V-1 facilities | |
---|---|
Part of Nazi Germany | |
locations in France and Germany | |
![]() Diagram for Maisoncelle V-1 "ski site" | |
Site history | |
Built | 1943–1945 |
Built by | Organisation Todt et al. |
In use | World War II |
Battles/wars | Operation Crossbow, Operation Aphrodite |
To carry out the planned V-1 "flying bomb" attacks on the United Kingdom, Germany built a number of military installations including launching sites and depots. Some of the installations were huge concrete fortifications.
The Allies became aware of the sites at an early stage and carried out numerous bombing raids to destroy them before they came into use.
The unpiloted aircraft was assembled at the KdF-Stadt (now Wolfsburg)[a] Volkswagenwerke ("Volkswagen works", described as "the largest pressed-steel works in Germany"[1]) near Fallersleben, at Cham/Bruns Werke,[2][verification needed] and at the Mittelwerk, underground factory in central Germany. Production plants to modify several hundred standard V-1s to Reichenberg R-III manned aircraft were in the woods of Dannenburg and at Pulverhof, with air-launch trials at Lärz and Rechlin.[3] Flight testing was performed by the Luftwaffe at Peenemünde West and, after the August 1943 Operation Hydra bombing, at Brüsterort.[4] Launch crew training was at Zempin, and the headquarters for the operational unit, Flak-Regiment 155(W), was originally based at Saleux, near Amiens,[5][6]: 173 but was subsequently moved c. December 1943 to a chateau near Creil ("FlakGruppeCreil"), with the unit's telephone relay station at Doullens.[7]
Other V-1 production-related sites included a Barth plant which used forced labor,[8] Buchenwald (V-1 parts),[9] and Allrich in the Harz.[10]
In addition to the storage and launching sites listed below, operational facilities included the airfields for Heinkel He 111 H-22 bombers which air-launched the V-1 from low altitude over the North Sea. The ten-day-long aircrew training was at Peenemünde, and the bases were at Gilze-Rijen airfield, Netherlands, for launches through 15 September 1944, and in Venlo for launches after the first week in December. Aircrews were billeted five miles away at Grossenkneten for secrecy.[11]
To supply the V-1 flying bomb launch sites in the Calais region, construction began on several storage depots in August 1943. Sites at Biennais, Brécourt, Oisemont Neuville-au-Bois, and Saint-Martin-l'Hortier were not completed.[why?][6] An RCAF Halifax pilot's logbook describes the target of his raids on "flying-bomb sites" on July 1, 4, and 5, 1944, as "Biennais #1", "Biennais #2," and "Biennais #3". This suggests that these storage sites were perhaps not completed because they were destroyed prior to completion.[citation needed]
The completed sites were:
To serve the ten launch sites planned for Normandy, a depot was constructed at[6] Beauvais. It was bombed June 14, 15 and 16, 1944.[14]
A depot to serve Cherbourg launches was built near[6] Valognes. By February/March 1944, a plan for three new underground V-1 storage sites was put into effect.[6] The Nucourt limestone cave complex between Pontoise and Gisors was bombed on June 22, 1944 [14] with 298 V-1s buried or severely damaged.[17]One in the Rilly-la-Montagne railway tunnel was attacked by the British with Tallboy "earthquake bombs" on July 31, collapsing both ends of the tunnel.[18] The Saint-Leu-d'Esserent mushroom caves was the largest of the underground V-1 sites. It was attacked by No. 617 Squadron RAF with Tallboys on July 4.[17][18]
A larger "Heavy Crossbow"[19] bunker was built at Siracourt, between Calais and the river Somme,[20] as a V-1 storage depot.[21]
RAF Bomber Command attacked "Bois de Cassan" (bombed August 2–4, 1944),[22] "Forêt de Nieppe" (bombed July 28, 29, 31,[13][18] August 3,4,[22] 5, 6,[13][22] 1944 and "Trossy St. Maximin" (bombed August 3–4, 1944[22][23][24])[b]
V-1 launching sites in France were located in nine general areas – four of which had the ramps aligned toward London, and the remainder toward Brighton, Dover, Newhaven, Hastings, Southampton, Manchester, Portsmouth, Bristol, and Plymouth. The sites on the Cherbourg peninsula targeting Bristol and Plymouth were captured before being used, and eventually launching ramps were moved to Holland to target Antwerp (first launched on 3 March 1945 from Delft).[32]
Initially the V-1 launching sites had storage buildings that were curved at the end to protect the contents against damage from air attacks. On aerial reconnaissance pictures these storage from above looked like snow skis ("ski sites"). An October 28, 1943 intelligence report regarding construction at Bois Carré near Yvrench[33] prompted No. 170 Squadron RAF reconnaissance sortie E/463 on November 3 which detected "ski-shaped buildings 240-270 feet long."[34] By November 1943, 72 of the ski sites had been located by Allied reconnaissance,[35] and Operation Crossbow began bombing the original ski sites on December 5, 1943. Nazi Germany subsequently began constructing modified V-1 launch sites with limited structures that could be completed quickly, as necessary. This also allowed the modified sites to be quickly repaired after bombing. The limited work necessary to complete a modified site before launching allowed the Allied photographic interpreters to predict on June 11, 1944, that the V-1 attacks would begin within 48 hours, and the first attacks began on June 13.[35]
Site | "Noball" number |
Bombing date | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Abbeville/Amiens | December 22, 1943 | ![]() | |
Abbeville/Amiens | August 28, 1944 | ![]() | |
Abbeville (Flixecourt) | December 16/17, 1943 | ![]() | |
Abbeville (Tilley-le-Haut) | ![]() | ||
Abbeville (Gorenflos) | December 23, 1943 | ![]() | |
Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher[37] | 27 | December 22/23, 1943 | ![]() |
Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher | 27 | January 14, 1944[38] | ![]() |
Abbeville (Gorenflos) | March 18, 1944 | ![]() | |
Abbeville (Gorenflos) | April 9, 1944[39] | ![]() | |
Abbeville (Gorenflos) | April 10, 1944 | ![]() | |
Abbeville (Gorenflos) | [13] | June 9, 1944![]() | |
Acque | July 19, 1944 | ![]() | |
Beauvais | April 24 & 25, 1944 | ![]() | |
Beauvais | verification needed] | May 16, 1944[The Normandy V-1 storage site at Beauvais was bombed.[6] | |
Beauvais | June 11, 1944 | ![]() | |
Beauvais | June 14, 15, & 16, 1944 | ![]() | |
Belloy-Sur-Somme | July 6, 1944 | ![]() | |
Bois Carré near Yvrench | February 10, 1944 | ![]() | |
Bonneton le Faubourg ski site | December 22/23, 1943 | ![]() | |
Bonneton le Faubourg ski site | [38] | January 14/15, 1944![]() | |
Bristillerie | December 22/23, 1943 | ![]() | |
Bristillerie | January 4/5, 1944 | ![]() | |
Bristillerie | [38] | January 14/15, 1944![]() | |
Bouillancourt | April 13, 1944 | ![]() | |
Brécourt | November 11, 1943 | ![]() | |
Creil | July 2, 1944 | ![]() | |
Bois de la Justice | 74 | February 28, 1944 | ![]() |
Bois de la Justice | 74 | March 13, 1944 | ![]() |
Drionville | 50 | December 24, 1943 | ![]() |
Grand Parc | 107 | January 14, 1944 | ![]() |
Grand Parc | 107 | January 21, 1944 | ![]() |
Herbouville | January 27/28, 1944 | ![]() | |
Herbouville | January 29/30, 1944 | ![]() | |
La Briqueterie & Val-des-Joncs | August 2, 1944 | ![]() | |
Laloge Au Pain | July 8, 1944 | ![]() | |
Ligercourt [sic] | April 16, 1944 | ![]() | |
Ligescourt | December 5, 1943 | ![]() | |
Lottinghen | March 13, 1944 | ![]() | |
Maisoncelle[35][46] | [13] | June 1, 1944![]() | |
Oisemont Neuville-au-Bois | [13] | June 20, 1944![]() | |
Oisemont | June 21, 1944 | ![]() | |
Oisemont | [13] | June 23, 1944![]() | |
Oisemont | June 30, 1944 | ![]() | |
Oisemont | [13] | July 1, 1944![]() | |
Söttevast | February 29/March 1, 1944 | ![]() | |
Söttevast | March 3/4, 1944 | ![]() | |
Söttevast | [13] | May 5, 1944![]() | |
Saint-Martin-l'Hortier | [13] | June 17, 1944![]() | |
Saint-Martin-l'Hortier | June 21, 1944 | ![]() | |
Saint-Martin-l'Hortier | July 1, 1944 | ![]() |