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The Eocene-aged Monte Bolca fossil site of Verona, Italy was one of the first lagerstatte to be discovered to science, and still is one of the most prominent vertebrate faunas of all Cenozoic lagerstatte. It has the highest fish diversity of all known Cenozoic fossil sites, with many fossils having extremely detailed preservation. In addition, numerous land vertebrates and plants are also known.

Cartilaginous fishes

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Based on Marrama et al, 2021:[1]

Chimaeras

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Chimaeras reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Ischyodus I. sp. Monte Postale A relative of plough-nosed chimaeras, known from a single dorsal spine.
I. quenstedti, a related species

Sharks

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Sharks reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Brachycarcharias B. lerichei Pesciara A sand shark.
Eogaleus E. bolcensis Pesciara & Monte Postale A requiem shark.
Galeorhinus G. cuvieri Pesciara & Monte Postale A relative of the school shark.

Rays

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Chondrichthyans reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Arechia A. crassicaudata Monte Postale A stingaree.
Dasyomyliobatis D. thomyorkei Pesciara A dasyomyliobatid stingray.[2]
Eoplatyrhina E. bolcensis Monte Postale A thornback ray.
Eorhinobatos E. primaevus Pesciara A guitarfish.
Lessiniabatis L. aenigmatica Pesciara A bizarre stingray of uncertain affinities.
Plesiozanobatus P. egertoni Pesciara A relative of panrays.
Promyliobatis P. gazolai Pesciara A potential eagle ray.
Pseudorhinobatos P. dezignii Monte Postale A guitarfish.
Tethytrygon T. muricatus Pesciara A whiptail stingray.
Titanonarke T. megapterygia Monte Postale An electric ray.
T. molini

Ray-finned fishes

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Primarily based on Papazzoni et al. 2014, with more recent taxa also added.[3] Taxonomic order and arrangement based on Fishes of the World (2016):[4]

Pycnodontiformes

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Pycnodonts reported from Monte Bolca[5]
Genus Species Notes Images
Abdobalistum A. thyrsus A nursalliine pycnodont.
Nursallia N. veronae A nursalliine pycnodont.
Palaeobalistum P. orbiculatum A nursalliine pycnodont.
P. goedeli, a related species
Pycnodus P. apodus A pycnodontine pycnodont.

Crossognathiformes

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Crossognathiforms reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Notes Images
Platinx P. macropterus A pachyrhizodontid, the last crossognathiform.

Osteoglossiformes

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Osteoglossiforms reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Notes Images
Foreyichthys F. bolcensis A bonytongue.
Monopteros M. gigas A bonytongue.
Thrissopterus T. catullii A relative of the arapaima.

Anguilliformes

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Eels reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Notes Images
Anguilloides A. branchiostegalis An angulloidid eel.
Bolcanguilla B. brachycephala An eel of uncertain affinities
Bolcyrus B. bajai A conger eel.
B. formosissimus
Dalpiazella D. brevicauda A paranguillid eel.
Eoanguilla E. leptoptera An anguillid eel.
Gazolapodus G. homopterus An eel of uncertain affinities.
Goslinophis G. acuticaudus A snake-eel.
Milananguilla M. lehmani A milanguillid eel.
Paracongroides P. heckeli A conger eel.
Paranguilla P. tigrina A paranguillid eel.
Patavichthys P. bolcensis A patavichthyid eel.
Proteomyrus P. ventralis A proteomyrid eel.
Voltaconger V. latispinus A conger eel.
Whitapodus W. breviculus A false moray.

Clupeiformes

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Clupeiformes reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Notes Images
Bolcaichthys B. catopygopterus A true herring.[6]
Eoalosa E. janvieri A shad.[7]
Eoengraulis E. fasoloi An anchovy.[8]
Trollichthys T. bolcensis A round herring.[9]

Ellimmichthyiformes

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Ellimmichthyiformes reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Notes Images
Eoellimmichthys E. superstes The last marine ellimmichthyiform.[10]

Gonorynchiformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
Chanos C. forcipatus A milkfish.[11]
C. chanos, a related species
Coelogaster C. leptostea A relative of the milkfish.

Otophysi

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Genus Species Notes Images
Chanoides C. macropoma A stem-otophysan.[12]

Aulopiformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
Holosteus H. esocinus A barracudina.

Lampriformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
“Pegasus” P. volans Initially placed as a seamoth, but now considered a taenosome lampriform.
Veronavelifer V. sorbinii A sailfin velifer.
Wettonius W. angeloi A sailfin velifer. (=Velifer carosii)

Zeiformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
Bajaichthys B. elegans A zeiform (initially considered a lamprimorph)

Holocentriformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
Berybolcensis B. leptacanthus A basal holocentrid.
Eoholocentrum E. macrocephalum A soldierfish.
Tenuicentrum T. lanceolatum A basal holocentrid.

Ophidiiformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
"Ophidium" "O." voltianum A cusk-eel.

Kurtiformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
Apogoniscus A. pauciradiatus A cardinalfish.
Bolcapogon B. johnsoni A cardinalfish.
Eoapogon E. fraseri A cardinalfish.
Eosphaeramia E. pygopterus A cardinalfish.
Leptolumamia L. vetula A cardinalfish.[13]

Gobiiformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
Carlomonnius C. quasigobius A gobioid of uncertain affinities.[14]

Ovalentaria

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Genus Species Notes Images
Lorenzichthys L. olihan A damselfish.
Palaeopomacentrus P. orphae A damselfish.
Sorbinichromis S. francescoi A damselfish.

Atheriniformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
"Atherina" "A." macrocephala An Old World silverside.
Latellagnathus L. teruzzii A mesogasterid.
Mesogaster M. sphyraenoides A mesogasterid.
Rhamphognathus R. paralepoides A rhamphognathid.

Carangiformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
Ceratoichthys C. pinnatiformis A bizarre carangid.
Ductor D. vesternae A ductorid.
Eastmanalepes E. primaevus A carangid.
Lichia L. veronensis A relative of the leerfish.
Mene M. oblonga A moonfish.
M. rhombea
Paratrachinotus P. tenuiceps A carangid.
Trachicaranx T. pleuronectiformis A carangid.

Istiophoriformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
Blochius B. longirostris A blochiid billfish.
B. macropterus
Palaeorhynchus P. zorzini A palaeorhynchid billfish.
Sphyraena S. bolcensis A barracuda.

Pleuronectiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Amphistium A. paradoxum Pesciara An amphistiid flatfish.
Eobothus E. minutus Pesciara A flatfish of uncertain affinities.
Heteronectes H. chaneti Monte Postale A potentially amphistiid flatfish.

Syngnathiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Aeoliscoides A. longirostris A shrimpfish.
Aulorhamphus A. bolcensis An aulorhamphid.
A. capellinii
A. chiarasorbiniae
Aulostomoides A. tyleri An indeterminate aulostomoid.
Calamostoma C. breviculum A relative of the ghost pipefish.
Eoaulostomus E. bolcensis A relative of the trumpetfish.
E. gracilis
Fistularioides F. phyllolepis A fistularioidid.
F. veronensis
Jungersenichthys J. elongatus A relative of the trumpetfish.
Macraulostomus M. veronensis A relative of the trumpetfish.
Paraeoliscus P. robinetae A paraeoliscid.
Paramphisile P. weleri A shrimpfish.
Parasynarcualis P. longirostris A parasynarcualid.
Pesciarhamphus P. carnevalei An aulorhamphid.
Prosolenostomus P. lessinii A pipefish.
Pseudosyngnathus P. opisthopterus A fistularioidid.
Pterygocephalus P. paradoxus A relative of the flying gurnards.
Rhamphosus R. biserratus Pesciara A rhamphosid.[15]
R. bloti
R. brevirostris
R. longispinatus
R. rastrum
R. tubulirostris
Solenorhynchus S. elegans A relative of the ghost pipefish.
"Syngnathus" "S." bolcensis A pipefish.
"S." heckeli
Synhypuralis S. banisteri A relative of the trumpetfish.
S. jungerseni
Tyleria T. necopinata A relative of the trumpetfish.
Urosphen U. dubius A urosphenid.
Veronarhamphus V. canossae An aulorhamphid.

Callionymiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Gilmourella G. minuta Pesciara A callonymoid.

Scombriformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Auxides A. propterygius A scombrid.
Godsilia G. lanceolata A scombrid.
Pseudauxides P. speciosus A scombrid.
Thunnoscomberoides T. bolcensis A scombrid.
Veronaphleges V. brunae A euzaphlegid.

Labriformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bellwoodilabrus B. landinii A wrasse.
Eocoris E. bloti A wrasse.
"Labrus" "L." merula (="L." valenciennesi)[16] A labroid of uncertain affinities.
Labrobolcus L. giorgioi Pesciara A wrasse.
Paralabrus P. rossiae Pesciara A presumed wrasse.
Phyllopharyngodon P. longipinnis A wrasse related to hogfish and tuskfishes.[16]
Sorbinia S. caudopunctata A labroid of uncertain affinities.
Zorzinilabrus Z. furcatus Pesciara A wrasse.

Lophiiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Caruso C. brachysomus A goosefish.
Eophryne E. barbutii A frogfish.
Histionotophorus H. bassanii A handfish.
Neilpeartia N. ceratoi Pesciara A frogfish.[17]
Orrichthys O. longimanus A handfish.
Sharfia S. mirabilis A goosefish.
Tarkus T. squirei A batfish.

Percomorpha incertae sedis

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anorevus A. lorenzonii Pesciara Possibly a stem-flatfish.[18]
Guus G. microcephalus Pesciara A tortonesid percomorph (formerly considered a gobioid).
Quasinectes Q. durello Monte Postale Possibly a stem-flatfish.

Reptiles

[edit]

Based on Seghetti et al, 2022:[19]

Crocodilians

[edit]
Crocodilians reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Asiatosuchus A. cf. depressifrons Purga di Bolca A crocodyloid, previously classified under "Crocodylus vicetinus"
Boverisuchus B. sp. A planocraniid, previously classified under "C. bolcensis"
Hassiacosuchus H. cf. haupti An alligatorid, previously classified under "C. vicetinus"

A record of "C. cf. vicetinus" that is now assigned to Diplocynodon is thought to actually originate from the Oligocene-aged Monteviale site, as opposed to Bolca.[19]

Turtles

[edit]
Turtles reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Neochelys N. capellinii Purga di Bolca A podocnemidid turtle.
N. franzeni, a related species
"Trionyx" "T". capellinii A softshell turtle.

Snakes

[edit]
Snakes reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anomalophis A. bolcensis Pesciara An anomalophiid snake.
Archaeophis A. proavus A palaeophiid snake.
"Coluber" "C." ombonii Purga di Bolca A snake of uncertain affinities.

Arthropods

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Arachnida

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eoeuscorpius E. ceratoi Pesciara A scorpion, possibly a euscorpiid.[20]
Pseudoscorpiones indet. A possible pseudoscorpion.[20]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Kriwet, Jürgen (2021). "Diversity, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental significance of the Eocene chondrichthyan assemblages of the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy". Lethaia. 54 (5): 736–751. doi:10.1111/let.12436. ISSN 0024-1164. PMC 9291491. PMID 35873368.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  2. ^ Marramà, G.; Villalobos-Segura, E.; Zorzin, R.; Kriwet, J.; Carnevale, G. (2023). "The evolutionary origin of the durophagous pelagic stingray ecomorph". Palaeontology. 66 (4). e12669. Bibcode:2023Palgy..6612669M. doi:10.1111/pala.12669. PMC 7614867. PMID 37533696.
  3. ^ Carnevale, G.; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Marramà, G.; Tyler, James C.; Zorzin., R. (2014). "The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte: A window into the Eocene World. 5. The Pesciara- Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates. Excursion guide" (PDF). Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 4 (1): i–xxvii. hdl:10088/25678.
  4. ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016-02-22). Fishes of the World. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  5. ^ Poyato-Ariza, Francisco; Wenz, Sylvie (January 2002). "A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes". Geodiversitas. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  6. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2015-11-02). "The Eocene sardine † Bolcaichthys catopygopterus (Woodward, 1901) from Monte Bolca, Italy: osteology, taxonomy, and paleobiology". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (6): e1014490. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1014490. ISSN 0272-4634.
  7. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2018). "Eoalosa janvieri gen. et sp. nov., a new clupeid fish (Teleostei, Clupeiformes) from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy". PalZ. 92 (1): 107–120. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0378-0. ISSN 1867-6812. PMC 5830460. PMID 29515269.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  8. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2016). "An Eocene anchovy from Monte Bolca, Italy: The earliest known record for the family Engraulidae". Geological Magazine. 153 (1): 84–94. doi:10.1017/S0016756815000278. ISSN 0016-7568.
  9. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2014). "Eocene round herring (Teleostei: Clupeidae) from Monte Bolca, Italy". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00057.2014. ISSN 0567-7920.
  10. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Kriwet, Jürgen; Carnevale, Giorgio (2019-02). Cavin, Lionel (ed.). "An Eocene paraclupeid fish (Teleostei, Ellimmichthyiformes) from Bolca, Italy: the youngest marine record of double‐armoured herrings". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (1): 83–98. doi:10.1002/spp2.1230. ISSN 2056-2799. PMC 6392134. PMID 30854219. ((cite journal)): Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  11. ^ Fara, Emmanuel; Gayet, Mireille; Taverne, Louis (2010-01-01), "The Fossil Record of Gonorynchiformes", Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships, CRC Press, pp. 173–226, ISBN 978-0-429-06156-1, retrieved 2024-07-11
  12. ^ Mayrinck, D.; Brito, P. M.; Otero, O. (2015-05-04). "Review of the osteology of the fossil fish formerly attributed to the genus † Chanoides and implications for the definition of otophysan bony characters". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (5): 397–420. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.893260. ISSN 1477-2019.
  13. ^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  14. ^ "†Carlomonnius quasigobius gen. et sp. nov.: the first gobioid fish from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy". iris.unito.it. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  15. ^ CALZONI, PIETRO; AMALFITANO, JACOPO; GIUSBERTI, LUCA; MARRAMÀ, GIUSEPPE; CARNEVALE, GIORGIO (2023-10-03). "EOCENE RHAMPHOSIDAE (TELEOSTEI: SYNGNATHIFORMES) FROM THE BOLCA LAGERSTÄTTE, ITALY". RIVISTA ITALIANA DI PALEONTOLOGIA E STRATIGRAFIA (in Italian). 129 (3). doi:10.54103/2039-4942/20707. ISSN 2039-4942.
  16. ^ a b Bellwood, David R.; Schultz, Ortwin; Siqueira, Alexandre C.; Cowman, Peter F. (2019). "A review of the fossil record of the Labridae". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie A für Mineralogie und Petrographie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Anthropologie und Prähistorie. 121: 125–194. ISSN 0255-0091.
  17. ^ Carnevale, Giorgio; Pietsch, Theodore W.; Bonde, Niels; Leal, Maria E. C.; Marramà, Giuseppe (2020-03-03). "† Neilpeartia ceratoi , gen. et sp. nov., a new frogfish from the Eocene of Bolca, Italy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (2): e1778711. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1778711. ISSN 0272-4634.
  18. ^ "IRMNG - Anorevus Bannikov & Zorzin, 2020". www.irmng.org. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  19. ^ a b Seghetti, Simone Matteo; Georgalis, Georgios L.; Tschopp, Emanuel; Delfino, Massimo (2022-08-03). "A historical overview of the reptile fauna from the Eocene Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte (Italy)". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 61 (2): 119–143. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2022.14. ISSN 0375-7633.
  20. ^ a b Kühl, Gabriele; Lourenço, Wilson R. (2017-09-01). "A new genus and species of fossil scorpion (?Euscorpiidae) from the Early–Middle Eocene of Pesciara (Bolca, Italy)". PalZ. 91 (3): 283–290. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0372-6. ISSN 1867-6812.
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