancer Institute. 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
^Jayasekara H, MacInnis RJ, Room R, English DR (May 2016). "Long-Term Alcohol Consumption and Breast, Upper Aero-Digestive Tract and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 51 (3): 315–30. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agv110. PMID26400678.
^ abKushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Bandera EV, Gapstur S, Patel AV, Andrews K, Gansler T (2012). "American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 62 (1): 30–67. doi:10.3322/caac.20140. PMID22237782. S2CID2067308.
^Dubas LE, Ingraffea A (February 2013). "Nonmelanoma skin cancer". Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America. 21 (1): 43–53. doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.003. PMID23369588.
^Cakir BÖ, Adamson P, Cingi C (November 2012). "Epidemiology and economic burden of nonmelanoma skin cancer". Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America. 20 (4): 419–22. doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004. PMID23084294.
^ abWorld Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.1. ISBN978-92-832-0429-9.
^Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D (February 2011). "Global cancer statistics". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 61 (2): 69–90. doi:10.3322/caac.20107. PMID21296855.