The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969.[3] Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 850 individuals.[4]
According to 100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005), a review of Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000, 65.4% of Nobel Prize Laureates, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference (423 prizes).[5] Overall, Christians have won a total of 78.3% of all the Nobel Prizes in Peace,[6] 72.5% in Chemistry, 65.3% in Physics,[6] 62% in Medicine,[6] 54% in Economics[6] and 49.5% of all Literature awards.[6]
The three primary divisions of Christianity are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Between 1901 and 2000 it was revealed that among 654 Laureates 31.8% have identified Protestant in its various forms (208 prize),[7] 20.3% were Christians (no information about their denominations; 133 prize),[7] 11.6% have identified as Catholic[7] and 1.6% have identified as Eastern Orthodox.[7] Christians make up over 33.2% of the worlds population [8][9][10][11] and have earned 65.4% of Nobel prizes.[5]
According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background.[12] Overall, 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans in Chemistry,[12] 60% in Medicine,[12] and 58.6% in Physics[12] between 1901 and 1972 were won by Protestants.
Alfred Nobel who established the prizes in 1895, was himself, through baptism and confirmation, a Lutheran. He regularly frequented the Church of Sweden Abroad.[13][14]
75 members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences of the Catholic Church have won a Nobel prize in the sciences and economics.[15] The worldviews of the members are diverse and includes some non-Christians.
The table show the religion of Nobel laureats between the years 1901-2000, the table is according to the book 100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005):[6]
Statistical data on Nobel prize winners in science between 1901 and 2000 revealed that Atheists, Agnostics, and Freethinkers have won 7.1% of the prizes in Chemistry, 8.9% in Medicine, and 4.7% in Physics and 35% in Literature; while Christians have won a total of 72.5% of the prizes in Chemistry, 65.3% in Physics, 62% in Medicine and Jews have won 17.3% of the prizes in Chemistry, 26.2% in Medicine, and 25.9% in Physics.[16]
Denomination[6] | Physics[6] | Chemistry[6] | Physiology or Medicine[6] |
Literature[6] | Peace[6] | Economics[6] | Total | %Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anglican | 4 | 1 | 10 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 23 | 3.5% |
Baptist | - | - | 3 | - | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0.8% |
Calvinist | - | 2 | 1 | 3 | - | - | - | 0.5% |
Catholic | 10 | 10 | 16 | 23 | 16 | 1 | 76 | 11.6% |
Christian (no information about their denominations) | 35 | 44 | 33 | - | 11 | 10 | 133 | 20.3% |
Congregationalist | 3 | - | 6 | - | 1 | - | 10 | 1.5% |
Menonite | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.2% |
Dutch Reformed Church | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | 0.2% |
Eastern Orthodox | 2 | - | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1.6% |
Episcopalian | - | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | 5 | 0.8% |
Evangelical | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | 3 | 0.5% |
Lutheran | 8 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 34 | 5.2% |
Methodist | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5 | - | 15 | 2.3% |
Presbyterian | 5 | - | 7 | 1 | 4 | - | 17 | 2.6% |
Protestant | 19 | 23 | 18 | 8 | 12 | 4 | 84 | 12.8% |
Quaker | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 4 | 0.5% |
Unitarian | - | 2 | 3 | - | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1.1% |
Total Protestant | 43 | 40 | 57 | 20 | 38 | 10 | 208 | 32.0% |
Total Christians | 96 | 92 | 105 | 45 | 59 | 20 | 423 | 65.4% |
This list is non-exhaustive, the list includes Nobel laureates with Christian background and identified with the Christian faith. It is worth noting that some of the Nobel laureates in the list are devout Christians, where the Christian faith has influence on their thinking and writing, and others were nominally Christian but identified themselves with the Christian faith.
Year | Laureate | Country | Denomination | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen | Germany | Roman Catholic[17] | "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" | |
1902 | Hendrik Lorentz | Netherlands | Protestant[18] | "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by his researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"[19] | |
Pieter Zeeman | Netherlands | Dutch Reformed Church[20] | "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena | ||
1903 | Antoine Henri Becquerel | France | Roman Catholic[21] | "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"[22] | |
1904 | Lord Rayleigh | United Kingdom | Anglican[23][24] | "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"[25] | |
1905 | Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard | Austria-Hungary Germany |
Christian[26] | "for his work on cathode rays"[27][28] | |
1906 | Joseph John Thomson | United Kingdom | Anglican[29] | "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"[30] | |
1909 | Guglielmo Marconi | Italy | Roman Catholic[31] | "for his contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"[32] | |
1914 | Max von Laue | Germany | Christian[33][34][35] | "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals",[36] an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy. | |
1915 | William Henry Bragg | United Kingdom | Christian[37][38][39] | "For his services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays",[40] an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography | |
William Lawrence Bragg | Australia
United Kingdom |
Christian | |||
1917 | Charles Glover Barkla | United Kingdom | Methodist[41][42][43] | "For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements",[44] another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy | |
1918 | Max Planck | Germany | Lutheran[note 1][45] | "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"[46] | |
1919 | Johannes Stark | Germany | Christian[47] | "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"[48] | |
1922 | Niels Bohr | Denmark | Raised Lutheran, later become an atheist [49][50] | "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[51] | |
1923 | Robert Andrews Millikan | United States | Christian[52][53][54][55] He dealt with this in his Terry Lectures at Yale in 1926–7, published as Evolution in Science and Religion.[56] | "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"[57] | |
1925 | Gustav Hertz | Germany | Lutheran[58] | "for his discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[59] | |
1927 | Arthur Holly Compton | United States | Presbyterian[60][61] | "for his discovery of the effect named after him"[62] | |
1932 | Werner Heisenberg | Germany | Lutheran[63][64] | "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"[65] | |
1936 | Victor Francis Hess | Austria | Christian[66][67] He wrote on the topic of science and religion in his article "My Faith".[68] | "for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[69] | |
1937 | George Paget Thomson | United Kingdom | Christian | "for his experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[70] | |
1938 | Enrico Fermi | Italy | Raised Roman Catholic, then become an agnostic | "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"[71] | |
1945 | Wolfgang Pauli | Austria | Raised Roman Catholic[72] | "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[73] | |
1951 | John Douglas Cockcroft | United Kingdom | Christian | "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"[74] | |
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton | Ireland | Methodist[75] | |||
1952 | Edward Mills Purcell | United States | Protestant | "for his development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[76] | |
1953 | Frits Zernike | Netherlands | Protestant | "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"[77] | |
1954 | Max Born | Germany United Kingdom |
Lutheran[78] | "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[79] | |
Walther Bothe | West Germany | Protestant | "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"[79] | ||
1955 | Willis Eugene Lamb | United States | Protestant | "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[80] | |
Polykarp Kusch | United States | Protestant | "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"[80] | ||
1958 | Ilya Frank | Soviet Union | Russian Orthodox (he is also from Jewish descended) | for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[81] | |
1963 | Eugene Paul Wigner | Hungary United States |
His family converted to Lutheranism,[82] On religious views, Wigner was an atheist[83] | "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[84] | |
Maria Goeppert-Mayer | United States | Christian[85] | "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[84] | ||
J. Hans D. Jensen | West Germany | Christian | |||
1964 | Charles Hard Townes | United States | Protestant (United Church of Christ)[86] | "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[87] | |
1967 | Hans Albrecht Bethe | United States | Raised a Protestant,[88] But he described himself as an atheist[89] | "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[90] | |
1971 | Dennis Gabor | Hungary – United Kingdom | Raised a Protestant,[91] but he considered himself agnostic[92] | "for his invention and development of the holographic method"[93] | |
1974 | Antony Hewish | United Kingdom | Christian[94] | "for his pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[95] | |
1980 | James Watson Cronin | United States | Protestant[96][97] | "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[98] | |
1984 | Carlo Rubbia | Italy | Roman Catholic | "for his decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[99] | |
1985 | Klaus von Klitzing | West Germany | Roman Catholic | "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[100] | |
1993 | Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. | United States | Quaker[101] | "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[102] | |
1996 | Douglas D. Osheroff | United States | Lutheran[103] | "for his discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[104] | |
1997 | William Daniel Phillips | United States | Protestant (United Methodist Church)[105] | "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[106] | |
2002 | Riccardo Giacconi | Italy United States |
Roman Catholic | "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" | |
2003 | Anthony James Leggett | United Kingdom United States |
Roman Catholic[107] | "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[108] | |
2004 | Frank Wilczek | United States | Roman Catholic[109] | "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[110] | |
2007 | Peter Grünberg | Germany | Roman Catholic | "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[111] |
Year | Laureate | Country | Denomination | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | Netherlands | Protestant[112] | "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[113] | |
1902 | Hermann Emil Fischer | Germany | Protestant[114][115] | "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[116] | |
1904 | Sir William Ramsay | United Kingdom | Protestant[117] | "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[118] | |
1905 | Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer | Germany | Lutheran (from Jewish descent)[119][120][121] | "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[122] | |
1907 | Eduard Buchner | Germany | Protestant | "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[123] | |
1908 | Ernest Rutherford | United Kingdom New Zealand |
Protestant[124][125] | "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[126] | |
1910 | Otto Wallach | Germany | Protestant[127] | "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[128] | |
1911 | Maria Skłodowska-Curie | Poland/France | Raised Catholic and become agnostic | "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[129] | |
1913 | Alfred Werner | Switzerland | He was raised as Roman Catholic[130] | "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[131] | |
1918 | Fritz Haber | Germany | Converts to Protestantism from Judaism[132] | "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[133] | |
1920 | Walther Hermann Nernst | Germany | Protestant[134] | "[for] his work in thermochemistry"[135] | |
1921 | Frederick Soddy | United Kingdom | Protestant[136] | "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[137] | |
1922 | Francis William Aston | United Kingdom | Protestant | "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[138] | |
1923 | Fritz Pregl | Austria | Christian | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[139] | |
1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Germany / Hungary | Protestant | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"[140] | |
1926 | The (Theodor) Svedberg | Sweden | Christian | "for his work on disperse systems"[141] | |
1927 | Heinrich Otto Wieland | Germany | Christian | "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[142] | |
1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Germany | Christian | "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and his connection with the vitamins"[143] | |
1929 | Arthur Harden | United Kingdom | Christian | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[144] | |
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin | Sweden | Christian | |||
1930 | Hans Fischer | Germany | Protestant | "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[145] | |
1931 | Carl Bosch | Germany | Protestant | "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[146] | |
Friedrich Bergius | Germany | Protestant | |||
1934 | Harold Clayton Urey | United States | Church of the Brethren[147] | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[148] | |
1937 | Paul Karrer | Switzerland | Christian | "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | |
1938 | Richard Kuhn | Germany | Roman Catholic | "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[149] | |
1939 | Leopold Ruzicka | Switzerland | Roman Catholic | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" | |
1943 | George de Hevesy | Germany | Roman Catholic [150]of Hungarian Jewish descent[151] | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[152] | |
1944 | Otto Hahn | Germany | Protestant[153] | "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[154] | |
1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Finland | Protestant | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[155] | |
1946 | James Batcheller Sumner | United States | Christian | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[156] | |
John Howard Northrop | United States | Christian | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[156] | ||
Wendell Meredith Stanley | United States | Christian | |||
1947 | Sir Robert Robinson | United Kingdom | Protestant | "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[157] | |
1949 | William Francis Giauque | United States | Protestant | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[158] | |
1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels | Federal Republic of Germany | Christian | "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[159] | |
Kurt Alder | Federal Republic of Germany | Christian | |||
1953 | Hermann Staudinger | Federal Republic of Germany | Christian | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[160] | |
1954 | Linus Carl Pauling | United States | Raised as a member of the Lutheran Church,[161] Pauling publicly declared his atheism[162] | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[163] | |
1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz | United Kingdom | Raised Roman Catholic[164][165][166] | "for his studies of the structures of globular proteins"[167] | |
1963 | Karl Ziegler | Federal Republic of Germany | Lutheran[168] | "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[169] | |
Giulio Natta | Italy | Roman Catholic | |||
1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | United Kingdom | Christian[170] | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[171] | |
1969 | Odd Hassel | Norway | Protestant | "for his contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[172] | |
1970 | Luis F. Leloir | Argentina | Roman Catholic[173] | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and his role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[174] | |
1971 | Gerhard Herzberg | Canada/Germany | Christian | "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[175] | |
1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | Australia United Kingdom |
Presbyterian[176] | "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[177] | |
Vladimir Prelog | Yugoslavia/Switzerland | Roman Catholic | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[177] | ||
1984 | Robert Bruce Merrifield | United States | Christian[178] | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[179] | |
1990 | Elias James Corey | United States | Christian (Eastern Orthodox)[180] | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[181] | |
1995 | Mario J. Molina | Mexico | Roman Catholic[182] | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[183] | |
F. Sherwood Rowland | United States | Christian | |||
1996 | Robert F. Curl Jr. | United States | Methodist[184] | "for their discovery of fullerenes"[185] | |
Richard E. Smalley | United States | Christian[186] | |||
2003 | Peter Agre | United States | Lutheran[187][188][189] | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[190] | |
2007 | Gerhard Ertl | Germany | Christian[191] | "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[192] | |
2012 | Brian Kobilka | United States | Roman Catholic[193] | "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[194] | |
2014 | Stefan W. Hell | Romania | Protestant[195] | "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"[196] |
Year | Laureate | Country | Denomination | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Emil Adolf von Behring | Germany | Protestant[197] | "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[198] | |
1902 | Sir Ronald Ross | United Kingdom India |
Protestant | "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[199] | |
1903 | Niels Ryberg Finsen | Denmark (Faroe Islands) |
Protestant | "[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[200] | |
1904 | Ivan Petrovich Pavlov | Russia | Raised as Russian Orthodox,[201] Later he become an atheist [202] | "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[203] | |
1905 | Robert Koch | Germany | Christian | "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[204] | |
1906 | Camillo Golgi | Italy | Roman Catholic | "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[205] | |
Santiago Ramón y Cajal | Spain | Roman Catholic[206] | |||
1909 | Emil Theodor Kocher | Switzerland | Protestant (Moravian Church)[207] | "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[208] | |
1910 | Albrecht Kossel | Germany | Protestant | "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[209] | |
1912 | Alexis Carrel | France | Roman Catholic[210] | "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[211] | |
1919 | Jules Bordet | Belgium | Christian | "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[212] | |
1920 | Schack August Steenberg Krogh | Denmark | Protestant | "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[213] | |
1923 | Sir Frederick Grant Banting | Canada | Protestant (United Church of Canada)[214] | "for the discovery of insulin"[215] | |
1924 | Willem Einthoven | The Netherlands | Protestant (Lutheran)[216][217] | "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[218] | |
1926 | Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger | Denmark | Lutheran[219] | "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[220] | |
1928 | Charles Jules Henri Nicolle | France | Roman Catholic | "for his work on typhus"[221] | |
1929 | Christiaan Eijkman | The Netherlands | Protestant | "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[222] | |
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins | United Kingdom | Chrisian | "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[222] | ||
1930 | Karl Landsteiner | Austria | converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism in 1890[223] | "for his discovery of human blood groups"[224] | |
1931 | Otto Heinrich Warburg | Germany | Christian[225] | "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[226] | |
1932 | Sir Charles Scott Sherrington | United Kingdom | Anglican[227] | "for his discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[228] | |
1934 | George Hoyt Whipple | United States | Protestant[229] | "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[230] | |
George Richards Minot | United States | Protestant[231] | |||
William Parry Murphy | United States | Protestant | |||
1935 | Hans Spemann | Germany | Protestant[232] | "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[233] | |
1937 | Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt | Hungary | Calvinist[234][235] | "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[236] | |
1938 | Corneille Jean François Heymans | Belgium | Roman Catholic[237] | "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[238] | |
1939 | Gerhard Domagk | Germany | Protestant[239] | "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[240] | |
1943 | Carl Peter Henrik Dam | Denmark | Protestant | "for his discovery of vitamin K"[241] | |
Edward Adelbert Doisy | United States | Protestant (Congregationalists)[242] | "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[241] | ||
1945 | Sir Alexander Fleming | United Kingdom | Roman Catholic[243] | "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[244] | |
1947 | Carl Ferdinand Cori | United States | Roman Catholic[245] | "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[246] | |
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz | United States | Roman Catholic[247] | |||
Bernardo Alberto Houssay | Argentina | Roman Catholic[248] | "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[246] | ||
1949 | António Caetano Egas Moniz | Portugal | Roman Catholic[249] | "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"[250] | |
1951 | Max Theiler | South Africa | Protestant[251] | "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[252] | |
1957 | Daniel Bovet | Italy | Protestant | "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[253] | |
1958 | George Wells Beadle | United States | Christian[254] | "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" | |
Edward Lawrie Tatum | United States | Christian | |||
1959 | Severo Ochoa | Spain |
Roman Catholic | "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[255] | |
1960 | Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet | Australia | Protestant[256] | "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[257] | |
Sir Peter Brian Medawar | Brazil United Kingdom |
Raised as Maronite Catholic, then he become an atheist[258] | |||
1961 | Georg von Békésy | United States | Christian[259] | "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[260] | |
1963 | Sir John Carew Eccles | Australia | Roman Catholic[261] | "for his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[262] | |
1967 | Ragnar Granit | Finland/Sweden | Protestant | "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[263] | |
Haldan Keffer Hartline | United States | Protestant | |||
1972 | Rodney Robert Porter | United States | Methodists[264] | "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[265] | |
1974 | Albert Claude | Belgium | Roman Catholic[266] | "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[267] | |
Christian de Duve | Belgium | Brought up as a Roman Catholic. However his later years indicated inclination towards agnosticism[268] | |||
George E. Palade | Romania | Eastern Orthodox | |||
1975 | Renato Dulbecco | Italy United States |
Roman Catholic | "for his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[269] | |
1976 | D. Carleton Gajdusek | United States | Calvinist[270] | "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[271] | |
1978 | Werner Arber | Switzerland | Protestant[272] | "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[273] | |
1983 | Barbara McClintock | United States | Protestant (Congregationalists)[85] | "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[274] | |
1988 | Sir James W. Black | United Kingdom | Protestant (Baptist)[96] | "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[275] | |
George H. Hitchings | United States | Christian | |||
1990 | Joseph E. Murray | United States | Roman Catholic[276] | "for his discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[277] | |
1992 | Edmond H. Fischer[278] | Switzerland United States |
Protestant (Presbyterian) | "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[279] | |
1995 | Eric F. Wieschaus | United States | Roman Catholic | "for his discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[280] | |
1998 | Louis J. Ignarro | United States | Roman Catholic | "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[281] | |
Ferid Murad | United States | Christian[282] | |||
2000 | Paul Greengard | United States | Protestant (Episcopalian)[283] | "for his discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[284] | |
2002 | Sir John E. Sulston | United Kingdom | Although brought up in a Christian family, Sulston lost his faith and become an atheist | "for his discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[285] | |
2004 | Linda B. Buck | United States | Christian | "for her discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[286] | |
2007 | Mario R. Capecchi | United States | Quaker[287] | "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[288] | |
Sir Martin J. Evans | United Kingdom | Christian | |||
2012 | Sir John B. Gurdon | United Kingdom | Protestant (Anglican)[289] | "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"[194] |
Year | Laureate | Country | Denomination | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1902 | Theodor Mommsen | Germany | Protestant | "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome"[290] | |
1903 | Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson | Norway | Protestant[291] | "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[292] | |
1904 | Frédéric Mistral | France | Roman Catholic | "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[293] | |
José Echegaray | Spain | Roman Catholic | "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"[293] | ||
1905 | Henryk Sienkiewicz | Poland | Roman Catholic[294] | "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[295] | |
1909 | Selma Lagerlöf | Sweden | Christian[296] | "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[297] | |
1910 | Paul von Heyse | Germany | Protestant of Jewish descent | "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[298] | |
1916 | Verner von Heidenstam | Sweden | Christian[299] | "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[300] | |
1923 | William Butler Yeats | Ireland | Anglica[301] | "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[302] | |
1924 | Władysław Reymont | Poland | Roman Catholic[303] | "for his great national epic, The Peasants"[304] | |
1926 | Grazia Deledda | Italy | Roman Catholic[305] | "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[306] | |
1928 | Sigrid Undset | Norway (Born in Denmark) |
Roman Catholic[307] | "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[308] | |
1929 | Thomas Mann | Germany | Protestant (Lutheran)[309][310] | "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[311] | |
1933 | Ivan Bunin | France (Born in Russia) | Eastern Orthodox | "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[312] | |
1938 | Pearl S. Buck | United States | Protestant (Southern Presbyterian)[313] | "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[314] | |
1945 | Gabriela Mistral | Chile | Roman Catholic[315] | "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[316] | |
1946 | Hermann Hesse | Switzerland (Born in Germany) |
Christian[317][318] | "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[319] | |
1947 | André Gide | France | Protestant[320] | "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[321] | |
1948 | T. S. Eliot | United Kingdom (Born in the United States) |
Anglican[322][323] | "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"[324] | |
1949 | William Faulkner | United States | Protestant (Episcopalian) | "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"[325] | |
1952 | François Mauriac | France | Roman Catholic[326] | "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"[327] | |
1953 | Sir Winston Churchill | United Kingdom | Anglican | "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[328] | |
1954 | Ernest Hemingway | United States | Converts to Roman Catholicism[329] | "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[330] | |
1955 | Halldór Laxness | Iceland | Converts to Roman Catholicism[331] | "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[332] | |
1956 | Juan Ramón Jiménez | Puerto Rico (Born in Spain) | Roman Catholic | "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[333] | |
1958 | Boris Pasternak | Soviet Union | Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism[334] | "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[335] | |
1961 | Ivo Andrić | Yugoslavia (Born in Austria-Hungary) |
Roman Catholic | "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"[336] | |
1962 | John Steinbeck | United States | Raised Episcopalian[337] later he become agnostic | "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[338] | |
1963 | Giorgos Seferis | Greece (Born in the Ottoman Empire) |
Greek Orthodox | "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[339] | |
1967 | Miguel Ángel Asturias | Guatemala | Roman Catholic | "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[340] | |
1969 | Samuel Beckett | France (Born in Ireland) | Anglican (Church of Ireland) | "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[341] | |
1970 | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Soviet Union | Eastern Orthodox[342] | "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[343] | |
1972 | Heinrich Böll | Germany (West) | Roman Catholic[344] | "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[345] | |
1979 | Odysseas Elytis | Greece | Greek Orthodox | "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[346] | |
1980 | Czesław Miłosz | United States (Born in Poland) | Roman Catholic[347] | "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[348] | |
1982 | Gabriel García Márquez | Colombia | Roman Catholic[349] | "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[350] | |
1989 | Camilo José Cela | Spain | Roman Catholic | "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[351] | |
1990 | Octavio Paz | Mexico | Roman Catholic | "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[352] | |
1992 | Derek Walcott | Saint Lucia | Protestant (Methodist )[353] | "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[354] | |
1993 | Toni Morrison | United States | Roman Catholic[355] | "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[356] | |
1999 | Günter Grass | Germany | Roman Catholic[357][358] | "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"[359] | |
2003 | J. M. Coetzee | South Africa Australia |
Protestant[360] | "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[361] | |
2008 | J. M. G. Le Clézio | France Mauritius |
Roman Catholic | "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"[362] | |
2010 | Mario Vargas Llosa | Peru Spain |
Roman Catholic[363] | "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[364] |
Year | Laureate | Country | Denomination | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1902 | Élie Ducommun | Switzerland | Protestant | "[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau"[365] | |
Charles Albert Gobat | Protestant | "[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union" | |||
1903 | William Randal Cremer | United Kingdom | Methodist | "[For his role as the] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[366] | |
1905 | Bertha von Suttner | Austria-Hungary | Roman Catholic[367] | For authoring Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[28][368] | |
1906 | Theodore Roosevelt | United States | Protestant (Dutch Reformed Church)[369] | "[F]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"[28][370] | |
1907 | Ernesto Teodoro Moneta | Italy | Roman Catholic | "[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement"[28][371] | |
Louis Renault | France | Roman Catholic | "[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague" | ||
1909 | Auguste Beernaert | Belgium | Roman Catholic | "[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[28][372] | |
Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant | France | Protestant (Calvinist) | "[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration"[28][372] | ||
1912 | Elihu Root[A] | United States | Protestant (Presbyterian) | "[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court"[28][373] | |
1919 | Woodrow Wilson | United States | Protestant (Presbyterian)[374] | "[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations"[28][375] | |
1921 | Hjalmar Branting | Sweden | Lutheran (Church of Sweden)[376] | "[F]or his work in the League of Nations"[28][377] | |
Christian Lange | Norway | Lutheran (Church of Norway) | "[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[28][377] | ||
1925 | Austen Chamberlain[A] | United Kingdom | Unitarian[378] | For work on the Locarno Treaties[28][379] | |
Charles G. Dawes[A] | United States | Protestant (Congregationalist) | "[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925"[28][379] | ||
1926 | Gustav Stresemann | Germany | Protestant | For work on the Locarno Treaties[28][380] | |
1927 | Ferdinand Buisson | France | Protestant[381] | "[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation"[28][62] | |
1930 | Nathan Söderblom | Sweden | Lutheran (Church of Sweden) | "[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace"[28][382] | |
1931 | Jane Addams | United States | Protestant (Presbyterian)[383] | "[F]or her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[28][384] | |
Nicholas Murray Butler | Protestant (Episcopalian) | "[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement"[28][384] | |||
1934 | Arthur Henderson | United Kingdom | Protestant (Methodist)[385] | "[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament"[28][386][387] | |
1935 | Carl von Ossietzky[B] | Germany | Protestant (Lutheran)[388] | "[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament"[28][389] | |
1945 | Cordell Hull | United States | Protestant (Episcopalian)[390] | "[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization"[391] | |
1946 | Emily Greene Balch | United States | Quaker[392] | "Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[393] | |
John Raleigh Mott | Protestant (Methodist)[394] | "Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"[393] | |||
1947 | Friends Service Council | United Kingdom | Quaker | "compassion for others and the desire to help them"[395] | |
American Friends Service Committee | United States | Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) | |||
1949 | The Lord Boyd-Orr | United Kingdom | Protestant (Free Church of Scotland)[396] | "Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"[397] | |
1950 | Ralph Bunche | United States | Protestant (Baptist)[398] | "Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"[399] | |
1952 | Albert Schweitzer | France | Christian[400] | "Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[401] | |
1953 | George Catlett Marshall | United States | Protestant (Episcopalian)[402] | "General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'"[403] | |
1957 | Lester Bowles Pearson | Canada | Protestant (United Church of Canada)[404] | "former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly";[405] "for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."[28] | |
1958 | Dominique Pire | Belgium | Roman Catholic | "Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""[406] | |
1959 | Philip Noel-Baker | United Kingdom | Quaker[407] | "Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"[408] | |
1960 | Albert Lutuli | South Africa (Born in Southern Rhodesia) |
Protestant (Methodist) | "President of the African National Congress,"[409] "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."[28] | |
1961 | Dag Hammarskjöld[C] | Sweden | Protestant (Lutheran)[410] | "Secretary General of the U.N.,"[411] awarded "for strengthening the organization."[28] | |
1964 | Martin Luther King, Jr. | United States | Protestant (Baptist; Progressive National Baptist Convention) | Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence."[412] | |
1970 | Norman E. Borlaug | United States | Protestant (Lutheran) | "International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;"[413] "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."[28] | |
1971 | Willy Brandt | Germany (West) | Protestant (Lutheran)[414] | "Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"[415] | |
1974 | Seán MacBride | Ireland (Born in France) |
Roman Catholic[416] | "President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia."[417] "For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"[28] | |
1976 | Betty Williams | United Kingdom | Roman Catholic | "Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"[418] | |
Mairead Corrigan | Roman Catholic[419] | ||||
1979 | Mother Teresa | Albania (Born in Ottoman Kosovo) | Roman Catholic[420] | "Founder of Missionaries of Charity"[421] | |
1980 | Adolfo Pérez Esquivel | Argentina | Roman Catholic[422] | "Human rights leader;"[423] "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."[28] | |
1982 | Alfonso García Robles | Mexico | Roman Catholic | "[for] his magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"[424][425] | |
1983 | Lech Wałęsa | Poland | Roman Catholic[426] | "Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"[427] | |
1984 | Desmond Tutu | South Africa | Protestant (Anglican) | "Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"[428] | |
1987 | Óscar Arias | Costa Rica | Roman Catholic | "for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"[429] | |
1993 | Nelson Mandela | South Africa | Protestant (Methodist)[430] | "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"[431] | |
Frederik Willem de Klerk | Protestant (Reformed)[432] | ||||
1996 | Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo | Indonesia | Roman Catholic | "for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[433] | |
José Ramos-Horta | Roman Catholic | ||||
1998 | John Hume | United Kingdom | Roman Catholic[434] | "for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[435] | |
David Trimble | Protestant (Presbyterian)[436][437] | ||||
2000 | Kim Dae-jung | South Korea | Roman Catholic[438] | "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[439] | |
2001 | Kofi Annan | Ghana | Protestant[440] | "for his work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[441] | |
2002 | Jimmy Carter | United States | Protestant (Baptist)[442] | "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[443] | |
2004 | Wangari Muta Maathai | Kenya | Roman Catholic[444] | "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[445] | |
2007 | Al Gore | United States | Protestant (Baptist) | "for his efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[446] | |
2008 | Martti Ahtisaari | Finland | Protestant (Lutheran) | "for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[447] | |
2009 | Barack Obama | United States | Protestant[448] | "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[449] | |
2011 | Ellen Johnson Sirleaf | Liberia | Protestant (Methodist)[2] | "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[450] | |
Leymah Gbowee | Protestant (Lutheran)[451] |
Year | Laureate | Country | Denomination | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1969 | Ragnar Frisch | Norway | Protestant[96] | "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes" | |
Jan Tinbergen | Netherlands | Protestant | |||
1975 | File:Tjalling Koopmans.jpg | Tjalling Koopmans | Netherlands United States |
Protestant | "for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[452] |
1979 | Theodore Schultz | United States | Protestant | "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries."[453] | |
Arthur Lewis | Saint Lucia United Kingdom |
Roman Catholic[454] | |||
1982 | George Stigler | United States | Christian[455] | "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"[456] | |
1986 | James M. Buchanan | United States | Protestant[457] | "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"[458] | |
1988 | Maurice Allais | France | Roman Catholic | "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"[459] | |
1989 | Trygve Haavelmo | Norway | Protestant[460] | "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures"[461] | |
1994 | John Harsanyi | United States | Raised a devout Catholic,[462] later he abandoned Catholicism | "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games."[463] | |
John Forbes Nash | He was baptized in the Episcopal Church[464] later he become an atheist | ||||
Reinhard Selten | Germany | Raised as Protestant,[465] later he left the church | |||
1996 | William Vickrey | Canada United States |
Quaker [466] | "for his fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"[467] | |
2003 | Robert F. Engle | United States | Quaker[468] | "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"[469] | |
Clive Granger | United Kingdom | Christian | "for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)"[469] | ||
2009 | Elinor Ostrom | United States | Protestant[470] | "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[471] | |
2010 | Christopher A. Pissarides | Cyprus | Eastern Orthodox[472] | "for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[473] | |
2013 | Eugene F. Fama | United States | Roman Catolic[474] | "for their empirical analysis of asset prices." | |
Robert J. Shiller | Protestant (Methodist)[475] |
Year of laureate | Laureate | Laureate category | Former religion | Converted to | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1912 | Alexis Carrel | Physiology or Medicine |
Atheism | Roman Catholicism[210] | |
1918 | Fritz Haber | Chemistry | Judaism | Protestantism-Lutheranism[132] | |
1928 | Sigrid Undset | Literature | Agnosticism | Roman Catholicism[476] | |
1930 | Karl Landsteiner | Physiology or Medicine |
Judaism | Roman Catholicism[223] | |
1949 | Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz | Physiology or Medicine |
Judaism | Roman Catholicism[477] | |
1954 | Max Born | Physics | Judaism | Protestantism-Lutheranism[78] | |
1958 | Boris Pasternak | Literature | Judaism | Eastern Orthodoxy[478] | |
1970 | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Literature | Atheism | Eastern Orthodoxy[479] | |
1980 | Czesław Miłosz | Literature | Atheism | Roman Catholicism[347] | |
2000 | Kim Dae-jung | Peace | Undetermined | Roman Catholicism[438] |