Jiroft civilization (c. 3500 – c. 2000 BCE)

Aratta (c. 3500 – c. 2725 BCE)

Main article: Aratta

#	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Early Dynastic (ED) I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BCE)
Kingdom of Aratta (reigned c. 3500 – c. 2775 BCE)
Ensuhkeshdanna		r. c. 2800 – c. 2775 BCE (25 years)	Unclear succession.

First dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2775 – c. 2725 BCE)
	Enmerkar	r. c. 2775 – c. 2725 BCE (50 years)	The son of Meshkiangasher.

Dilmun civilization (c. 3500 – c. 650 BCE)

Main article: Dilmun civilization

Dilmun (c. 3500 – c. 650 BCE)

#	Portrait or inscription	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
ED I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BCE)
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE)
1^st		Ziusudra	r. c. 2810 – c. 2700 BCE (110 years)	Unclear succession.
Old Babylonian period (c. 1894 – c. 1595 BCE)
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE)
2^nd	Rimun		r. c. 1890 – c. 1770 BCE (120 years)	Unclear succession.
3^rd	Yagli-El		r. c. 1770 – c. 1650 BCE (120 years)	The son of Rimun.
4^th	Sumu-lěl		r. c. 1650 – c. 1530 BCE (120 years)	Unclear succession.
Middle Babylonian period (c. 1595 – c. 1155 BCE)
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE)
5^th	Usiananuri		r. c. 1530 – c. 1430 BCE (100 years)	The grandfather of Uballissu-Marduk.
6^th		Ilī-ippašra	r. c. 1430 – c. 1330 BCE (100 years)	Unclear succession.
Neo-Babylonian period (c. 1155 – c. 539 BCE)
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE)
7^th	Operi		r. c. 710 – c. 706 BCE (4 years)	Unclear succession.
8^th	Hundaru I		r. c. 706 – c. 680 BCE (26 years)
9^th	Qena		r. c. 680 – c. 670 BCE (10 years)
10^th	Hundaru II		r. c. 670 – c. 650 BCE (20 years)

Helmand civilization (c. 3500 – c. 2350 BCE)

Main article: Helmand civilization

Marhasi (c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)

Main article: Marhasi

#	Portrait or inscription	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
ED IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE)
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)
1^st	Migirenlil		r. c. 2550 – c. 2430 BCE (120 years)	Unclear succession.
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE)
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)
2^nd	Unknown		r. c. 2430 – c. 2325 BCE (105 years)	Unclear succession.
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)
3^rd		Abalgamash	r. c. 2325 – c. 2270 BCE (55 years)	Unclear succession.
4^th	Hubshumkibi		r. c. 2270 – c. 2154 BCE (116 years)	Unclear succession.
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2119 BCE)
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)
5^th	Unknown		r. c. 2154 – c. 2070 BCE (84 years)	Unclear succession.
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE)
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)
6^th	Hashibatal		r. c. 2070 – c. 2050 BCE (20 years)	Unclear succession.
7^th	Arvilukpi		r. c. 2050 – c. 2045 BCE (5 years)
8^th	Pariashum		r. c. 2045 – c. 2044 BCE (1 year)
9^th	Libanugshabash		r. c. 2044 – c. 2033 BCE (11 years)
10^th	Mashhundahli		r. c. 2033 – c. 2020 BCE (13 years)

Harrapan civilization (c. 3500 – c. 1300 BCE)

Main article: Harrapan civilization

Meluhha (c. 3500 – c. 1760 BCE)

Main article: Meluhha

#	Portrait or inscription	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Meluhha (r. c. 2300 – c. 1760 BCE)
1^st	(..)ibra	r. c. 2300 – c. 2200 BCE (100 years)	Unclear succession.

Magan civilization (c. 3500 – c. 550 BCE)

Main article: Magan (civilization)

Magan (c. 3500 – c. 550 BCE)

#	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Magan (r. c. 3500 – c. 550 BCE)
Manium	r. c. 2316 – c. 2218 BCE (98 years)	Unclear succession.

Proto-Elamite civilization (c. 3500 – c. 2400 BCE)

Main article: Proto-Elamite civilization

Susa III period (c. 3500 – c. 2700 BCE)

Main article: Susa III

Susiana (c. 4400 BCE – c. 1218 CE)

Main article: Susiana

#	Portrait or inscription	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of king^[a] Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of high king^[b] Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of great king^[c] Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of emperor^[d] Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of king-emperor^[e] Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of governor^[f] Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of military governor^[g] Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of God-Emperor^[h] Denotes a ruler with the Sumerian title for grand vizier (sukkalmah) Denotes a ruler with the Sumerian title for vizier (sukkal) Denotes a ruler with both of the Sumerian titles for grand vizier and vizier
Early Dynastic (ED) I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BCE)
First dynasty of Kish (reigned c. 2750 – c. 2700 BCE)
		Enmebaragesi	r. c. 2750 – c. 2700 BCE (50 years)	Unclear succession	^[i]

ED II period (c. 2700 – c. 2600 BCE)
Early Elamite rulers (r. c. 2700 – c. 2680 BCE)
Unknown			r. c. 2700 – c. 2680 BCE (20 years)	Unclear succession d. c. 2680 BCE	^[j]

First dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2680 BCE)
		Gilgamesh	r. c. 2680 BCE (1 year)	He may have been the son of Lugalbanda.

Early Elamite rulers (r. c. 2680 – c. 2580 BCE)
Unknown			r. c. 2680 – c. 2580 BCE (100 years)	Unclear succession
ED IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BCE)
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2580 – c. 2500 BCE)
"4 kings; they ruled for 171 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan." — SKL
1^st	Unknown		r. c. 2580 – c. 2550 BCE (30 years)	Unclear succession	^[k]
2^nd	[...]-Lu		r. c. 2550 – c. 2536 BCE (14 years)		^[l]
3^rd	Kul[...]		r. c. 2536 – c. 2500 BCE (36 years)		^[m]
"3 kings; they ruled for 356 years. Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish." — SKL
ED IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE)
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE)
1^st	Peli		r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE (50 years)	Unclear succession	^[n]

First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE)
		Eannatum	r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE (39 years)	Son of Akurgal

Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2411 – c. 2362 BCE)
1^st	Peli		r. c. 2411 – c. 2400 BCE (11 years)	Unclear succession	^[o]
2^nd	Tata I		r. c. 2400 BCE (1 year)		^[p]
3^rd	Ukku-Takhesh		r. c. 2400 – c. 2364 BCE (36 years)		^[q]

First Eblaite kingdom (r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 BCE)
Igrish-Halam			r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 (2 years)	Unclear succession
Irkab-Damu			r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 (2 years)	Son of Igrish-Halam

First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2362 BCE)
		Enentarzi	r. c. 2362 (1 year)	Unclear succession

Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2362 – c. 2350 BCE)
4^th	Hishur		r. c. 2362 – c. 2359 BCE (3 years)	Unclear succession
5^th	Shushun-Tarana		r. c. 2359 – c. 2356 BCE (3 years)
6^th	Napil-Khush		r. c. 2356 – c. 2353 BCE (3 years)
7^th	Kikkutanteimti		r. c. 2353 – c. 2350 BCE (3 years)

Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE)
Dynasty of Adab (r. c. 2350 BCE)
		Lugal-Anne-Mundu	r. c. 2350 BCE (1 year)	Unclear succession

Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2350 BCE)
		Enshakushanna	r. c. 2350 BCE (1 year)	He may have been the son of Elulu.

Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE)
9^th		Luh-ishan	r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE (25 years)	He may have been the father or son of Hishep-Ratep. d. c. 2325 BCE	^[r]
8^th	Hishep-Ratep		r. c. 2325 BCE (1 year)	He may have been the father or son of Luh-ishan.
Sanam-Shimut			r. c. 2331 – c. 2325 BCE (6 years)	Unclear succession.
Zinuba			r. c. 2325 – c. 2315 BCE (10 years)
Eshpum			r. c. 2315 – c. 2255 BCE (60 years)
Lamgium			r. c. 2255 BCE (1 year)
Uba
Enammuna
Shimpishuk
Ur-Ili-Adad
Epirmupi			r. c. 2255 – c. 2200 BCE (55 years)
Ilishmani			r. c. 2200 BCE (1 year)

Awan dynasty (r. c. 2168 – c. 2112 BCE)
Khita			r. c. 2200 – c. 2168 BCE (117 years)	Unclear succession
Puzur-Inshushinak			r. c. 2168 – c. 2112 BCE (56 years)	Unclear succession

Third dynasty of Ur (r. c. 2112 – c. 2004 BCE)
		Ur-Nammu	r. c. 2112 – c. 2095 BCE (18 years)	Unclear succession.
		Shulgi	r. c. 2095 – c. 2047 BCE (48 years)	The son of Ur-Nammu.
Dynasty of Shimashki (r. c. 2027 – c. 1973 BC)
6^th		Kindattu	r. c. 2004 – c. 2001 BCE (3 years)	The son of Tan-Ruhurater I.	^[s]
7^th	Idaddu I		r. c. 2001 – c. 1993 BCE (8 years)	He may have been the son of Kindattu or Pepi.	^[1]
8^th	Tan-Ruhurater II		r. c. 1993 – c. 1973 BCE (20 years)	The son of Indattu-Inshushinnak II.	^[1]
9^th	Eparti II		r. c. 1973 – c. 1953 BCE (20 years)	Unclear succession.	^[2]
Epartid dynasty (r. c. 1973 – c. 1894 BC)
1^st	Shilhaha		r. c. 1953 – c. 1940 BCE (13 years)	The son of Eparti II.	^[2]
2^nd	Kuk-Nashur I		r. c. 1940 – c. 1928 BCE (12 years)	The son of Shilhaha.	^[2]
3^rd	Atta-hushu		Uncertain		These two may have been sons of Kuk-Nashur I	^[2]
4^th	Tetep-Mada		Uncertain		These two may have been sons of Kuk-Nashur I	^[2]
Sukkalmah dynasty (r. c. 1894 – c. 1500 BC)
3^rd	Palar-Ishshan		Uncertain		Unclear succession	^[2]
4^th	Kuk-Sanit		Uncertain		He may have been the son of Palar-Ishshan	^[2]
5^th	Kuk-Kirwash		Uncertain		Son of Lan-Kuku Nephew of Palar-Ishshan	^[2]
6^th	Tem-Sanit		Uncertain		Sons of Kuk-Kirwash	^[2]
7^th	Kuk-Nahhunte		Uncertain		Sons of Kuk-Kirwash	^[2]
11^th	Shirukduh		c. 1790 BC	Uncertain	Unclear succession	^[2]
12^th	Shimut-Wartash I		Uncertain		Sons of Shirukduh	^[2]
13^th	Siwe-Palar-Khuppak		c. 1778 BC	c. 1745 BC	Sons of Shirukduh	^[2]
14^th	Kuduzulush I		Uncertain		Unclear succession	^[1]
15^th	Kutir-Nahhunte I		Uncertain		These four may have been sons of Kuduzulush I	^[1]
?	Atta-Merra-Halki		Uncertain			^[2]
?	Tata II		Uncertain			^[2]
?	Lila-Irtash		Uncertain			^[2]
?	Temti-Agun		Uncertain		Son of Kutir-Nahhunte I	^[1]
?	Kutir-Shilhaha		Uncertain		Son of Temti-Agun	^[1]
?	Kuk-Nashur II		Uncertain		He may have been the son of Kuk-Nahhunte	^[1]
?	Temti-Raptash		Uncertain		Son of Kutir-Shilhaha	^[2]
?	Shirtuh		Uncertain		Sons of Kuk-Nashur III	^[2]
?	Shimut-Wartash II		Uncertain		Sons of Kuk-Nashur III	^[2]
?	Kuduzulush II		Uncertain		Son of Shimut-Wartash II	^[1]
?	Tan-Uli		Uncertain		Unclear succession	^[1]
?	Temti-Halki		Uncertain		Sons of Tan-Uli	^[2]
?	Kuk-Nashur III		c. 1646 BC	Uncertain		^[1]
?	Kuk-Nashur IV		Uncertain			^[1]
30^th	Kutik-Matlat		c. 1500 BC			^[3]
Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC)
Kidinuid dynasty (r. c. 1500 – c. 1400 BC)
1^st	Kidinu		c. 1500 BC	Uncertain	Unclear succession	^[2]
?	Inshushinak-Sunkir-Nappipir		Uncertain			^[2]
?	Tan-Ruhurater II					^[2]
?	Shalla					^[2]
5^th	Tepti-Ahar		c. 1370 BC	Uncertain		^[2]
Igehalkid dynasty (r. c. 1400 – c. 1200 BC)
?	Ata-Halki		Uncertain		Unclear succession	^[4]
1^st	Igi-Halki		c. 1400 BC	c. 1380 BC	Sons of Ata-Halki	^[1]
2^nd	Pahir-Ishshan I		c. 1380 BC	Uncertain		^[1]
3^rd	Attar-Kittah		Uncertain	c. 1350 BC		^[1]
4^th	Humban-Numena I		c. 1350 BC	c. 1340 BC	Son of Attar-Kittah	^[1]
5^th		Untash-Napirisha	c. 1340 BC	c. 1300 BC	Son of Humban-Numena I	^[1]
6^th	Unpahash-Napirisha		Uncertain		Unclear succession	^[1]
7^th	Kidin-Hutran I		Uncertain		Son of Pahir-Ishshan I	^[1]
8^th	Kidin-Hutran II		Uncertain		Son of Untash-Naprisha	^[1]
9^th	Napirisha-Untash		Uncertain		Son of Kidin-Hutran II	^[1]
?	Kidin-Hutran III		c. 1220 BC	c. 1200 BC	Unclear succession	^[2]
?	Attar-Kittah II		Uncertain
?	Pahir-Ishshan II		Uncertain
?	Unpatar-Napirisha		Uncertain		Son of Pahir-Ishshan II
Shutrukid dynasty (r. c. 1200 – c. 970 BC)
?	Hallutush-Inshushinak		Uncertain		Unclear succession	^[1]
1^st		Shutruk-Nahhunte	c. 1184 BC	c. 1155 BC	Son of Hallutush-Inshushinak	^[1]
2^nd	Kutir-Nahhunte		c. 1155 BC	c. 1150 BC	Sons of Shutruk-Nahhunte	^[1]
3^rd		Shilhak-Inshushinak	c. 1150 BC	c. 1120 BC		^[1]
4^th	Hutelutush-Inshushinak		c. 1120 BC	c. 1110 BC		^[1]
5^th	Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar		c. 1110 BC	c. 1100 BC	Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak	^[1]
Neo-Elamite I period (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC)
?	Akshir-Shimut		Uncertain		Unclear succession
?	Akshir-Nahhunte
?	Kara-Indash
?	Unknown		c. 821 BC
Neo-Elamite II period (c. 770 – c. 646 BC)
Humban-Tahrid dynasty (r. c. 830 – c. 519 BC)
1^st	Humban-Tahrah I		Uncertain		Unclear succession	^[2]
2^nd	Humban-Numena II		Uncertain	743 BC	Unclear succession Died 743 BC
3^rd	Humban-Nikash I		743 BC	717 BC	Son of Humban-Tahrah I Died 717 BC	^[1]
4^th	Shutruk-Nahhunte II		717 BC	699 BC	Son of Humban-Nikash I Died 699 BC	^[1]
5^th	Hallushu-Inshushinak		699 BC	October 693 BC	Brother of Shutruk-Nahhunte II Died October 693 BC	^[1]
6^th	Kutir-Nahhunte II		October 693 BC	July 692 BC	Son of Hallushu-Inshushinak Died July 692 BC	^[1]
7^th	Humban-Numena III		July 692 BC	February 689 BC	Son of Hallushu-Inshushinak Died February 689 BC	^[1]
8^th	Humban-Haltash I		February 689 BC	October 681 BC	He may have been the son of Humban-Numena III Died October 681 BC	^[1]
9^th	Humban-Haltash II		October 681 BC	September 675 BC	Son of Humban-Haltash I Died September 675 BC	^[1]
10^th	Urtak		September 675 BC	c. 664 BC	Brother of Humban-Haltash II Died 663 BC	^[5]
11^th		Teumman	c. September 653 BC		Brother of Urtak Died c. September 653 BC
12^th	Humban-Nikash II				Died c. September 653 BC	^[1]
13^th		Tammaritu I			Son of Urtak Died c. September 653 BC
14^th		Ummanigash	c. 649 BC	c. July 648 BC	Unclear succession Died c. September 653 BC
15^th	Indabibi		c. 649 BC	c. July 648 BC	Unclear succession Died c. July 648 BC
16^th	Tammaritu II		c. July 648 BC	c. 647 BC	Son of Tammaritu I Died c. 647 BC
17^th		Humban-haltash III	c. July 648 BC	c. 647 BC	Son of Atta-hamiti-Inshushinakhr Died c. 647 BC
18^th	Humban-Nikash III		c. 647 BC		Son of Atta-Merra-Halki Died c. 647 BC
19^th	Umhuluma				Unclear succession
20^th	Indattu-Inshushinak IV
21^st	Humban-Hapua		c. autumn 646 BC
22^nd	Pa'e		c. autumn 646 BC
Neo-Elamite III period (c. 646 – c. 539 BC)
24^th	Shutur-Nahhunte I		c. autumn 646 BC		Unclear succession
25^th	Humban-Kitin		Uncertain		Son of Shutur-Nahhunte III
26^th	Humban-Tahrah II				Unclear succession
27^th	Hallutash-Inshushinak				Son of Humban-Tahrah II
28^th	Ummanunu I				Unclear succession
29^th	Shilhak-Inshushinak II				Son of Ummanunu I
30^th	Temti-Humban-Inshushinak II		c. 550 BC	Uncertain	Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak II
31^st	Halkatash		Uncertain	c. 549 BC	Unclear succession
Achaemenid period (c. 539 – c. 327 BC)
32^nd		Açina	Uncertain	10 December 522 BC	Son of Upadrama Died 10 December 522 BC
33^rd	Ummanunu II		10 December 522 BC	February 521 BC	Unclear succession
34^th	Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak		February 521 BC	c. 519 BC	Son of Hutran-Temti II

Banesh period (c. 3400 – c. 2800 BCE)

Main article: Banesh

Anshan (c. 4000 BCE – c. 651 CE)

Main article: Anshan (Persia)

#	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Anshan (reigned c. 2350 – c. 2305 BCE)
Unknown		r. c. 2350 – c. 2305 BCE (45 years)	Unclear succession

Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2193 – c. 2140 BCE)
	Puzur-Inshushinak	r. c. 2193 – c. 2140 BCE (53 years)	Son of Shinpi-khish-khuk
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2119 BCE)
Second dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2140 – c. 2140 BCE)
Gudea		r. c. 2140 – c. 2124 BCE (16 years)	Son-in-law of Ur-Baba

Proto-Elamite period (c. 3500 – c. 2400 BCE)

Awan (c. 4000 – c. 2015 BCE)

Main article: Awan (ancient city)

#	Portrait or inscription	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
ED IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BCE)
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2580 – c. 2500 BCE)
"4 kings; they ruled for 171 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan." — SKL
1^st	Unknown		r. c. 2580 – c. 2550 BCE (30 years)	Unclear succession	^[t]
2^nd	[...]-Lu		r. c. 2550 – c. 2536 BCE (14 years)		^[u]
3^rd	Kul[...]		r. c. 2536 – c. 2500 BCE (36 years)		^[v]
"3 kings; they ruled for 356 years. Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish." — SKL
ED IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE)
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE)
1^st	Peli		r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE (50 years)	Unclear succession	^[w]

First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE)
		Eannatum	r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE (39 years)	Son of Akurgal

Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2411 – c. 2362 BCE)
1^st	Peli		r. c. 2411 – c. 2400 BCE (11 years)	Unclear succession	^[x]
2^nd	Tata I		r. c. 2400 BCE (1 year)		^[y]
3^rd	Ukku-Takhesh		r. c. 2400 – c. 2364 BCE (36 years)		^[z]

First Eblaite kingdom (r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 BCE)
Igrish-Halam			r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 (2 years)	Unclear succession
Irkab-Damu			r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 (2 years)	Son of Igrish-Halam

First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2362 BCE)
		Enentarzi	r. c. 2362 (1 year)	Unclear succession

Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2362 – c. 2350 BCE)
4^th	Hishur		r. c. 2362 – c. 2359 BCE (3 years)	Unclear succession
5^th	Shushun-Tarana		r. c. 2359 – c. 2356 BCE (3 years)
6^th	Napil-Khush		r. c. 2356 – c. 2353 BCE (3 years)
7^th	Kikkutanteimti		r. c. 2353 – c. 2350 BCE (3 years)

Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE)
Dynasty of Adab (r. c. 2350 BCE)
		Lugal-Anne-Mundu	r. c. 2350 BCE (1 year)	Unclear succession

Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2350 BCE)
		Enshakushanna	r. c. 2350 BCE (1 year)	He may have been the son of Elulu.

Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE)
9^th		Luh-ishan	r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE (25 years)	He may have been the father or son of Hishep-Ratep. He may have d. c. 2325 BCE.	^[aa]
8^th	Hishep-Ratep		r. c. 2325 BCE (1 year)	He may have been the father or son of Luh-ishan.
Sanam-Shimut			r. c. 2325 BCE (1 year)	Unclear succession

Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Sargonic dynasty (r. c. 2325 BCE)
		Sargon	r. c. 2325 BCE (1 year)	Son of La'ibum
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2325 – c. 2315 BCE)
Zinuba			r. c. 2315 BCE (1 year)	Unclear succession

Early Elamite rulers (r. c. 2315 – c. 2280 BCE)
Emahsini			r. c. 2315 – c. 2280 BCE (35 years)	Unclear succession He may have d. c. 2311 BCE.
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 2280 – c. 2278 BCE)
		Abalgamash	r. c. 2280 – c. 2278 BCE (2 years)	Unclear succession

		Eshpum	r. c. 2278 – c. 2255 (23 years)	Unclear succession
Lamgium			r. c. 2255 (1 year)
Uba			r. c. 2255 (1 year)

Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE)
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2100 – c. 2015 BCE)
12^th		Puzur-Inshushinak	r. c. 2100 – c. 2078 BCE (22 years)	Son of Shinpi-khish-khuk

Elamite civilization (c. 2400 BCE – c. 224 CE)

Main article: Elamite civilization

Old Elamite period (c. 2400 – c. 1500 BCE)

Elam (c. 2400 BCE – c. 224 CE)

Sherihum (c. 2400 – c. 2300 BCE)

#	Portrait or inscription	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Sherihum (r. c. 2400 – c. 2300 BCE)
1^st	[ ... ]hi	r. c. 2400 – c. 2371 BCE (29 years)	Unclear succession.
2^nd	[ ... ]ru	r. c. 2371 – c. 2316 BCE (55 years)
3^rd	Unknown	r. c. 2316 – c. 2300 BCE (16 years)

Tukrish (c. 2350 – c. 2250 BCE)

#	Portrait or inscription	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Tukrish (r. c. 2350 – c. 2250 BCE)
1^st	Autalummash	r. c. 2350 – c. 2306 BCE (44 years)	Unclear succession.
2^nd	Immashkush	r. c. 2306 – c. 2292 BCE (14 years)
3^rd	Kiklipatalish	r. c. 2292 – c. 2250 BCE (16 years)

Khukhnur (c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE)

#	Portrait or inscription	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Khukhnur (r. c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE)
1^st	Zina	r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE (25 years)	Unclear succession.
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2119 BCE)
Kingdom of Khukhnur (r. c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE)
2^nd	Unknown	r. c. 2154 – c. 2100 BCE (54 years)	Unclear succession.
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE)
Kingdom of Khukhnur (r. c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE)
3^rd	Unknown	r. c. 2100 – c. 2041 BCE (59 years)	Unclear succession.
4^th	Simhuzia	r. c. 2041 – c. 2017 BCE (24 years)
5^th	Unknown	r. c. 2017 – c. 2000 BCE (17 years)

Der (c. 2350 – c. 646 BCE)

Main article: Der (Sumer)

#	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE)
Kingdom of Der (r. c. 2350 BCE)
Unknown		r. c. 2350 BCE	Unclear succession.

Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE)
	Luh-ishan	r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE (25 years)	He may have been the father or son of Hishep-Ratep I. He may have d. c. 2325 BCE.

Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Sargonic dynasty (r. c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
	Sargon	r. c. 2334 – c. 2279 BCE (56 years)	The son of La'ibum.

	Rimush	r. c. 2279 – c. 2270 BCE (9 years)	The sons of Sargon.
	Manishtushu	r. c. 2270 – c. 2255 BCE (15 years)	The sons of Sargon.
	Naram-Suen	r. c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE (36 years)	The son of Manishtushu.

Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE)
Third dynasty of Ur (r. c. 2112 – c. 2004 BCE)
	Shulgi	r. c. 2083 – c. 2050 BCE (33 years)	The son of Ur-Nammu.

Kingdom of Der (r. c. 2350 – c. 646 BCE)
Ursin		r. c. 2050 – c. 2006 BCE (44 years)	Unclear succession.
Isin-Larsa period (c. 2004 – c. 1763 BCE)
Kingdom of Der (r. c. 2350 – c. 646 BCE)
Unknown		r. c. 2006 – c. 1949 BCE (57 years)	Unclear succession.
Anum-muttabil		r. c. 1949 – c. 1897 BCE (52 years)
Manana		r. c. 1897 – c. 1872 BCE (25 years)
Naqimum		r. c. 1872 – c. 1866 BCE (6 years)
Sumu-iamutbala		r. c. 1866 – c. 1849 BCE (17 years)
Manium		r. c. 1849 BCE (1 year)
Temti-Shilhak		r. c. 1849 – c. 1835 BCE (14 years)
	Kudur-Mabuk	r. c. 1835 – c. 1818 BCE (17 years)	He may have been the son of Temti-Shilhak.
	Rim-Suen I	r. c. 1818 – c. 1763 BCE (55 years)	He may have been the son of Kudur-Mabuk or Warad-Suen.
Yasub-Yahad		r. c. 1756 – c. 1736 BCE (15 years)	Unclear succession.
Rim-Suen II		r. c. 1741 – c. 1736 BCE (5 years)	He may have been the nephew of Rim-Suen I.

Adamdun (c. 2200 – c. 2027 BCE)

Main article: Adamdun

Simanum (c. 2050 – c. 2000 BCE)

Awak (c. 2050 – c. 2000 BCE)

Hidali (c. 2400 – c. 1500 BCE)

Zakhara (c. 2350 – c. 2250 BCE)

#	Portrait or inscription	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Zakhara (r. c. 2350 – c. 2250 BCE)
1^st	Unknown	r. c. 2350 – c. 2315 BCE (35 years)	Unclear succession.
2^nd	Ungapi	r. c. 2315 – c. 2254 BCE (61 years)
3^rd	Unknown	r. c. 2254 – c. 2250 BCE (4 years)

Urua (c. 2350 – c. 1500 BCE)

Kimash (c. 2350 – c. 1500 BCE)

Hurti (c. 2350 – c. 1500 BCE)

Ganhar (c. 2071 – c. 2035 BCE)

Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1000 BCE)

Elammat (c. 1400 – c. 1340 BCE)

Neo-Elamite period (c. 1000 – c. 519 BCE)

Ellipi (c. 810 – c. 700 BCE)

Main article: Ellipi

Aiapir (c. 700 – c. 646 BCE)

Gisati (c. 700 – c. 519 BCE)

Zamin (c. 700 – c. 519 BCE)

Hidalu (c. 660 – c. 646 BCE)

Rashi (c. 660 – c. 646 BCE)

Samati (c. 600 – c. 519 BCE)

Zari (c. 600 – c. 519 BCE)

Zayandeh river civilization (c. 6000 – c. 4000 BCE)

Main article: Zayandeh River Civilization

Shimashki (c. 2200 – c. 1450 BCE)

Main article: Shimashki

Babylonian civilization (c. 1894 BCE – c. 224 CE)

Main article: Babylon civilization

Assyrian civilization (c. 2600 – c. 609 BCE)

Main article: Assyrian civilization

Isolated kingdoms of unknown origin (c. 3245 BCE – c. 651 CE)

Hamazi (c. 3245 – c. 2010 BCE)

Main article: Hamazi

Lulubuna (c. 2400 – c. 650 BCE)

Main article: Lulubum

Namar (c. 2350 – c. 750 BCE)

Pashime (c. 2350 – c. 646 BCE)

Main article: Pashime

Simurrum (c. 2300 – c. 2000 BCE)

Main article: Simurrum

Gutium (c. 2300 – c. 539 BCE)

Main article: Gutium

Gilzan (c. 900 – c. 820 BCE)

Ida (c. 860 – c. 710 BCE)

Allabria (c. 850 – c. 710 BCE)

Gizilbunda (c. 850 – c. 700 BCE)

Araziash (c. 850 – c. 713 BCE)

Andia (c. 850 – c. 700 BCE)

Kishesu (c. 830 – c. 710 BCE)

Sagbitu (c. 820 – c. 710 BCE)

Abdadana (c. 810 – c. 710 BCE)

Karalla (c. 720 – c. 700 BCE)

Uriaku (c. 720 – c. 700 BCE)

Karzinu (c. 720 – c. 700 BCE)

Armenian civilization (c. 858 BCE – Present)

Main article: Armenian civilization

Urartu (c. 858 – c. 585 BCE)

Main article: Urartu

#	Portrait or inscription	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Kingdom of Van (r. c. 858 – c. 585 BCE)
1^st	Aramu		r. c. 858 – c. 844 BCE (14 years)	Unclear succession.
2^nd	Lutipri		r. c. 844 – c. 834 BCE (10 years)	Unclear succession.
3^rd	Sarduri I		r. c. 834 – c. 828 BCE (6 years)	The son of Lutipri.
4^th	Ishpuini		r. c. 828 – c. 810 BCE (18 years)	The son of Sarduri I.
5^th		Menua	r. c. 810 – c. 786 BCE (24 years)	The son of Ishpuini.
6^th		Argishti I	r. c. 786 – c. 764 BCE (22 years)	The son of Menua.
7^th		Sarduri II	r. c. 764 – c. 735 BCE (29 years)	The son of Argishti I.
8^th	Rusa I		r. c. 735 – c. 714 BCE (21 years)	The son of Sarduri II.
9^th	Argishti II		r. c. 714 – c. 680 BCE (34 years)	The son of Rusa I.
10^th		Rusa II	r. c. 680 – c. 639 BCE (34 years)	The son of Argishti II.
11^th	Sarduri III		r. c. 639 – c. 625 BCE (14 years)	The sons of Rusa II.
12^th		Erimena	r. c. 625 – c. 620 BCE (5 years)	The sons of Rusa II.
13^th		Rusa III	r. c. 620 – c. 615 BCE (5 years)	The son of Erimena.
14^th	Sarduri IV		r. c. 615 – c. 595 BCE (20 years)	The sons of Rusa III.
15^th		Rusa IV	r. c. 595 – c. 585 BCE (10 years)	The sons of Rusa III.

Satrapy of Armenia (c. 585 – c. 321 BCE)

Main article: Satrapy of Armenia

#	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Satrapy of Armenia (r. c. 585 – c. 321 BCE)
1^st	Eruvand	r. c. 585 – c. 560 BCE (25 years)	Unclear succession.
2^nd	Tigran	r. c. 560 – c. 535 BCE (25 years)	The son of Eruvand.

Iranian civilization (c. 730 BCE – Present)

Main article: Iranian civilization

Further information: Persian civilization and Scythian civilization

Parsua (c. 730 – c. 635 BCE)

Main article: Parsua

#	Portrait or inscription	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Kingdom of Parsua (r. c. 730 – c. 635 BCE)
1^st	Achaemenes	r. c. 730 – c. 710 BCE (20 years)	Unclear succession.
2^nd	Teispes I	r. c. 710 – c. 685 BCE (25 years)	The son of Achaemenes.
3^rd	Cambyses I	r. c. 685 – c. 660 BCE (25 years)	The son of Teispes I.
4^th	Cyrus I	r. c. 660 – c. 635 BCE (25 years)	The son of Cambyses I.

Persis (c. 730 – c. 327 BCE)

Main article: Persis

#	Portrait or inscription	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Kingdom of Persis (r. c. 730 – c. 327 BCE)
1^st	Achaemenes		r. c. 730 – c. 675 BCE (55 years)	Unclear succession.
2^nd	Teispes II		r. c. 675 – c. 610 BCE (65 years)	The son of Cyrus I. He may have d. c. 640 BCE.
3^rd		Cyrus II	r. c. 610 – c. 585 BCE (25 years)	The son of Teispes II. He may have d. c. 580 BCE.
4^th		Cambyses II	r. c. 585 – 559 BCE (26 years)	The son of Cyrus II. d. 559 BCE.
5^th		Cyrus III	r. 559 – December 530 BCE (29 years)	The son of Cambyses II. d. December 530 BCE.
6^th		Cambyses III	r. 530 – July 522 BCE (8 years)	The son of Cyrus III. d. July 522 BCE.
7^th		Bardiya	r. 522 BCE (1 year)	The son of Cyrus III. d. 522 BCE.
8^th		Darius I	r. 522 – October 486 BCE (36 years)	The son of Hystaspes. d. October 486 BCE.
9^th		Xerxes I	r. 486 – August 465 BCE (21 years)	The son of Darius I. d. August 465 BCE.
10^th		Artaxerxes I	r. 465–424 BCE (41 years)	The son of Xerxes I. d. 424 BCE.
11^th		Xerxes II	r. 424 BCE (45 days)	The son of Artaxerxes I. d. 424 BCE.
12^th	Sogdianus		r. 424–423 BCE (6 months)	The son of Darius I.
13^th		Darius II	r. 423 – c. 404 BCE (19 years)	The son of Darius I. d. c. 404 BCE.
14^th		Artaxerxes II	r. c. 404 – c. April 358 BCE (46 years)	The son of Darius II. d. c. April 358 BCE.
15^th		Artaxerxes III	r. c. April 358 – c. September 338 BCE (20 years)	The son of Darius II. d. c. September 338 BCE.
16^th		Artaxerxes IV	r. c. September 338 – 336 BCE (2 years)	The son of Artaxerxes III. d. 336 BCE.
17^th		Darius III	r. 336 – July 330 BCE (6 years)	The son of Artaxerxes IV. d. July 330 BCE.
18^th		Artaxerxes V	r. July 330 – 329 BCE (1 year)	He may have been a descendant of Artaxerxes II. d. 329 BCE.

Mannaea (c. 730 – c. 611 BCE)

Main article: Mannaea

#	Portrait or inscription	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Kingdom of Mannaea (r. c. 730 – c. 611 BCE)
1^st	Udaki	r. c. 730 – c. 725 BCE (5 years)	Unclear succession.
2^nd	Iranzu	r. c. 725 – c. 720 BCE (5 years)	Unclear succession.
3^rd	Aza	r. c. 720 – c. 714 BCE (6 years)	The son of Iranzu.
4^th	Ullusunu	r. c. 714 – c. 676 BCE (38 years)	Unclear succession.
5^th	Ahsheri	r. c. 676 – c. 649 BCE (27 years)
6^th	Ualli	r. c. 649 – c. 611 BCE (38 years)

Media (c. 700 – c. 521 BCE)

Main articles: Media (region) and Median dynasty

#	Portrait or inscription	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Kingdom of Media (r. c. 700 – c. 521 BCE)
1^st		Deioces	r. c. 700 – c. 678 BCE (22 to 53 years)	The son of Phraortes. He may have d. c. 675 BCE.
2^nd	Phraortes		r. c. 678 – c. 625 BCE (20 to 53 years)	The son of Deioces. He may have d. c. 625 BCE.

3^rd	Madyes		r. c. 625 – c. 620 BCE (1 to 28 years)	The son of Bartatua. He may have d. c. 615 BCE.

4^th		Cyaxares I	r. c. 620 – c. 585 BCE (36 to 40 years)	The son of Phraortes. He may have d. c. 585 BCE.
5^th		Astyages	r. c. 585 – c. 550 BCE (34 or 35 years)	The son of Cyaxares I.

Cyaxares II			r. c. 521 BCE	He may have been a descendant of Cyaxares I.

Scythia (c. 714 – c. 513 BCE)

Main article: Scythia

#	Portrait or inscription	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Scythian kingdom in West Asia (r. c. 714 – c. 615 BCE)
1^st	Išpakaia	r. c. 714 – c. 679 BCE (35 years)	Unclear succession. He may have d. c. 679 BCE.
2^nd	Bartatua	r. c. 679 – c. 658 BCE (21 years)	He may have been the son of Išpakaia. He may have d. c. 658 BCE.
3^rd	Madyes	r. c. 658 – c. 615 BCE (1 to 43 years)	The son of Bartatua. He may have d. c. 615 BCE.
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Scythian kingdom in the Pontic steppe (r. c. 615 – c. 513 BCE)
1^st	Spargapeithes	Uncertain.	Unclear succession.
2^nd	Lykos		The son of Spargapeithes.
3^rd	Gnouros		The son of Lykos.
4^th	Saulios		The son of Gnouros.
5^th	Idanthyrsus	r. c. 513 BCE	The son of Saulios.

Zikirti (c. 750 – c. 521 BCE)

Main article: Zikirti

Saparda (c. 720 – c. 670 BCE)

Main article: Saparda

References

Notes

^ Sumerian: 𒈗, romanized: lugal; transliterated: lú.gal; lugal; lit. 'big man'.
^ The Sumerian king list (SKL) is a regnal list that records up to 139 kings—three of whom were from Awan and apparently held the kingship (Sumerian: 𒉆𒈗, romanized: nam-lugal) over both: Awan and Sumer (Sumerian: 𒆠 𒂗 𒄀, romanized: ^kién-g̃i(-r)) after the fall of the first dynasty of Ur. Moreover: a Susian regnal list (the Susian dynastic list) names an additional 24 rulers (twelve from Awan and a further twelve from Shimashki; both of which—along with Susa—are considered to have been major cities occupied by the Elamites). Some have suggested that the first three Awanite rulers mentioned on the Susian dynastic list may have been the same three on the SKL said to have ruled over both Awan and Sumer.
^ Sumerian: 𒉺 𒋼 𒋛, romanized: lugal kiš^ki; transliterated: lugal kiš^ki.
^ Sumerian: 𒈗𒌦𒈠, romanized: lugal kalam-ma; transliterated: lugal kalam.ma.
^ Sumerian: 𒂗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒈗𒌦, romanized: én ^kién-g̃i(-r) lugal kalam
^ Sumerian: 𒉺 𒋼 𒋛, lit. 'énsí'; transliterated: pa.te.si; ensi₂; lit. 'lord of the plowland'.
^ 𒄊 𒀴; transliterated: g̃ir₃.nita; šagina.
^ [] Error: [undefined] Error: ((Lang)): no text (help): no text (help)
^ Enmebaragesi is said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to have ruled as a king of Kish; furthermore, that he subdued Elam.
^ He may have been an Elamite despot temp. Gilgamesh of Uruk.
^ This unknown person is said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
^ [...]-Lu is also said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
^ Kul[...] (Sumerian: 𒆪 𒌌, romanized: Kul[...]; transliterated: ku.ul) is also said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
^ Peli is said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
^ Peli is said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
^ Tata is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
^ Ukku-Takhesh is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
^ Luh-ishan (Sumerian: 𒇻 𒄴 𒄭 𒅖 𒊮 𒀭, romanized: Luhhiššan; transliterated: lu.uḥ.ḥi iš.ša.an) is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan. He also ruled as a king of Elam temp. Sargon of Akkad.
^ Kindattu is said to have ruled as a king of Elam temp. Ibbi-Suen (Daryaee 2012, p. 67; Edwards, Gadd & Hammond 1970, pp. 612–615; Gombert 2018).
^ This unknown person is said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
^ [...]-Lu is also said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
^ Kul[...] (Sumerian: 𒆪 𒌌, romanized: Kul[...]; transliterated: ku.ul) is also said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
^ Peli is said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
^ Peli is said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
^ Tata is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
^ Ukku-Takhesh is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
^ Luh-ishan (Sumerian: 𒇻 𒄴 𒄭 𒅖 𒊮 𒀭, romanized: Luhhiššan; transliterated: lu.uḥ.ḥi iš.ša.an) is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan. He also ruled as a king of Elam temp. Sargon of Akkad.

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Dahl 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa Vallat 2011.
^ Cameron 2008.
^ Majidzadeh 2008.
^ Potts 1999, p. 269.