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Introduction[edit]
Industries can be categorised into groups on the basis of Finished Product or Function, which are also the 3 sectors of the economy –
1. Primary or Basic Industries : These industries form the core industries on which the other industries depend for their manufacturing. For example, iron and steel industry and petroleum industry.
2. Secondary or Consumer Industries : These industries process the basic raw materials into primary goods for direct use by the consumers. They include textiles, sugar, paper making etc.
3. Tertiary Industries : These industries provide public utility based services like railways, transport, banking, post and telegraph etc.
Need for Industrial Development[edit]
Industries satisfy man’s needs, provide employment and raise the living standard of people. Manufacturing industries convert raw materials into manufactured products that are useful to man.
In the South Asia, industrial development is required for the following reasons :
1. Many countries including India are predominantly agricultural countries and more than 50-60 per-cent of the population is dependent on agriculture for its livelihood. However, agriculture cannot support the growing population and only industrial development can solve the problem of rising unemployment.
2. Industrial development provides support and strength to the agricultural base.
3. Industries produce goods and equipments which are required for the defence of the countries.
4. Industries are required to keep pace with the fast moving world in terms of advanced technology and know how.
5. Industrial development is needed to make the countries self-reliant and independent for all their needs.
6. In many of the countries, even in India, some of the regions are economically backward whereas others are quite advanced. Expansion of the industries in these backward areas is needed to correct the regional imbalance.
7. Industrial development is required to maintain a favourable balance of trade, i.e. more of exports than imports.
Factors Required for Industrial Development[edit]
1. Raw Materials : The decision regarding location of a particular industrial activity is guided by the availability of raw materials in a particular area. The earliest industries in India developed near the sources of raw material. The nature of raw material also decides the location of industries. For example the perishable raw materials have to be processed without loss of time before manufacturing. That is why sugar mills are located in areas of sugarcane production.
2. Water Supply : Water is required for the development of industries as it is needed in the process of manufacturing, for cleaning, cooling, washing etc. Some of the industries depend heavily on the availability of water for one purpose or the other. These include iron and steel, textile, paper and pulp, chemical, food processing, jute, leather, nuclear power etc. Therefore, these industrial units are located at places where water is easily available.
3. Energy : Energy is required to process the raw materials into manufactured goods. That is why iron and steel industry is usually located near the coal resource, as it uses cooking coal for fuel. Similarly, the electro-metallurgical and electro-chemical industries which require power are located where electricity is easily available.
4. Transport : Transport is an essential prerequisite for industrial development as transport facilities are required to carry raw materials to manufacturing units and finished products to the markets. The availability of transport facilities has led to the development of the industries near the port towns that are linked with rail and road to the hinterland.
5. Labour : The availability of both skilled and unskilled manpower is an important factor in the location of industries. The mobility of labour is also a significant factor. It is because of the mobility of cheap labour that a large number of industries are located in metropolitan cities. Some of the small-scale industries, traditionally associated with labour are glasswork, brasswork, utensils, silk sarees, carpets etc.
6. Market : The existence of market is the ultimate requirement of every industry because whatever is produced needs to be sold. High demand and a satisfactory purchasing power provide impetus to industrial development. For example, heavy chemical industries or machine industries are located in industrial areas because their products are required by other industries of the region. Similarly, petroleum refineries are established near the markets as the transport of crude oil is easier. However refineries using import crude oil are located near the ports.
7. Climate : It plays a significant factor in the location of industries especially agro-based industries. For instance, cotton textile industries have a favourable climate and soil for the growth of cotton. Extreme type of climate, i.e. is either too hot or too cold climate is also not favourable for the location of industries as it not only affects the availability of raw materials but also the efficiency of the workers.
8. The Government : The government has a very significant role in the industrialisation process, especially in the developing and the under-developed countries. The big industries which require large infrastructure and capital are set up by the government. The government makes rules and regulations for running the industries and also provides the basic facilities like land, water and electricity. Further, it is the government which makes policies and takes decisions to protect and encourage indigenous industries.
9. Organisational Skills : Proper and efficient management skills and technical know-how is a must for running an industrial unit. The management must have sound organisational skills to deal with a crisis situation.
10. Capital : Capital is required at every stage of setting up and running an industrial concern. Mostly financiers and capitalists are available in major cities. That is why most of the major cities are industrial centres. These cities have good banking and credit facilities which are necessary for setting up large-scale industries.
Availability of Major Factors for Industrial Development[edit]
INDIA –
Natural Resources :
Mineral-based : India is a land of vast natural resources. It has fairly high reserves of iron ore, coal, mica, manganese, chromite, bauxite and limestone. Almost all of its petroleum is obtained from offshore Bombay High and from Gujrat and Assam. India has one of the largest programmes for renewable energy, such as biogas, biomass, solar, wind and hydropower.
Forest-based : With a wide range of climatic and topographical conditions. India has rich and varied types of forests. India has a forest cover of 6,75,538 sq. km, which constitutes 20.55 per-cent of its geographical area. The Deciduous forests found along the Himalayan foothills and on the north-eastern hilly areas of the Deccan Plateau and the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats are the most important from the commercial point of view and include trees like sal, teak, sandalwood, rosewood and shisham.
Agro-based : Rice is the leading crop, in terms of both area under cultivation and total yield. Wheat ranks next in both area and total yield. Other major grain crops are millets, corn and pulses. A variety of fruits and vegetables are grown in different parts of the country. Crops like sugarcane, cotton, tea and coffee are grown on plantations in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. India is known as the home of spices and produces a wide variety of spices like black pepper, cardamom, ginger, garlic, turmeric, chilli etc.
Animal-based : India has the world's largest cattle population. But because cattle are sacred to Hindus, the animals are rarely used for meat, except by Muslims and Christians. Farmers keep cattle and water buffaloes for ploughing and for milk. Most commercial milk production comes from water buffaloes. Hides from cattle and water buffaloes are used for leather after the animals have died. Sheep are reared mostly for wool and sheepskin. The production of chickens and eggs is increasing.
Fish-based : India is a major fishing nation. Croakers, mackerel, sardines, sharks, and shrimp are caught in the surrounding seas. People also catch Bombay duck, a small fish that is dried. Bombay duck is eaten either as an appetizer or as a relish with curried food. Rivers yield carp and catfish.
PAKISTAN –
Natural Resources : The Indus and its tributaries provide water for irrigation in Punjab and Sindh provinces. Hydroelectricity accounts for only 18 per-cent of the energy produced, obtained mainly from large dams. Pakistan has substantial deposits of natural gas (mainly at Sui, Baluchistan) and crude oil (chiefly at the Meyal oil field, near Rawalpindi). It has very limited resources of petroleum. Wheat is the chief crop of Pakistan. The farmers also grow cotton, rice, sugar cane, chickpeas, oilseeds, and fruits and vegetables. Canal irrigation has transformed arid lands in Punjab and Sindh to fertile areas and has enhanced crop production. Fishing is an important industry in the coastal regions of Pakistan. Shrimp, sardines, sharks, and other fish are caught in the Arabian Sea. Pakistan exports a considerable amount of fish and shellfish.
NEPAL –
Natural Resources : The mineral resources are small, scattered and under-developed. The important minerals are coal, iron ore, copper, limestone and mica. These minerals are though, virtually untapped. The river systems of Nepal provide immense potential for hydro-electric development. The crops grown include jute, maize, rice, millet, and wheat. A wide variety of trees and bamboo grasses grow in thick forests in this region. Buckwheat is grown at higher altitudes. Tobacco is grown in the Tarai area and cardamom in the eastern hills. Timber represents a valuable resource and a major source of potential revenue.
BHUTAN –
Natural Resources : Bhutan has significant mineral resources, found in its central and southern region. These include slate, sand gravel, quartzite, limestone, marble, coal, dolomite and gypsum. The Chhukha hydel project financed by India is the principal source of Bhutan’s hydro-electric potential. Barley, rice, and wheat are the chief crops grown. Most people in the high mountain areas herd cattle and yaks. Thick forests grow on the rain-drenched southern slopes of the mountains.
BANGLADESH –
Natural Resources : Bangladesh’s principal resources include the fertile soils of the delta region, heavy rainfall and the long growing season. It uses its abundant water supply for production of hydroelectricity and irrigation. It also has large reserves of natural gas and some petroleum deposits. Farmers in almost all parts of the country grow jute, rice, sugar cane, tobacco, and wheat in the rich, wet soil. Shrimps and prawns are the main catch in the seas.
SRI LANKA –
Natural Resources : Sri Lanka is not rich in minerals but it does have some iron ore, graphite, limestone and gems like sapphire and ruby. Since Sri Lanka is an island country, fish are abundant offshore. It has utilized the water resource of its many rivers by building dams to produce hydroelectricity. The chief agricultural products are coconuts, rice, rubber, and tea. Many of the country's farmers grow world-famous Sri Lanka tea.
MALDIVES –
Natural Resources : The only significant natural resource available in Maldives is fish including yellow-fin tuna and skipjack. The total catch is above 134,000 tonnes. Maldives has the highest per capita consumption of fish and fish products in the world. The people grow breadfruit, chilli peppers, coconuts, millet, and sweet potatoes. The women also collect cowrie shells from the shores.
Major Industries in South Asia[edit]
INDIA – (information as of 1991-96)
Andhra Pradesh : The main industries are textile manufacture, sugar-milling, machine tools, pharmaceuticals, cement, chemicals, glass, fertilizers, electronic equipment, heavy electrical machinery, aircraft parts and paper making. There is an oil refinery at Vishakapatnam, where India’s major ship-building yards are situated. In 1994, a major steel plant was built at Vishakapatnam.
Assam : Sericulture and handloom weaving, both silk and cotton are important home industries together with the manufacture of brass, cane and bamboo articles. The main heavy industry is petro-chemicals. There are 3 oil refineries with 1 under construction in 1996. Other industries include manufacturing paper, nylon, electric goods, cement, fertilizers, sugar, jute and plywood products, rice and oil milling.
Bihar : There are 28 industrial areas and 33 industrial estates. Iron, steel and aluminium are produced and there is also an oil refinery. Other important industries are zinc and copper smelting, machine tools, fertilizers, electrical engineering, sugar milling, paper milling, silk spinning, manufacturing explosives, chemicals and cement. There were 85,000 small industries in 1993-94.
Delhi : The modern city is an important industrial centre in India. Industrial units established include factories for the manufacture of razor blades, sports goods, electronic goods, bicycles and parts, plastic and PVC goods including footwear, textiles, chemicals, fertilizers, medicines, hosiery, leather goods, soft drinks and hand tools. There are also metal forging, casting, galvanizing, electroplating and printing enterprises. Some traditional handicrafts like ivory carving, miniature painting, gold and silver jewellery, and paper mache work still flourish.
Gujarat : Gujarat is one of the four most industrialised states. In 1995, there were 176,350 small scale units and (1994) 16,325 factories including 1050 cotton textile factories and 950 rubber, plastic, petroleum and coal product factories. Principal industries are textile, general and electrical engineering, oil refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, machine tools, automobiles, heavy chemicals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, sugar, soda ash, cement, man-made fibre, salt, sulphuric acid, paper and paper board.
Haryana : Haryana has a large market for consumer goods in neighbouring Delhi. In 1994-95, there were 756 large and medium scale industries and 125,975 small units. The main industries are cotton textiles, agricultural machineries and tractors, woollen textiles, scientific instruments, glass, cement, paper and sugar milling, cars, tyres and tubes, motorcycles, bicycles, steel tubes, engineering goods, electrical and electronic goods. An oil refinery is being set up at Panipat.
Himachal Pradesh : The main source of employment are the forests and their related industries. There are a few factories making turpentine and resin. The state also makes fertilizers, cement, electronic items and TV sets. There is a foundry and a brewery too. Other industries include salt production and handicrafts, including weaving. The state has 142 large and medium units, 23,265 small scale units, 5 industrial estates, 10 industrial areas and 7 electronic complexes.
Jammu and Kashmir : There are 2 central public sector industries and 30 medium scale. There are 35,576 small units (1994-95) employing over 125000. There are industries based on horticulture, traditional handicrafts are silk spinning, wood carving, paper mache and carpet weaving. 750 tonnes of silk cocoons were produced in 1994-95.
Kerala : There are numerous cashew and coir factories. Important industries are rubber, tea, coffee, tiles, automotive tyres, watches, electronics, oils, fertilizers and chemicals, pharmaceuticals, zinc-smelting, sugar, ceramics, rayon, glass, matches, pencils, monazite, limonite, titanium oxide, rare aluminium, electrical goods, paper, shark-liver oil etc. The state has a refinery and a Shipyard at Kochi(Cochin). The number of factories was 15,357 in 1994.
Karnataka : There were 7765 factories in 1994. In 1994-95, there were 163,524 small industries. The Vishveshwaraiah Iron and Steel Works is situated at Bhadravati, while at Bangalore are national undertakings for the manufacture of aircraft, machine tools, telephone, light engineering and electronic goods. Other industries include textiles, vehicle manufacture, cement, chemicals, sugar, paper, porcelain and soap. In addition, much of the world’s sandalwood and its oil is processed. Sericulture is a more important cottage industry.
Maharashtra : Industry is concentrated mainly in Bombay, Pune and Thane. The main groups are chemicals and products, textiles, electrical and non-electrical machinery, petroleum and products, aircraft, rubber and plastic products, transport equipments, automobiles, paper, electronic items, engineering goods, pharmaceuticals and food products. In 1995, there were 26,642 working factories and 176,402 small-scale industries.
Madhya Pradesh : The major industries are steel, aluminium, paper, cement, motor vehicles, ordinance, textiles and heavy electrical equipment. Other industries include sugar, fertilizers, strawboard, vegetable oil, refractories, potteries, textile machinery, steel casting and rerolling, industrial gases, synthetic fibres, drug, biscuit manufacturing, engineering, electronics, optical fibres, plastics, tools, rayon and art silk. The number of heavy and medium industries in the state is 759.
Orissa : 276 large and medium industries are in operation (1993-94), mostly based on minerals, steel, pig iron, ferrochrome, ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, aluminium, cement, automotive tyres and synthetic fibres. Other industries of importance are sugar, glass, paper, fertilizers, caustic soda, salt, industrial explosives, heavy machine tools, textile mills and electronics. Also there were 44,777 small scale industries. Handloom weaving and the manufacture of baskets, wooden articles, silver filigree work and hand woven fabrics are especially well known.
Punjab : Punjab has always been an agricultural state. The main industries are – Cotton textile, Woollen textile, Agricultural implements, Fertilizers, Sports goods, Bicycles, Sewing machines, Paper, Plastic goods, Engineering goods and Hosiery. Electrical fans are also manufactured in Ludhiana district.
Rajasthan : In 1993-94 there were 167,400 small industrial units. Total capital investment (1993-94) was Rs. 13,160 million. Chief manufactures are textiles, cement, glass, sugar, sodium, oxygen and acetylene units, pesticides, insecticides, dyes, caustic soda, calcium, carbide, synthetic fibres, fertilizers, shaving equipments, automobile components, tyres, watches, nylon tyre cords and refined copper. In 1993-94, there were 583 large and medium industries.
Tamil Nadu : The number of working factories was 18,480 in 1994. In 1993-94, there were 178,114 small industries. The biggest central sector project is Salem steel plant. Cotton textiles is one of the major industries. There were 449 cotton textile mills in 1991-92 and many spinning mills supplying yarn to the decentralized handloom industry. Other important industries are cement, sugar, manufacture of textile machinery, power driven pumps, bicycles, electrical machinery, tractors, motor cars, rubber tyres and tubes, bricks and tiles and silk.
Uttar Pradesh : Important large-scale industries in the state are sugar, textile (cotton, woollen and jute), glass, leather and tanning, vanaspati, paper, locomotive, aircraft, sports goods, matches and cement. Over 50 per cent of the total sugar produced in India is produced in Uttar Pradesh.
West Bengal : West Bengal is industrially much advanced. Chief industries are Iron and Steel, Jute goods, Cotton textiles, Silk textiles, Paper, Chemicals, Bicycles, Sugar, Aluminium, Ship-building, Cable, Fertilizers, Engineering goods and Plastic products.
PAKISTAN –
Pakistan has developed some new industries in recent years. It now produces a variety of goods. The major industries are Cotton textiles, Woollen textiles, Cement, Sugar, Paper, Chemicals and Fertilizers. The major industrial centres are Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Daudkhel and Taxila.
Service Industries : Service industries are especially important in the largest cities. Wholesale and retail trades are the largest employers. Other service industries include education, finance, government, health care, and transportation.
Manufacturing Industries : Cotton textiles and clothing rank as the nation's leading manufactured products. Other important manufactures include food products, especially flour and sugar, fertilizer and other chemical products, steel, and cement. The craftworkers make carpets, embroidered goods, pottery, woodware, and other handicraft items.
Other important industries include food processing, chemicals manufacture, and the iron and steel industries. Food processing is considered Pakistan's largest industry. Pakistan Steel, the country's only integrated steel mill, produces coke, pig iron, billets, hot and cold rolled coils and sheets, and galvanized sheets.
Pakistan's chemical industry produces a number of basic chemicals used in its other industries, including soda ash, caustic soda and sulphuric acid. Industrial output from other major industries also includes refined sugar, vegetable ghee, urea, rubber tubes, electric motors, electrical consumer products (light bulbs, air conditioners, fans refrigerators, freezers, TV sets, radios, and sewing machines) and pharmaceuticals.
NEPAL –
The traditional industries of Nepal include forestry, dairy and cattle rearing. Household industries manufacture butter, cheese, oil and ghee, wool and skins. Some of the modern industries include brick and tile manufacture, paper, jute, carpet making, food grain processing, vegetable oil extraction, sugar refining, molasses and brewing, chemicals, cigarettes and matchworks.
Major industries in Nepal include tourism, carpets, textiles, small rice jute, sugar, and oilseed mills, cigarettes, cement and brick factories. Aside from small-scale food processing (rice, wheat and oil mills), light industry, largely concentrated in southeastern Nepal, includes the production of jute goods, refined sugar, cigarettes, matches, spun cotton and synthetic fabrics, wool, footwear, tanned leather, and tea. The carpet, garment and spinning industries are the three largest industrial employers, followed by structural clay products, sugar and jute processing. Heavy industry includes a steel-rolling mill, which produces stainless steel.
BHUTAN –
Industrial production in Bhutan is mainly based on traditional handicrafts like paper-making, carved lacquer wood woodwork and intricate metal and leather work. Modern manufacturing plants in Bhutan have also been started. These include food and beverage processing, cement manufacturing units etc.
Craft manufacture is the predominant industry, and homespun textiles, woven and embroidered cottons, wools, and silks are the most important products. Other Bhutanese handicrafts include daphne paper, swords, wooden bowls, leather objects, copper, iron, brass, bronze, silver work, wood carvings, and split-cane basketry. Bhutan Ferro Alloys Limited makes export quality ferrosilicon.
BANGLADESH –
Jute processing is the principal industry of Bangladesh. Bangladesh supplies more than 50 percent of the world’s jute. Other important industries include textiles (yarns and fibre products), petroleum products, leather and leather products, cigarettes, steel, cement, fertilizers, chemicals, paper, sugar, tea, matches and glass.
Many Bangladeshis work in their homes making items that are sold in shops or exported. Some craftworkers weave cotton, jute, or silk into cloth. Others make embroidered items, leather goods, pottery, woodenware, and articles of brass, copper, gold, or silver. The people catch large quantities of fish for their own use. Shrimps and prawns from the Bay of Bengal have become valuable exports.
SRI LANKA –
Manufacturing Industries : Major industrial activities include the processing of agricultural goods, including coconuts, rubber, tea and tobacco and the manufacture of textiles. The construction industry employs about 5 per cent of the workers. Other important industries are electronics and components for electronic assembling, industrial and machine tools (a new emphasis), ceramics and glassware, rubber-based industries, and light and heavy engineering.
Industrial development can be seen particularly in textiles, food and beverages, wood products, rubber and plastics, and other consumer goods. Textiles and apparel is the largest industrial sector. Food, beverages and tobacco, the second-largest manufacturing sector, depends more on the domestic market. The third largest industrial sector—chemicals, petroleum and rubber products has been more volatile. Paper industries also grew up in Sri Lanka.
MALDIVES –
Fishing is the major industry in Maldives. One-fifth of the income is derived from tourism. Shipping and garment manufacturing are the other major industries.
Maldivian lacquerwork and finely woven mats are famous for their quality and design. Coconuts, copra, shells, tortoiseshell, bone dust, red stone, ambergris, and handicrafts are also produced locally. Modern industry is limited to tuna canneries and other fish-processing, several apparel factories, built during the past decade, a soft drink bottling plant, and small scale manufacturing enterprises that produce PVC pipe, soap, furniture, and food products. Tourism has been developing since the first resort was built in 1977.
Constraints in Industrial Development in South Asia[edit]
INDIA –
1. Coal deposits, which form a major part of the infrastructure, are very unevenly distributed within different regions of India. Most of the coal deposits are located in the north-eastern parts of India, leading to uneven industrial and economic development.
2. There is heavy wastage of natural resources due to unscientific methods of removal and also due to the lack of suitable processing techniques. Also, the technology used in many of the industries, especially handloom, is obsolete.
3. Indian industries are also losing foreign markets due to the continued increase in the cost of production and the development of industries in a number of Asian countries like China and Japan, whose goods are cheaper and of better quality.
4. Also shortage of raw materials and irregular supply of raw materials has led to the importation of raw materials from other neighbouring countries. This has in turn led to the shortage of capital for investment in industries.
5. Thus in general, the lack of resources, energy, poor health of the labourers, inefficient system of transport in industrial regions, insufficient support from the government, the ever-growing competition from the world-market, lack of capital investment in industries, and primarily, lack of economic development has led to the limitation of industrial development in India.
PAKISTAN –
1. Pakistan is predominantly an agricultural country. Lack of modernization in agriculture has lead to a lower production of crops, and a shortage of raw material for the industries. Many of the farmers own only a small area of land, in which they work with simple tools and teams of oxen or buffalo.
2. Pakistan is still dependent on neighbouring countries like India, China and Japan for its resources, especially petroleum. Also lack of modern techniques in industries has left Pakistan way back in the list of developing countries.
3. Only the major cities in Pakistan have suitable conditions like climate, land (topography), energy, transport etc. for industrialization to take place. This has led to a regional imbalance in the country, preventing further industrialization.
NEPAL –
1. In Nepal, the mineral resources are small, scattered and under-developed. The minerals here are virtually untapped, preventing the growth of industries here.
2. Nepal has a rugged terrain and this terrain creates difficulties in transportation. Also, there is no railroad system in Nepal. The only possible method of transport is the airplanes. Hence, due to insufficient transportation, the minerals do not reach the industries on time.
BHUTAN –
1. Bhutan has only about 10 per-cent of its total land area exploited for agriculture to take place. Also, the labour force is generally engaged in subsidence agriculture. This shortage of land and sufficient labour has left Bhutan economically and industrially backwards.
2. There is no railroad track in Bhutan. Also the roads are undeveloped and improper for transportation.
BANGLADESH –
1. The farmers in Bangladesh use outdated tools and machinery in the farms. Thus, enough cannot be produced for the industries (agro-based). This shortage of raw materials for the industry has left Bangladesh undeveloped.
2. Road building is difficult in Bangladesh because of the need for bridges across the rivers and streams. Many of the country's roads and railways become unusable in the monsoon season. Thus, transportation is difficult here.
SRI LANKA –
1. Sri Lanka is not rich in minerals. Hence, there are hardly any mineral-based industries in Sri Lanka, which has led to a low economy graph. Also the total land area available is very small for major industries to be built.
MALDIVES –
1. Lack of both agro-based and mineral-based raw materials in Maldives has left them economically backwards. Also, being a group of small islands, there is always a regional imbalance in terms of industrial development.
Measures to Improve Industrial Development in South Asia[edit]
1. The Government of India sponsors programmes to teach farmers scientific farming methods. It also provides credit to allow farmers to buy improved varieties of seeds and fertilizers. The government encourages increased food production by paying farmers higher prices for their crops. This in turn provides more raw materials for the agro-based industries, and results in their well functioning. The government financed infrastructure projects also helped sparked a growth in construction of about 9.7% YOY April to December 2002.
2. The Government of Pakistan has drawn up five-year plans that set production goals for agriculture and industry and establish programmes for economic development. Government-owned companies provide telephone and telegraph services. The government owns Pakistan's radio and television stations. This has improved transport and communication facilities in Pakistan. Large government investments established the country's first large-scale ship-building and steel milling operations; the production of chemical fertilizers was also given special government support.
3. The Government of Nepal spends about 255 million U.S. dollars annually on development projects. This has helped construct roads, maintain health centres, and start small industries throughout the country. A number of public enterprises (PEs) were established by the government which built the industrial and manufacturing base of Nepal.
4. In 1972, the year after its establishment, the Government of Bangladesh nationalized most of its industries and set up nine corporate conglomerates to oversee the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). With a new government, in the period 1996–2001, 33 SOEs were sold by the state.
5. The market-oriented economic policies of the Government of Sri Lanka have encouraged industrial growth in the private sector, particularly in textiles, food and beverages, wood products, rubber and plastics, and other consumer goods. The government's industrial policy includes encouraging investment in industries in which it believes Sri Lanka has a comparative advantage.
6. A hydroelectric power station has been built at Thimphu, and another has been started at Paro with the help of the Government of Bhutan. A distillery and a fruit-preserving factory have been built. The Government has also helped Bhutan build roads and has trained farmers and veterinary surgeons.
Conclusion[edit]
From the above given details, it can be clearly seen that only India has reached the proximity of being counted as one of the world’s developed nations after USA, France, Canada, Germany etc. Other countries like Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are still far away from the developed state. This is basically due to the lack of infrastructure and technologies in these countries, which has left them backwards both economically and industrially. Majority of the Industries in South Asia are located in India, whereas the remaining are very scarcely distributed in the remaining part. Though the governments of these countries have taken initiatives for improving industrialization in these countries, they are not enough. India has also very scientifically and logically utilized its resources, which are available for future use also. It has also developed agencies like The National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) which aims at preserving the energy resources. Pakistan has also taken the help of its government and industrialized rapidly over the years. But, it will still take time for the other countries in South Asia to develop. In general, the entire South Asia is still a developing area in terms of industries.
Sources[edit]
- www.images.google.com
- www.nationsencyclopedia.com
- www.cia.gov
- en.wikipedia.org
- www.encarta.msn.com
- www.britannica.com
- www.lcweb2.loc.gov
- Indiawide Plus (CD-ROM)
- World Book 1997 (CD-ROM)
- World Book 1999 (CD-ROM)
- Total Geography – Class X
- Rashtriya Atlas – Detailed Version
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- 203.199.244.2 14:46, 25 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]
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