Main article: Jiroft civilization |
Main article: Aratta |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early Dynastic (ED) I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Aratta (reigned c. 3500 – c. 2775 BCE) | |||||
Ensuhkeshdanna | r. c. 2800 – c. 2775 BCE (25 years) |
Unclear succession. | |||
First dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2775 – c. 2725 BCE) | |||||
![]() |
Enmerkar | r. c. 2775 – c. 2725 BCE (50 years) |
The son of Meshkiangasher. |
Main article: Dilmun civilization |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ED I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE) | |||||
1st | Ziusudra | r. c. 2810 – c. 2700 BCE (110 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
Old Babylonian period (c. 1894 – c. 1595 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE) | |||||
2nd | Rimun | r. c. 1890 – c. 1770 BCE (120 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
3rd | Yagli-El | r. c. 1770 – c. 1650 BCE (120 years) |
The son of Rimun. | ||
4th | Sumu-lěl | r. c. 1650 – c. 1530 BCE (120 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
Middle Babylonian period (c. 1595 – c. 1155 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE) | |||||
5th | Usiananuri | r. c. 1530 – c. 1430 BCE (100 years) |
The grandfather of Uballissu-Marduk. | ||
6th | ![]() |
Ilī-ippašra | r. c. 1430 – c. 1330 BCE (100 years) |
Unclear succession. | |
Neo-Babylonian period (c. 1155 – c. 539 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE) | |||||
7th | Operi | r. c. 710 – c. 706 BCE (4 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
8th | Hundaru I | r. c. 706 – c. 680 BCE (26 years) | |||
9th | Qena | r. c. 680 – c. 670 BCE (10 years) | |||
10th | Hundaru II | r. c. 670 – c. 650 BCE (20 years) |
Main article: Helmand civilization |
Main article: Marhasi |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ED IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE) | |||||
1st | Migirenlil | r. c. 2550 – c. 2430 BCE (120 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE) | |||||
2nd | Unknown | r. c. 2430 – c. 2325 BCE (105 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE) | |||||
3rd | ![]() |
Abalgamash | r. c. 2325 – c. 2270 BCE (55 years) |
Unclear succession. | |
4th | Hubshumkibi | r. c. 2270 – c. 2154 BCE (116 years) | |||
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2119 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE) | |||||
5th | Unknown | r. c. 2154 – c. 2070 BCE (84 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE) | |||||
6th | Hashibatal | r. c. 2070 – c. 2050 BCE (20 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
7th | Arvilukpi | r. c. 2050 – c. 2045 BCE (5 years) | |||
8th | Pariashum | r. c. 2045 – c. 2044 BCE (1 year) | |||
9th | Libanugshabash | r. c. 2044 – c. 2033 BCE (11 years) | |||
10th | Mashhundahli | r. c. 2033 – c. 2020 BCE (13 years) |
Main article: Harrapan civilization |
Main article: Meluhha |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Meluhha (r. c. 2300 – c. 1760 BCE) | |||||
1st | (..)ibra | r. c. 2300 – c. 2200 BCE (100 years) |
Unclear succession. |
Main article: Magan (civilization) |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Magan (r. c. 3500 – c. 550 BCE) | |||||
Manium | r. c. 2316 – c. 2218 BCE (98 years) |
Unclear succession. |
Main article: Proto-Elamite civilization |
Main article: Susa III |
Main article: Susiana |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of king[a] | ||||||
Early Dynastic (ED) I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BCE) | ||||||
First dynasty of Kish (reigned c. 2750 – c. 2700 BCE) | ||||||
![]() |
Enmebaragesi | r. c. 2750 – c. 2700 BCE (50 years) |
Unclear succession | [i] | ||
ED II period (c. 2700 – c. 2600 BCE) | ||||||
Early Elamite rulers (r. c. 2700 – c. 2680 BCE) | ||||||
Unknown | r. c. 2700 – c. 2680 BCE (20 years) |
Unclear succession d. c. 2680 BCE |
[j] | |||
First dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2680 BCE) | ||||||
![]() |
Gilgamesh | r. c. 2680 BCE (1 year) |
He may have been the son of Lugalbanda. | |||
Early Elamite rulers (r. c. 2680 – c. 2580 BCE) | ||||||
Unknown | r. c. 2680 – c. 2580 BCE (100 years) |
Unclear succession | ||||
ED IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BCE) | ||||||
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2580 – c. 2500 BCE) | ||||||
| ||||||
1st | Unknown | r. c. 2580 – c. 2550 BCE (30 years) |
Unclear succession | [k] | ||
2nd | [...]-Lu | r. c. 2550 – c. 2536 BCE (14 years) |
[l] | |||
3rd | Kul[...] | r. c. 2536 – c. 2500 BCE (36 years) |
[m] | |||
| ||||||
ED IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE) | ||||||
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE) | ||||||
1st | Peli | r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE (50 years) |
Unclear succession | [n] | ||
First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE) | ||||||
Eannatum | r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE (39 years) |
Son of Akurgal | ||||
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2411 – c. 2362 BCE) | ||||||
1st | Peli | r. c. 2411 – c. 2400 BCE (11 years) |
Unclear succession | [o] | ||
2nd | Tata I | r. c. 2400 BCE (1 year) |
[p] | |||
3rd | Ukku-Takhesh | r. c. 2400 – c. 2364 BCE (36 years) |
[q] | |||
First Eblaite kingdom (r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 BCE) | ||||||
Igrish-Halam | r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 (2 years) |
Unclear succession | ||||
Irkab-Damu | Son of Igrish-Halam | |||||
First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2362 BCE) | ||||||
![]() |
Enentarzi | r. c. 2362 (1 year) |
Unclear succession | |||
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2362 – c. 2350 BCE) | ||||||
4th | Hishur | r. c. 2362 – c. 2359 BCE (3 years) |
Unclear succession | |||
5th | Shushun-Tarana | r. c. 2359 – c. 2356 BCE (3 years) | ||||
6th | Napil-Khush | r. c. 2356 – c. 2353 BCE (3 years) | ||||
7th | Kikkutanteimti | r. c. 2353 – c. 2350 BCE (3 years) | ||||
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE) | ||||||
Dynasty of Adab (r. c. 2350 BCE) | ||||||
![]() |
Lugal-Anne-Mundu | r. c. 2350 BCE (1 year) |
Unclear succession | |||
Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2350 BCE) | ||||||
![]() |
Enshakushanna | r. c. 2350 BCE (1 year) |
He may have been the son of Elulu. | |||
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE) | ||||||
9th | ![]() |
Luh-ishan | r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE (25 years) |
He may have been the father or son of Hishep-Ratep. d. c. 2325 BCE |
[r] | |
8th | Hishep-Ratep | r. c. 2325 BCE (1 year) |
He may have been the father or son of Luh-ishan. | |||
Sanam-Shimut | r. c. 2331 – c. 2325 BCE (6 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||||
Zinuba | r. c. 2325 – c. 2315 BCE (10 years) | |||||
Eshpum | r. c. 2315 – c. 2255 BCE (60 years) | |||||
Lamgium | r. c. 2255 BCE (1 year) | |||||
Uba | ||||||
Enammuna | ||||||
Shimpishuk | ||||||
Ur-Ili-Adad | ||||||
Epirmupi | r. c. 2255 – c. 2200 BCE (55 years) | |||||
Ilishmani | r. c. 2200 BCE (1 year) | |||||
Awan dynasty (r. c. 2168 – c. 2112 BCE) | ||||||
Khita | r. c. 2200 – c. 2168 BCE (117 years) |
Unclear succession | ||||
Puzur-Inshushinak | r. c. 2168 – c. 2112 BCE (56 years) | |||||
Third dynasty of Ur (r. c. 2112 – c. 2004 BCE) | ||||||
![]() |
Ur-Nammu | r. c. 2112 – c. 2095 BCE (18 years) |
Unclear succession. | |||
![]() |
Shulgi | r. c. 2095 – c. 2047 BCE (48 years) |
The son of Ur-Nammu. | |||
Dynasty of Shimashki (r. c. 2027 – c. 1973 BC) | ||||||
6th | Kindattu | r. c. 2004 – c. 2001 BCE (3 years) |
The son of Tan-Ruhurater I. | [s] | ||
7th | Idaddu I | r. c. 2001 – c. 1993 BCE (8 years) |
He may have been the son of Kindattu or Pepi. | [1] | ||
8th | Tan-Ruhurater II | r. c. 1993 – c. 1973 BCE (20 years) |
The son of Indattu-Inshushinnak II. | [1] | ||
9th | Eparti II | r. c. 1973 – c. 1953 BCE (20 years) |
Unclear succession. | [2] | ||
Epartid dynasty (r. c. 1973 – c. 1894 BC) | ||||||
1st | Shilhaha | r. c. 1953 – c. 1940 BCE (13 years) |
The son of Eparti II. | [2] | ||
2nd | Kuk-Nashur I | r. c. 1940 – c. 1928 BCE (12 years) |
The son of Shilhaha. | [2] | ||
3rd | Atta-hushu | Uncertain | These two may have been sons of Kuk-Nashur I | [2] | ||
4th | Tetep-Mada | Uncertain | [2] | |||
Sukkalmah dynasty (r. c. 1894 – c. 1500 BC) | ||||||
3rd | Palar-Ishshan | Uncertain | Unclear succession | [2] | ||
4th | Kuk-Sanit | Uncertain | He may have been the son of Palar-Ishshan | [2] | ||
5th | Kuk-Kirwash | Uncertain | Son of Lan-Kuku Nephew of Palar-Ishshan |
[2] | ||
6th | Tem-Sanit | Uncertain | Sons of Kuk-Kirwash | [2] | ||
7th | Kuk-Nahhunte | Uncertain | [2] | |||
11th | Shirukduh | c. 1790 BC | Uncertain | Unclear succession | [2] | |
12th | Shimut-Wartash I | Uncertain | Sons of Shirukduh | [2] | ||
13th | Siwe-Palar-Khuppak | c. 1778 BC | c. 1745 BC | [2] | ||
14th | Kuduzulush I | Uncertain | Unclear succession | [1] | ||
15th | Kutir-Nahhunte I | Uncertain | These four may have been sons of Kuduzulush I | [1] | ||
? | Atta-Merra-Halki | Uncertain | [2] | |||
? | Tata II | Uncertain | [2] | |||
? | Lila-Irtash | Uncertain | [2] | |||
? | Temti-Agun | Uncertain | Son of Kutir-Nahhunte I | [1] | ||
? | Kutir-Shilhaha | Uncertain | Son of Temti-Agun | [1] | ||
? | Kuk-Nashur II | Uncertain | He may have been the son of Kuk-Nahhunte | [1] | ||
? | Temti-Raptash | Uncertain | Son of Kutir-Shilhaha | [2] | ||
? | Shirtuh | Uncertain | Sons of Kuk-Nashur III | [2] | ||
? | Shimut-Wartash II | Uncertain | [2] | |||
? | Kuduzulush II | Uncertain | Son of Shimut-Wartash II | [1] | ||
? | Tan-Uli | Uncertain | Unclear succession | [1] | ||
? | Temti-Halki | Uncertain | Sons of Tan-Uli | [2] | ||
? | Kuk-Nashur III | c. 1646 BC | Uncertain | [1] | ||
? | Kuk-Nashur IV | Uncertain | [1] | |||
30th | Kutik-Matlat | c. 1500 BC | [3] | |||
Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC) | ||||||
Kidinuid dynasty (r. c. 1500 – c. 1400 BC) | ||||||
1st | Kidinu | c. 1500 BC | Uncertain | Unclear succession | [2] | |
? | Inshushinak-Sunkir-Nappipir | Uncertain | [2] | |||
? | Tan-Ruhurater II | [2] | ||||
? | Shalla | [2] | ||||
5th | Tepti-Ahar | c. 1370 BC | Uncertain | [2] | ||
Igehalkid dynasty (r. c. 1400 – c. 1200 BC) | ||||||
? | Ata-Halki | Uncertain | Unclear succession | [4] | ||
1st | Igi-Halki | c. 1400 BC | c. 1380 BC | Sons of Ata-Halki | [1] | |
2nd | Pahir-Ishshan I | c. 1380 BC | Uncertain | [1] | ||
3rd | Attar-Kittah | Uncertain | c. 1350 BC | [1] | ||
4th | Humban-Numena I | c. 1350 BC | c. 1340 BC | Son of Attar-Kittah | [1] | |
5th | ![]() |
Untash-Napirisha | c. 1340 BC | c. 1300 BC | Son of Humban-Numena I | [1] |
6th | Unpahash-Napirisha | Uncertain | Unclear succession | [1] | ||
7th | Kidin-Hutran I | Uncertain | Son of Pahir-Ishshan I | [1] | ||
8th | Kidin-Hutran II | Uncertain | Son of Untash-Naprisha | [1] | ||
9th | Napirisha-Untash | Uncertain | Son of Kidin-Hutran II | [1] | ||
? | Kidin-Hutran III | c. 1220 BC | c. 1200 BC | Unclear succession | [2] | |
? | Attar-Kittah II | Uncertain | ||||
? | Pahir-Ishshan II | Uncertain | ||||
? | Unpatar-Napirisha | Uncertain | Son of Pahir-Ishshan II | |||
Shutrukid dynasty (r. c. 1200 – c. 970 BC) | ||||||
? | Hallutush-Inshushinak | Uncertain | Unclear succession | [1] | ||
1st | ![]() |
Shutruk-Nahhunte | c. 1184 BC | c. 1155 BC | Son of Hallutush-Inshushinak | [1] |
2nd | Kutir-Nahhunte | c. 1155 BC | c. 1150 BC | Sons of Shutruk-Nahhunte | [1] | |
3rd | ![]() |
Shilhak-Inshushinak | c. 1150 BC | c. 1120 BC | [1] | |
4th | Hutelutush-Inshushinak | c. 1120 BC | c. 1110 BC | [1] | ||
5th | Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar | c. 1110 BC | c. 1100 BC | Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak | [1] | |
Neo-Elamite I period (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC) | ||||||
? | Akshir-Shimut | Uncertain | Unclear succession | |||
? | Akshir-Nahhunte | |||||
? | Kara-Indash | |||||
? | Unknown | c. 821 BC | ||||
Neo-Elamite II period (c. 770 – c. 646 BC) | ||||||
Humban-Tahrid dynasty (r. c. 830 – c. 519 BC) | ||||||
1st | Humban-Tahrah I | Uncertain | Unclear succession | [2] | ||
2nd | Humban-Numena II | Uncertain | 743 BC | Unclear succession Died 743 BC |
||
3rd | Humban-Nikash I | 743 BC | 717 BC | Son of Humban-Tahrah I Died 717 BC |
[1] | |
4th | Shutruk-Nahhunte II | 717 BC | 699 BC | Son of Humban-Nikash I Died 699 BC |
[1] | |
5th | Hallushu-Inshushinak | 699 BC | October 693 BC |
Brother of Shutruk-Nahhunte II Died October 693 BC |
[1] | |
6th | Kutir-Nahhunte II | October 693 BC |
July 692 BC |
Son of Hallushu-Inshushinak Died July 692 BC |
[1] | |
7th | Humban-Numena III | July 692 BC |
February 689 BC |
Son of Hallushu-Inshushinak Died February 689 BC |
[1] | |
8th | Humban-Haltash I | February 689 BC |
October 681 BC |
He may have been the son of Humban-Numena III Died October 681 BC |
[1] | |
9th | Humban-Haltash II | October 681 BC |
September 675 BC |
Son of Humban-Haltash I Died September 675 BC |
[1] | |
10th | Urtak | September 675 BC |
c. 664 BC | Brother of Humban-Haltash II Died 663 BC |
[5] | |
11th | ![]() |
Teumman | c. September 653 BC |
Brother of Urtak Died c. September 653 BC |
||
12th | Humban-Nikash II | Died c. September 653 BC |
[1] | |||
13th | ![]() |
Tammaritu I | Son of Urtak Died c. September 653 BC |
|||
14th | ![]() |
Ummanigash | c. 649 BC | c. July 648 BC |
Unclear succession Died c. September 653 BC |
|
15th | Indabibi | Unclear succession Died c. July 648 BC |
||||
16th | Tammaritu II | c. July 648 BC |
c. 647 BC | Son of Tammaritu I Died c. 647 BC |
||
17th | ![]() |
Humban-haltash III | Son of Atta-hamiti-Inshushinakhr Died c. 647 BC |
|||
18th | Humban-Nikash III | c. 647 BC | Son of Atta-Merra-Halki Died c. 647 BC |
|||
19th | Umhuluma | Unclear succession | ||||
20th | Indattu-Inshushinak IV | |||||
21st | Humban-Hapua | c. autumn 646 BC | ||||
22nd | Pa'e | |||||
Neo-Elamite III period (c. 646 – c. 539 BC) | ||||||
24th | Shutur-Nahhunte I | c. autumn 646 BC | Unclear succession | |||
25th | Humban-Kitin | Uncertain | Son of Shutur-Nahhunte III | |||
26th | Humban-Tahrah II | Unclear succession | ||||
27th | Hallutash-Inshushinak | Son of Humban-Tahrah II | ||||
28th | Ummanunu I | Unclear succession | ||||
29th | Shilhak-Inshushinak II | Son of Ummanunu I | ||||
30th | Temti-Humban-Inshushinak II | c. 550 BC | Uncertain | Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak II | ||
31st | Halkatash | Uncertain | c. 549 BC | Unclear succession | ||
Achaemenid period (c. 539 – c. 327 BC) | ||||||
32nd | ![]() |
Açina | Uncertain | 10 December 522 BC |
Son of Upadrama Died 10 December 522 BC |
|
33rd | Ummanunu II | 10 December 522 BC |
February 521 BC |
Unclear succession | ||
34th | Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak | February 521 BC |
c. 519 BC | Son of Hutran-Temti II |
Main article: Banesh |
Main article: Anshan (Persia) |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Anshan (reigned c. 2350 – c. 2305 BCE) | |||||
Unknown | r. c. 2350 – c. 2305 BCE (45 years) |
Unclear succession | |||
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2193 – c. 2140 BCE) | |||||
![]() |
Puzur-Inshushinak | r. c. 2193 – c. 2140 BCE (53 years) |
Son of Shinpi-khish-khuk | ||
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2119 BCE) | |||||
Second dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2140 – c. 2140 BCE) | |||||
Gudea | r. c. 2140 – c. 2124 BCE (16 years) |
Son-in-law of Ur-Baba |
Main article: Awan (ancient city) |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ED IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BCE) | |||||
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2580 – c. 2500 BCE) | |||||
| |||||
1st | Unknown | r. c. 2580 – c. 2550 BCE (30 years) |
Unclear succession | [t] | |
2nd | [...]-Lu | r. c. 2550 – c. 2536 BCE (14 years) |
[u] | ||
3rd | Kul[...] | r. c. 2536 – c. 2500 BCE (36 years) |
[v] | ||
| |||||
ED IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE) | |||||
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE) | |||||
1st | Peli | r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE (50 years) |
Unclear succession | [w] | |
First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE) | |||||
Eannatum | r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE (39 years) |
Son of Akurgal | |||
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2411 – c. 2362 BCE) | |||||
1st | Peli | r. c. 2411 – c. 2400 BCE (11 years) |
Unclear succession | [x] | |
2nd | Tata I | r. c. 2400 BCE (1 year) |
[y] | ||
3rd | Ukku-Takhesh | r. c. 2400 – c. 2364 BCE (36 years) |
[z] | ||
First Eblaite kingdom (r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 BCE) | |||||
Igrish-Halam | r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 (2 years) |
Unclear succession | |||
Irkab-Damu | Son of Igrish-Halam | ||||
First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2362 BCE) | |||||
![]() |
Enentarzi | r. c. 2362 (1 year) |
Unclear succession | ||
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2362 – c. 2350 BCE) | |||||
4th | Hishur | r. c. 2362 – c. 2359 BCE (3 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
5th | Shushun-Tarana | r. c. 2359 – c. 2356 BCE (3 years) | |||
6th | Napil-Khush | r. c. 2356 – c. 2353 BCE (3 years) | |||
7th | Kikkutanteimti | r. c. 2353 – c. 2350 BCE (3 years) | |||
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE) | |||||
Dynasty of Adab (r. c. 2350 BCE) | |||||
![]() |
Lugal-Anne-Mundu | r. c. 2350 BCE (1 year) |
Unclear succession | ||
Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2350 BCE) | |||||
![]() |
Enshakushanna | r. c. 2350 BCE (1 year) |
He may have been the son of Elulu. | ||
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE) | |||||
9th | ![]() |
Luh-ishan | r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE (25 years) |
He may have been the father or son of Hishep-Ratep. He may have d. c. 2325 BCE. |
[aa] |
8th | Hishep-Ratep | r. c. 2325 BCE (1 year) |
He may have been the father or son of Luh-ishan. | ||
Sanam-Shimut | Unclear succession | ||||
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
Sargonic dynasty (r. c. 2325 BCE) | |||||
![]() |
Sargon | r. c. 2325 BCE (1 year) |
Son of La'ibum | ||
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2325 – c. 2315 BCE) | |||||
Zinuba | r. c. 2315 BCE (1 year) |
Unclear succession | |||
Early Elamite rulers (r. c. 2315 – c. 2280 BCE) | |||||
Emahsini | r. c. 2315 – c. 2280 BCE (35 years) |
Unclear succession He may have d. c. 2311 BCE. |
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Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 2280 – c. 2278 BCE) | |||||
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Abalgamash | r. c. 2280 – c. 2278 BCE (2 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
Eshpum | r. c. 2278 – c. 2255 (23 years) |
Unclear succession | |||
Lamgium | r. c. 2255 (1 year) | ||||
Uba | |||||
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE) | |||||
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2100 – c. 2015 BCE) | |||||
12th | ![]() |
Puzur-Inshushinak | r. c. 2100 – c. 2078 BCE (22 years) |
Son of Shinpi-khish-khuk |
Main article: Elamite civilization |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Sherihum (r. c. 2400 – c. 2300 BCE) | |||||
1st | [ ... ]hi | r. c. 2400 – c. 2371 BCE (29 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
2nd | [ ... ]ru | r. c. 2371 – c. 2316 BCE (55 years) | |||
3rd | Unknown | r. c. 2316 – c. 2300 BCE (16 years) |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Tukrish (r. c. 2350 – c. 2250 BCE) | |||||
1st | Autalummash | r. c. 2350 – c. 2306 BCE (44 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
2nd | Immashkush | r. c. 2306 – c. 2292 BCE (14 years) | |||
3rd | Kiklipatalish | r. c. 2292 – c. 2250 BCE (16 years) |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Khukhnur (r. c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE) | |||||
1st | Zina | r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE (25 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2119 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Khukhnur (r. c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE) | |||||
2nd | Unknown | r. c. 2154 – c. 2100 BCE (54 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Khukhnur (r. c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE) | |||||
3rd | Unknown | r. c. 2100 – c. 2041 BCE (59 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
4th | Simhuzia | r. c. 2041 – c. 2017 BCE (24 years) | |||
5th | Unknown | r. c. 2017 – c. 2000 BCE (17 years) |
Main article: Der (Sumer) |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Der (r. c. 2350 BCE) | |||||
Unknown | r. c. 2350 BCE | Unclear succession. | |||
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE) | |||||
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Luh-ishan | r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE (25 years) |
He may have been the father or son of Hishep-Ratep I. He may have d. c. 2325 BCE. |
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Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
Sargonic dynasty (r. c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
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Sargon | r. c. 2334 – c. 2279 BCE (56 years) |
The son of La'ibum. | ||
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Rimush | r. c. 2279 – c. 2270 BCE (9 years) |
The sons of Sargon. | ||
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Manishtushu | r. c. 2270 – c. 2255 BCE (15 years) | |||
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Naram-Suen | r. c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE (36 years) |
The son of Manishtushu. | ||
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE) | |||||
Third dynasty of Ur (r. c. 2112 – c. 2004 BCE) | |||||
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Shulgi | r. c. 2083 – c. 2050 BCE (33 years) |
The son of Ur-Nammu. | ||
Kingdom of Der (r. c. 2350 – c. 646 BCE) | |||||
Ursin | r. c. 2050 – c. 2006 BCE (44 years) |
Unclear succession. | |||
Isin-Larsa period (c. 2004 – c. 1763 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Der (r. c. 2350 – c. 646 BCE) | |||||
Unknown | r. c. 2006 – c. 1949 BCE (57 years) |
Unclear succession. | |||
Anum-muttabil | r. c. 1949 – c. 1897 BCE (52 years) | ||||
Manana | r. c. 1897 – c. 1872 BCE (25 years) | ||||
Naqimum | r. c. 1872 – c. 1866 BCE (6 years) | ||||
Sumu-iamutbala | r. c. 1866 – c. 1849 BCE (17 years) | ||||
Manium | r. c. 1849 BCE (1 year) | ||||
Temti-Shilhak | r. c. 1849 – c. 1835 BCE (14 years) | ||||
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Kudur-Mabuk | r. c. 1835 – c. 1818 BCE (17 years) |
He may have been the son of Temti-Shilhak. | ||
Rim-Suen I | r. c. 1818 – c. 1763 BCE (55 years) |
He may have been the son of Kudur-Mabuk or Warad-Suen. | |||
Yasub-Yahad | r. c. 1756 – c. 1736 BCE (15 years) |
Unclear succession. | |||
Rim-Suen II | r. c. 1741 – c. 1736 BCE (5 years) |
He may have been the nephew of Rim-Suen I. |
Main article: Adamdun |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Zakhara (r. c. 2350 – c. 2250 BCE) | |||||
1st | Unknown | r. c. 2350 – c. 2315 BCE (35 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
2nd | Ungapi | r. c. 2315 – c. 2254 BCE (61 years) | |||
3rd | Unknown | r. c. 2254 – c. 2250 BCE (4 years) |
Main article: Ellipi |
Main article: Zayandeh River Civilization |
Main article: Shimashki |
Main article: Babylon civilization |
Main article: Assyrian civilization |
Main article: Hamazi |
Main article: Lulubum |
Main article: Pashime |
Main article: Simurrum |
Main article: Gutium |
Main article: Armenian civilization |
Main article: Urartu |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Van (r. c. 858 – c. 585 BCE) | |||||
1st | Aramu | r. c. 858 – c. 844 BCE (14 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
2nd | Lutipri | r. c. 844 – c. 834 BCE (10 years) | |||
3rd | Sarduri I | r. c. 834 – c. 828 BCE (6 years) |
The son of Lutipri. | ||
4th | Ishpuini | r. c. 828 – c. 810 BCE (18 years) |
The son of Sarduri I. | ||
5th | ![]() |
Menua | r. c. 810 – c. 786 BCE (24 years) |
The son of Ishpuini. | |
6th | Argishti I | r. c. 786 – c. 764 BCE (22 years) |
The son of Menua. | ||
7th | ![]() |
Sarduri II | r. c. 764 – c. 735 BCE (29 years) |
The son of Argishti I. | |
8th | Rusa I | r. c. 735 – c. 714 BCE (21 years) |
The son of Sarduri II. | ||
9th | Argishti II | r. c. 714 – c. 680 BCE (34 years) |
The son of Rusa I. | ||
10th | ![]() |
Rusa II | r. c. 680 – c. 639 BCE (34 years) |
The son of Argishti II. | |
11th | Sarduri III | r. c. 639 – c. 625 BCE (14 years) |
The sons of Rusa II. | ||
12th | ![]() |
Erimena | r. c. 625 – c. 620 BCE (5 years) | ||
13th | ![]() |
Rusa III | r. c. 620 – c. 615 BCE (5 years) |
The son of Erimena. | |
14th | Sarduri IV | r. c. 615 – c. 595 BCE (20 years) |
The sons of Rusa III. | ||
15th | ![]() |
Rusa IV | r. c. 595 – c. 585 BCE (10 years) |
Main article: Satrapy of Armenia |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE) | |||||
Satrapy of Armenia (r. c. 585 – c. 321 BCE) | |||||
1st | ![]() |
Eruvand | r. c. 585 – c. 560 BCE (25 years) |
Unclear succession. | |
2nd | ![]() |
Tigran | r. c. 560 – c. 535 BCE (25 years) |
The son of Eruvand. |
Main article: Iranian civilization |
Further information: Persian civilization and Scythian civilization |
Main article: Parsua |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Parsua (r. c. 730 – c. 635 BCE) | |||||
1st | Achaemenes | r. c. 730 – c. 710 BCE (20 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
2nd | Teispes I | r. c. 710 – c. 685 BCE (25 years) |
The son of Achaemenes. | ||
3rd | Cambyses I | r. c. 685 – c. 660 BCE (25 years) |
The son of Teispes I. | ||
4th | Cyrus I | r. c. 660 – c. 635 BCE (25 years) |
The son of Cambyses I. |
Main article: Persis |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Persis (r. c. 730 – c. 327 BCE) | |||||
1st | Achaemenes | r. c. 730 – c. 675 BCE (55 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
2nd | Teispes II | r. c. 675 – c. 610 BCE (65 years) |
The son of Cyrus I. He may have d. c. 640 BCE. | ||
3rd | ![]() |
Cyrus II | r. c. 610 – c. 585 BCE (25 years) |
The son of Teispes II. He may have d. c. 580 BCE. | |
4th | ![]() |
Cambyses II | r. c. 585 – 559 BCE (26 years) |
The son of Cyrus II. d. 559 BCE. | |
5th | ![]() |
Cyrus III | r. 559 – December 530 BCE (29 years) |
The son of Cambyses II. d. December 530 BCE. | |
6th | ![]() |
Cambyses III | r. 530 – July 522 BCE (8 years) |
The son of Cyrus III. d. July 522 BCE. | |
7th | ![]() |
Bardiya | r. 522 BCE (1 year) |
The son of Cyrus III. d. 522 BCE. | |
8th | ![]() |
Darius I | r. 522 – October 486 BCE (36 years) |
The son of Hystaspes. d. October 486 BCE. | |
9th | Xerxes I | r. 486 – August 465 BCE (21 years) |
The son of Darius I. d. August 465 BCE. | ||
10th | ![]() |
Artaxerxes I | r. 465–424 BCE (41 years) |
The son of Xerxes I. d. 424 BCE. | |
11th | ![]() |
Xerxes II | r. 424 BCE (45 days) |
The son of Artaxerxes I. d. 424 BCE. | |
12th | Sogdianus | r. 424–423 BCE (6 months) |
The son of Darius I. | ||
13th | ![]() |
Darius II | r. 423 – c. 404 BCE (19 years) |
The son of Darius I. d. c. 404 BCE. | |
14th | ![]() |
Artaxerxes II | r. c. 404 – c. April 358 BCE (46 years) |
The son of Darius II. d. c. April 358 BCE. | |
15th | ![]() |
Artaxerxes III | r. c. April 358 – c. September 338 BCE (20 years) |
The son of Darius II. d. c. September 338 BCE. | |
16th | ![]() |
Artaxerxes IV | r. c. September 338 – 336 BCE (2 years) |
The son of Artaxerxes III. d. 336 BCE. | |
17th | ![]() |
Darius III | r. 336 – July 330 BCE (6 years) |
The son of Artaxerxes IV. d. July 330 BCE. | |
18th | ![]() |
Artaxerxes V | r. July 330 – 329 BCE (1 year) |
He may have been a descendant of Artaxerxes II. d. 329 BCE. |
Main article: Mannaea |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Mannaea (r. c. 730 – c. 611 BCE) | |||||
1st | Udaki | r. c. 730 – c. 725 BCE (5 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
2nd | Iranzu | r. c. 725 – c. 720 BCE (5 years) | |||
3rd | Aza | r. c. 720 – c. 714 BCE (6 years) |
The son of Iranzu. | ||
4th | Ullusunu | r. c. 714 – c. 676 BCE (38 years) |
Unclear succession. | ||
5th | Ahsheri | r. c. 676 – c. 649 BCE (27 years) | |||
6th | Ualli | r. c. 649 – c. 611 BCE (38 years) |
Main articles: Media (region) and Median dynasty |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE) | |||||
Kingdom of Media (r. c. 700 – c. 521 BCE) | |||||
1st | ![]() |
Deioces | r. c. 700 – c. 678 BCE (22 to 53 years) |
The son of Phraortes. He may have d. c. 675 BCE. |
|
2nd | Phraortes | r. c. 678 – c. 625 BCE (20 to 53 years) |
The son of Deioces. He may have d. c. 625 BCE. | ||
3rd | Madyes | r. c. 625 – c. 620 BCE (1 to 28 years) |
The son of Bartatua. He may have d. c. 615 BCE. |
||
4th | ![]() |
Cyaxares I | r. c. 620 – c. 585 BCE (36 to 40 years) |
The son of Phraortes. He may have d. c. 585 BCE. |
|
5th | ![]() |
Astyages | r. c. 585 – c. 550 BCE (34 or 35 years) |
The son of Cyaxares I. | |
Cyaxares II | r. c. 521 BCE | He may have been a descendant of Cyaxares I. |
Main article: Scythia |
# | Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE) | |||||
Scythian kingdom in West Asia (r. c. 714 – c. 615 BCE) | |||||
1st | Išpakaia | r. c. 714 – c. 679 BCE (35 years) |
Unclear succession. He may have d. c. 679 BCE. |
||
2nd | Bartatua | r. c. 679 – c. 658 BCE (21 years) |
He may have been the son of Išpakaia. He may have d. c. 658 BCE. | ||
3rd | Madyes | r. c. 658 – c. 615 BCE (1 to 43 years) |
The son of Bartatua. He may have d. c. 615 BCE. | ||
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE) | |||||
Scythian kingdom in the Pontic steppe (r. c. 615 – c. 513 BCE) | |||||
1st | Spargapeithes | Uncertain. | Unclear succession. | ||
2nd | Lykos | The son of Spargapeithes. | |||
3rd | Gnouros | The son of Lykos. | |||
4th | Saulios | The son of Gnouros. | |||
5th | Idanthyrsus | r. c. 513 BCE | The son of Saulios. |
Main article: Zikirti |
Main article: Saparda |