Cuneiform KI (Borger 2003 nr. 737; U+121A0 𒆠) is the sign for "earth". It is also read as GI5, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAŠ (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAḪ (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR7 (=KI.GAG). In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values gi, ge, qi, and qe. Besides its phonetic value it also serves as determiner or "Sumerogram" marking placenames.
As a determiner, KI corresponds to Akkadian itti,[1]
Cuneiform ki is used for syllabic "ki", and also for alphabetic "k", and alphabetic i. It has additional consonant usage for "q", instead of "k", and also "e", "é", and "í" for vowel "i". Its usage numbers from the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows:[2] ke-(9), ki-(291), qé-(18), qí-(62), and KI-(288).
The KI 𒆠 determinative was the Sumerian term for a city or city state.[3] In Akkadian and Hittite orthography, URU𒌷 became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combined with KUR𒆳 "land" the kingdom or territory controlled by a city, e.g. 𒄡𒆳𒌷𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 LUGAL KUR URUHa-at-ti "the king of the country of (the city of) Hatti".
Acres | Hectares | |
---|---|---|
Square feet | 1 acre (44,000 square feet) | 1 hectare (110,000 square feet) |
Acres | 1 acre (1.0 acre) | 1 acre (0.40 hectares) |
Hectares | 1 hectare (2.5 acres) | 1 hectare (1.0 hectare) |
Square kilometers | 1 square kilometre (250 acres) | 1 square kilometre (100 hectares) |
Square miles | 1 square mile (640 acres) | 1 square mile (260 hectares) |
Author | Discipline | Publication year | Period covered | Region covered | People Per Hectare (pph) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chandler | Historian | 1987 | Ancient Near East | 75—200 | |
Hassan | Geoarchaeologist | 1978 | Bronze Age Asia | 100 | |
Adams | Anthropologist | 1966 | Sumer | 100—200 | |
Modelski | Political scientist | 1997 | Ancient Southwest Asia | 100—200 | |
Renfrew | Paleolinguist | Early Holocene Eurasia | 200 | ||
McEvedy | Demographer | 1967 | Meghalayan | Old World | 250 |
Mallowan | Levantine archaeologist | 1967 | Bronze Age Iraq | 400—500 | |
Yadin | Judaic archaeologist | 1963 | Ancient Levant | 600 | |
Bairoch | Economic historian | 1988 | Ancient Mediterranean | 400—700 | |
Pettinato | Paleographer | 1981 | Ancient Syria | 714 | |
Frankfort | Orientalist | 1948 | Early Dynastic Mesopotamia | 75—494 | |
Wright | Near Eastern archaeologist | 1981 | Northgrippian | Sumer | |
Nissen | Archaeologist | 1972 | Bronze Age | Lower Mesopotamia | 100—200 |
Whitehouse | 1977 | Bronze Age Asia | 75—400 |
Settlement | Nissen | Pettinato | Mallowan | Adams | Roux |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eridu | 50—500 | ||||
Bad-tibira | 25 | 50—500 | |||
Larak | 50—500 | ||||
Sippar | 50—500 | ||||
Shuruppak | 100 | ||||
Kish | 84+ | 50—500 | |||
Uruk | 250 | 400 | 50—500 | ||
Ur | 50 | 50—500 | |||
Nippur | 50 | 50—500 | |||
Girsu | 50—500 | ||||
Lagash | 50—500 | ||||
Umma | 400 | 50—500 | |||
Kesh | 40—200 | 50—500 | |||
Adab | 40—200 | 50—500 | |||
Isin | 50—500 | ||||
Larsa | 50—500 | ||||
Zabala | 40—200 | 50—500 | |||
Akshak | 50—500 | ||||
Shekhna | 100 | ||||
Nagar | 75—100 | ||||
Ebla | 56 | ||||
Anshan |
Settlement | Pettinato | Chandler | Whitehouse | Frankfort | McEvedy | Thompson | Modelski |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eridu | 10,000—20,000 | ||||||
Bad-tibira | 10,000—20,000 | 10,000—20,000 | |||||
Larak | 10,000—20,000 | ||||||
Sippar | 10,000—20,000 | 10,000—20,000 | |||||
Shuruppak | 10,000—20,000 | 10,000—30,000 | 17,000 | ||||
Kish | 10,000—20,000 | 20,000 | 25,000 | ||||
Uruk | 50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000—40,000 | 50,000 | |||
Ur | 10,000—20,000 | 10,000—15,000 | 10,000 | ||||
Adab | 10,000—20,000 | 10,000—20,000 | 13,000 | ||||
Akshak | 10,000—20,000 | 10,000—20,000 | |||||
Isin | |||||||
Larsa | 10,000—20,000 | 10,000 | |||||
Girsu | 40,000—80,000 | ||||||
Lagash | 10,000—20,000 | 19,000 | 10,000—15,000 | 30,000—60,000 | 40,000 | ||
Umma | 10,000—20,000 | 16,000 | 10,000—15,000 | 40,000 | 34,000 | ||
Eshnunna | 9,000 | ||||||
Tutub | 12,000 | ||||||
Nippur | 10,000—20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | ||||
Kesh | 10,000 | 11,000 | |||||
Zabala | 10,000 | ||||||
Assur | |||||||
Nineveh | |||||||
Akkad | |||||||
Mari | 40,000 | ||||||
Ebla | ≤40,000 | 30,000 | |||||
Shekhna | 20,000 | ||||||
Nagar | 10,000—15,000 | 15,000 | |||||
Tell Chuera | |||||||
Anshan | 10,000 | ||||||
Susa | 10,000—15,000 |
Main article: Lower Mesopotamia |
Main article: Sumer |
Main article: Hammar Marshes |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Euphrates | Uruk | Muthanna |
Zabala | Dhi Qar | |
Umma | ||
Girsu | ||
Lagash | ||
Larsa | ||
Bad-tibira | ||
Kesh | ||
Ur | ||
Kuara | ||
Eridu |
Main article: Gu-Edin |
Main article: Qurna Marshes |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Tigris | Dilbat | Al-Qādisiyyah |
Mashkan-shapir | ||
Nippur | ||
Marad | ||
Isin | ||
Kisurra | ||
Shuruppak |
Main article: Hawizeh Marshes |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Tigris | Pashime | Maysan |
Akshak? | Wasit | |
Der | ||
Larak? | ||
Adab |
Further information: Akkad (region) |
Further information: Greater Syria |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Middle Euphrates | Mari | Deir ez-Zor |
Further information: Baghdad Belts |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Middle Tigris | Assur | Saladin |
Middle Euphrates | Kutha | Babil |
Borsippa | ||
Sippar | ||
Sippar-Amnanum | ||
Kish | Baghdad | |
ʿAdhaim | Gasur | Kirkuk |
Diyala | Akkad? | Diyala |
Eshnunna | ||
Tutub |
Further information: Zagros Mountains forest steppe, Zagros Mountains, and Western Iran |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Karun | Shimashki | Isfahan |
Awan? | Lorestan | |
Elam? | Ilam |
Further information: Mesopotamian Marshes |
Further information: Southern Iran and South Iran Nubo–Sindian desert and semi-desert |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Karkheh | Susiana | Khuzestan |
Marun | ||
Karun | Anshan | Fars |
Further information: Tigris-Euphrates Drainage Basin |
Further information: Upper Mesopotamia |
Further information: Eastern Turkey |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Upper Euphrates | Aratta? | Iğdır |
Ağrı |
Further information: Northwestern Iran |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Great Zab | Aratta? | West Azerbaijan |
Further information: Western Mesopotamia |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Khabur | Urkesh | Al-Hasakah |
Shekhna | ||
Asnakkum | ||
Kahat | ||
Tell Arbid | ||
Nagar | ||
Tell Hamoukar | ||
Sikkan | ||
Nabada |
Further information: Assyrian homeland and Assyria |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Upper Tigris | Nineveh | Nineveh |
Further information: Iraqi Kurdistan |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Little Zab | Simurrum? | Sulaymaniyah |
Further information: Western Iran |
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Diyala | Lulubum? | Kermanshah |
Hamazi? | ||
Awan? |
Lands and their (proposed) locations | Earliest recorded claimants to make direct contact |
---|---|
Mediterranean Region, Turkey |
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Iginimmashe Aʾabak (Sumerian): 𒅆𒉏𒈠𒊺 𒀀𒀊𒁀 igi.nim.ma.šea.ab.ba lit. 'Upper Sea' ![]() Mediterranean Sea | |
Amanus Mountains (Sumerian): 𒂼𒀀𒈝 𒄯𒊕 ama.a.num₂ḫur.saŋ ![]() Hatay Province | |
Mashu and the Cedar Forest (Sumerian): 𒆳𒄑𒂞𒋻 kur.ŋešerin.kud lit. 'Mountains of Cedar-felling' ![]() | |
Eastern Anatolia Region |
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Hurum Mountain (Sumerian): 𒄯𒊒𒌝 𒆳𒆪𒊏 ḫur.ru.umkur.ku.ra lit. 'Mountain Cave' ![]() Mount Ararat, Iğdır Province | |
Aratta 𒇶𒆠 arattaki ![]() Ağrı Province |
Land | (Proposed) Locations | People | Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken |
---|---|---|---|
Mari 𒈠𒌷𒆠 ma.ri₂ki |
![]() Deir ez-Zor Governorate |
Mariotes | Mariotic |
Sutium 𒋢𒋾𒌝 su.ti.um |
![]() Raqqa Governorate |
Suteans 𒋢𒋾𒌝 su.ti.um |
Sutean 𒋢𒋾𒌝 su.ti.um |
Suhum | ![]() Homs Governorate | ||
Apum | ![]() Al-Hasakah Governorate |
Akkadian dialect | |
Armani | ![]() Aleppo Governorate |
Amorites 𒈥𒌅 mar.tu |
Amorite |
Amurru | ![]() Tartus Governorate | ||
Ebla 𒅁𒆷𒆠 eb.laki |
![]() Idlib Governorate |
Eblaites | Eblaite |
Land | (Proposed) Locations | People(s) | Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken |
---|---|---|---|
Sigtata Aʾabak (Sumerian): 𒋝𒋫𒋫 𒀀𒀊𒁀 sig.ta.taa.ab.ba lit. 'Lower Sea' ![]() Persian Gulf | |||
Dilmun 𒉌𒌇 dilmunki |
![]() Eastern Province |
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Magan 𒈣𒃶𒆠 ma₂.ganki |
![]() Ad Dhahirah Governorate |