p ˙ = − ∂ H ∂ q q ˙ = + ∂ H ∂ p {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\dot {p))=-{\frac {\partial \mathrm {H} }{\partial q))\\&{\dot {q))=+{\frac {\partial \mathrm {H} }{\partial p))\end{aligned))}
1 1 + x = ( 1 + x ) − 1 = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + . . . = ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) k x k {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+x))=(1+x)^{-1}=1-x+x^{2}-x^{3}+...=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}x^{k))
( − 1 ) ( 1 + x ) − 2 = − 1 + 2 x − 3 x 2 . . . = ∑ k = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) k k x k − 1 {\displaystyle (-1)(1+x)^{-2}=-1+2x-3x^{2}...=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}kx^{k-1))
( − 1 ) ( − 2 ) ( 1 + x ) − 3 = ∑ k = 2 ∞ ( − 1 ) k k ( k − 1 ) x k − 2 {\displaystyle (-1)(-2)(1+x)^{-3}=\sum _{k=2}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}k(k-1)x^{k-2))
( − 1 ) ( − 2 ) ( − 3 ) ( 1 + x ) − 4 = ∑ k = 3 ∞ ( − 1 ) k k ( k − 1 ) ( k − 2 ) x k − 3 = ∑ r = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) r + 3 ( r + 3 ) ( r + 2 ) ( r + 1 ) x r {\displaystyle (-1)(-2)(-3)(1+x)^{-4}=\sum _{k=3}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}k(k-1)(k-2)x^{k-3}=\sum _{r=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{r+3}(r+3)(r+2)(r+1)x^{r))
( − 1 ) n − 1 ( n − 1 ) ! ( 1 + x ) − n = ∑ l = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) r + n − 1 ( r + n − 1 ) ! r ! x r {\displaystyle (-1)^{n-1}(n-1)!(1+x)^{-n}=\sum _{l=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{r+n-1}{\frac {(r+n-1)!}{r!))x^{r))
( 1 + x ) − n = ∑ l = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) r ( r + n − 1 ) ! r ! ( n − 1 ) ! x r {\displaystyle (1+x)^{-n}=\sum _{l=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{r}{\frac {(r+n-1)!}{r!(n-1)!))x^{r))
( − n r ) = ( − 1 ) r ( r + n − 1 ) ! r ! ( n − 1 ) ! = ( − 1 ) r ( r + n − 1 r ) {\displaystyle {\binom {-n}{r))=(-1)^{r}{\frac {(r+n-1)!}{r!(n-1)!))=(-1)^{r}{\binom {r+n-1}{r))}
( − n − 1 r ) = ( − 1 ) r ( r + n r ) {\displaystyle {\binom {-n-1}{r))=(-1)^{r}{\binom {r+n}{r))}
( − 1 ) r ( − n − 1 r ) = ( r + n r ) {\displaystyle (-1)^{r}{\binom {-n-1}{r))={\binom {r+n}{r))}
( − 1 ) r ( − n + r − 1 r ) = ( n r ) {\displaystyle (-1)^{r}{\binom {-n+r-1}{r))={\binom {n}{r))}
( 9 5 ) − ( 9 6 ) + ( 9 7 ) − ( 9 8 ) + ( 9 9 ) = 126 − 84 + 36 − 9 + 1 = 256 = 70 = ( 8 4 ) {\displaystyle {\binom {9}{5))-{\binom {9}{6))+{\binom {9}{7))-{\binom {9}{8))+{\binom {9}{9))=126-84+36-9+1=256=70={\binom {8}{4))}
∑ k = 0 n ( − 1 ) k ( 2 n + 1 n + k + 1 ) = ∑ r = n 0 ( − 1 ) n − r ( 2 n + 1 2 n − r + 1 ) = ∑ r = n 0 ( − 1 ) n − r ( 2 n + 1 r ) = {\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{k}{\binom {2n+1}{n+k+1))=\sum _{r=n}^{0}(-1)^{n-r}{\binom {2n+1}{2n-r+1))=\sum _{r=n}^{0}(-1)^{n-r}{\binom {2n+1}{r))=} ∑ r = 0 n ( − 1 ) n − r ( 2 n + 1 r ) = ( − 1 ) n ∑ r = 0 n ( − 1 ) r ( 2 n + 1 r ) = {\displaystyle \sum _{r=0}^{n}(-1)^{n-r}{\binom {2n+1}{r))=(-1)^{n}\sum _{r=0}^{n}(-1)^{r}{\binom {2n+1}{r))=}
This 100
∑ i = r n ( n − i + 1 1 ) ( i r ) = ∑ i = r n ( n − i + 1 ) ( i r ) = ∑ i = r n ∑ j = i n ( i r ) = ∑ j = r n ∑ i = r j ( i r ) = ∑ j = r n ( j + 1 r + 1 ) = ( n + 2 r + 2 ) {\displaystyle \sum _{i=r}^{n}{\binom {n-i+1}{1)){\binom {i}{r))=\sum _{i=r}^{n}(n-i+1){\binom {i}{r))=\sum _{i=r}^{n}\sum _{j=i}^{n}{\binom {i}{r))=\sum _{j=r}^{n}\sum _{i=r}^{j}{\binom {i}{r))=\sum _{j=r}^{n}{\binom {j+1}{r+1))={\binom {n+2}{r+2))}
therefore ∑ i = 0 n ( n − i + 1 1 ) ( i 0 ) = ( n + 2 2 ) {\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{n}{\binom {n-i+1}{1)){\binom {i}{0))={\binom {n+2}{2))}
Then
∑ i = r n ( n − i + 2 2 ) ( i r ) = ∑ i = r n ∑ j = 0 n ( n − i − j + 1 1 ) ( j 0 ) ( i r ) {\displaystyle \sum _{i=r}^{n}{\binom {n-i+2}{2)){\binom {i}{r))=\sum _{i=r}^{n}\sum _{j=0}^{n}{\binom {n-i-j+1}{1)){\binom {j}{0)){\binom {i}{r))}
= ∑ i = r n ∑ j = 0 n ( n − i − j + 1 1 ) ( i r ) {\displaystyle =\sum _{i=r}^{n}\sum _{j=0}^{n}{\binom {n-i-j+1}{1)){\binom {i}{r))} = ∑ j = 0 n ∑ i = r n ( n − i − j + 1 1 ) ( i r ) = ∑ j = 0 n ( n − j + 2 r + 2 ) = ∑ j = 2 n + 2 ( j r + 2 ) = ( n + 3 r + 3 ) {\displaystyle =\sum _{j=0}^{n}\sum _{i=r}^{n}{\binom {n-i-j+1}{1)){\binom {i}{r))=\sum _{j=0}^{n}{\binom {n-j+2}{r+2))=\sum _{j=2}^{n+2}{\binom {j}{r+2))={\binom {n+3}{r+3))}
∑ i = r n ( n − i + k − 1 k − 1 ) ( i r ) = ( n + k r + k ) {\displaystyle \sum _{i=r}^{n}{\binom {n-i+k-1}{k-1)){\binom {i}{r))={\binom {n+k}{r+k))}
r ^ = r r = x i + y j + z k r = i sin θ cos ϕ + j sin θ sin ϕ + k cos θ {\displaystyle {\mathbf {\hat {r)) }={\frac {\mathbf {r} }{r))={\frac {x\mathbf {i} +y\mathbf {j} +z\mathbf {k} }{r))=\mathbf {i} \sin \theta \cos \phi +\mathbf {j} \sin \theta \sin \phi +\mathbf {k} \cos \theta }
ϕ ^ = ϕ ^ = k × r ^ sin θ = − i sin ϕ + j cos ϕ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))} ={\hat {\mathbf {\phi } ))={\frac {\mathbf {k} \times {\hat {\mathbf {r} ))}{\sin \theta ))=-\mathbf {i} \sin \phi +\mathbf {j} \cos \phi }
θ ^ = ϕ ^ × r ^ = i cos θ cos ϕ + j cos θ sin ϕ − k sin θ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))} =\mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))} \times \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {r))} =\mathbf {i} \cos \theta \cos \phi +\mathbf {j} \cos \theta \sin \phi -\mathbf {k} \sin \theta }
Wee see,
∂ r ^ ∂ r = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r)) }{\partial r))=0}
∂ r ^ ∂ θ = i cos θ cos ϕ + j cos θ sin ϕ − k sin θ = θ ^ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r)) }{\partial \theta ))=\mathbf {i} \cos \theta \cos \phi +\mathbf {j} \cos \theta \sin \phi -\mathbf {k} \sin \theta =\mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))} }
∂ r ^ ∂ ϕ = − i sin θ sin ϕ + j sin θ cos ϕ = ( − i sin ϕ + j cos ϕ ) sin θ = ϕ ^ sin θ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r)) }{\partial \phi ))=-\mathbf {i} \sin \theta \sin \phi +\mathbf {j} \sin \theta \cos \phi =(-\mathbf {i} \sin \phi +\mathbf {j} \cos \phi )\sin \theta =\mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))} \sin \theta }
∂ ϕ ^ ∂ r = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))} }{\partial r))=0}
∂ ϕ ^ ∂ θ = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))} }{\partial \theta ))=0}
∂ ϕ ^ ∂ ϕ = − i cos ϕ − j sin ϕ = − ( r ^ sin θ + θ ^ cos θ ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))} }{\partial \phi ))=-\mathbf {i} \cos \phi -\mathbf {j} \sin \phi =-(\mathbf {\hat {r)) \sin \theta +\mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))} \cos \theta )}
∂ θ ^ ∂ r = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))} }{\partial r))=0}
∂ θ ^ ∂ θ = − i sin θ cos ϕ − j sin θ sin ϕ − k cos θ = − r ^ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))} }{\partial \theta ))=-\mathbf {i} \sin \theta \cos \phi -\mathbf {j} \sin \theta \sin \phi -\mathbf {k} \cos \theta =-\mathbf {\hat {r)) }
∂ θ ^ ∂ ϕ = − i cos θ sin ϕ + j cos θ cos ϕ = ϕ ^ cos θ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))} }{\partial \phi ))=-\mathbf {i} \cos \theta \sin \phi +\mathbf {j} \cos \theta \cos \phi ={\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}\cos \theta }
d r = d ( r r ^ ) = r ^ d r + r d r ^ = r ^ d r + r ( ∂ r ^ ∂ r d r + ∂ r ^ ∂ θ d θ + ∂ r ^ ∂ ϕ d ϕ ) {\displaystyle d\mathbf {r} =d(r\mathbf {\hat {r)) )=\mathbf {\hat {r)) dr+rd\mathbf {\hat {r)) =\mathbf {\hat {r)) dr+r\left({\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r)) }{\partial r))dr+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r)) }{\partial \theta ))d\theta +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r)) }{\partial \phi ))d\phi \right)}
= r ^ d r + θ ^ r d θ + + ϕ ^ r sin θ d ϕ {\displaystyle =\mathbf {\hat {r)) dr+\mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))} rd\theta ++\mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))} r\sin \theta d\phi }
And,
d u = ∂ u ∂ r d r + ∂ u ∂ θ d θ + ∂ u ∂ ϕ d ϕ {\displaystyle du={\frac {\partial u}{\partial r))dr+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial \theta ))d\theta +{\frac {\partial u}{\partial \phi ))d\phi }
d u = ∇ u ⋅ d r {\displaystyle du=\nabla u\cdot d\mathbf {r} }
∂ u ∂ r d r + ∂ u ∂ θ d θ + ∂ u ∂ ϕ d ϕ = ∇ u ⋅ d r {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial r))dr+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial \theta ))d\theta +{\frac {\partial u}{\partial \phi ))d\phi =\nabla u\cdot d\mathbf {r} }
Then in spherical coordinates,
∂ u ∂ r d r + ∂ u ∂ θ d θ + ∂ u ∂ ϕ d ϕ = ( ∇ u ) r d r + ( ∇ u ) θ r d θ + ( ∇ u ) ϕ r sin θ d ϕ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial r))dr+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial \theta ))d\theta +{\frac {\partial u}{\partial \phi ))d\phi =(\nabla u)_{r}dr+(\nabla u)_{\theta }rd\theta +(\nabla u)_{\phi }r\sin \theta d\phi }
Therefore,
( ∇ u ) r = ∂ u ∂ r , ( ∇ u ) θ = 1 r ∂ u ∂ θ , ( ∇ u ) ϕ = 1 r sin θ ∂ u ∂ ϕ {\displaystyle (\nabla u)_{r}={\frac {\partial u}{\partial r)),(\nabla u)_{\theta }={\frac {1}{r)){\frac {\partial u}{\partial \theta )),(\nabla u)_{\phi }={\frac {1}{r\sin \theta )){\frac {\partial u}{\partial \phi ))}
therefore,
∇ = r ^ ∂ ∂ r + θ ^ r ∂ ∂ θ + ϕ ^ r sin θ ∂ ∂ ϕ {\displaystyle \nabla =\mathbf {\hat {r)) {\frac {\partial }{\partial r))+{\frac {\mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))} }{r)){\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta ))+{\frac {\mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))} }{r\sin \theta )){\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi ))}
ϕ ^ = ϕ ^ = ϕ ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))} ={\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}=\mathbf {\hat {\phi )) }
( A r r ^ + A θ θ ^ + A ϕ ϕ ^ ) {\displaystyle (A_{r}\mathbf {\hat {r)) +A_{\theta }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+A_{\phi }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))})}
= ( r ^ ∂ ∂ r + θ ^ r ∂ ∂ θ + ϕ ^ r sin θ ∂ ∂ ϕ ) ⋅ ( A r r ^ + A θ θ ^ + A ϕ ϕ ^ ) {\displaystyle =\left(\mathbf {\hat {r)) {\frac {\partial }{\partial r))+{\frac {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}{r)){\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta ))+{\frac {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}{r\sin \theta )){\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi ))\right)\cdot (A_{r}\mathbf {\hat {r)) +A_{\theta }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+A_{\phi }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))})}
= r ^ ⋅ ∂ ∂ r ( A r r ^ + A θ θ ^ + A ϕ ϕ ^ ) + θ ^ r ⋅ ∂ ∂ θ ( A r r ^ + A θ θ ^ + A ϕ ϕ ^ ) + ϕ ^ r sin θ ⋅ ∂ ∂ ϕ ( A r r ^ + A θ θ ^ + A ϕ ϕ ^ ) {\displaystyle =\mathbf {\hat {r)) \cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial r))(A_{r}\mathbf {\hat {r)) +A_{\theta }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+A_{\phi }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))})+{\frac {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}{r))\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta ))(A_{r}\mathbf {\hat {r)) +A_{\theta }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+A_{\phi }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))})+{\frac {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}{r\sin \theta ))\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi ))(A_{r}\mathbf {\hat {r)) +A_{\theta }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+A_{\phi }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))})}
∂ ∂ r ( A r r ^ + A θ θ ^ + A ϕ ϕ ^ ) = ( ∂ A r ∂ r r ^ + ∂ A θ ∂ r θ ^ + ∂ A ϕ ∂ r ϕ ^ + A r ∂ r ^ ∂ r + A θ ∂ θ ^ ∂ r + A ϕ ∂ ϕ ^ ∂ r ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial r))(A_{r}\mathbf {\hat {r)) +A_{\theta }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+A_{\phi }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))})=\left({\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial r))\mathbf {\hat {r)) +{\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial r)){\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+{\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial r)){\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}+A_{r}{\color {red}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r)) }{\partial r))}+A_{\theta }{\color {red}{\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta )))){\partial r))}+A_{\phi }{\color {red}{\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi )))){\partial r))}\right)}
= ( ∂ A r ∂ r r ^ + ∂ A θ ∂ r θ ^ + ∂ A ϕ ∂ r ϕ ^ ) {\displaystyle =\left({\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial r))\mathbf {\hat {r)) +{\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial r)){\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+{\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial r)){\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}\right)}
∂ ∂ θ ( A r r ^ + A θ θ ^ + A ϕ ϕ ^ ) = ( ∂ A r ∂ θ r ^ + ∂ A θ ∂ θ θ ^ + ∂ A ϕ ∂ θ ϕ ^ + A r ∂ r ^ ∂ θ + A θ ∂ θ ^ ∂ θ + A ϕ ∂ ϕ ^ ∂ θ ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta ))(A_{r}\mathbf {\hat {r)) +A_{\theta }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+A_{\phi }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))})=\left({\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial \theta ))\mathbf {\hat {r)) +{\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial \theta )){\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+{\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial \theta )){\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}+A_{r}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r)) }{\partial \theta ))+A_{\theta }{\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta )))){\partial \theta ))+A_{\phi }{\color {red}{\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi )))){\partial \theta ))}\right)}
= ( ∂ A r ∂ θ r ^ + ∂ A θ ∂ θ θ ^ + ∂ A ϕ ∂ θ ϕ ^ + A r θ ^ + A θ ( − r ^ ) ) {\displaystyle =\left({\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial \theta ))\mathbf {\hat {r)) +{\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial \theta )){\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+{\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial \theta )){\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}+A_{r}{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+A_{\theta }(-\mathbf {\hat {r)) )\right)}
∂ ∂ ϕ ( A r r ^ + A θ θ ^ + A ϕ ϕ ^ ) = ( ∂ A r ∂ ϕ r ^ + ∂ A θ ∂ ϕ θ ^ + ∂ A ϕ ∂ ϕ ϕ ^ + A r ∂ r ^ ∂ ϕ + A θ ∂ θ ^ ∂ ϕ + A ϕ ∂ ϕ ^ ∂ ϕ ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi ))(A_{r}\mathbf {\hat {r)) +A_{\theta }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+A_{\phi }{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))})=\left({\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial \phi ))\mathbf {\hat {r)) +{\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial \phi )){\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+{\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial \phi )){\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}+A_{r}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r)) }{\partial \phi ))+A_{\theta }{\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta )))){\partial \phi ))+A_{\phi }{\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi )))){\partial \phi ))\right)}
= ( ∂ A r ∂ ϕ r ^ + ∂ A θ ∂ ϕ θ ^ + ∂ A ϕ ∂ ϕ ϕ ^ + A r sin θ ϕ ^ + A θ cos θ ϕ ^ + A ϕ [ − ( r ^ sin θ + θ ^ cos θ ) ] ) {\displaystyle =\left({\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial \phi ))\mathbf {\hat {r)) +{\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial \phi )){\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+{\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial \phi )){\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}+A_{r}\sin \theta {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}+A_{\theta }\cos \theta {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}+A_{\phi }[-(\mathbf {\hat {r)) \sin \theta +{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}\cos \theta )]\right)}
r ^ = r ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {r))}=\mathbf {\hat {r)) }
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= ( ∂ A r ∂ r ) + ( 1 r ∂ A θ ∂ θ + A r r ) + ( 1 r sin θ ∂ A ϕ ∂ ϕ + A r r + A θ cos θ r sin θ ) {\displaystyle =\left({\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial r))\right)+\left({\frac {1}{r)){\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial \theta ))+{\frac {A_{r)){r))\right)+\left({\frac {1}{r\sin \theta )){\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial \phi ))+{\frac {A_{r)){r))+{\frac {A_{\theta }\cos \theta }{r\sin \theta ))\right)}
= ( ∂ A r ∂ r + 2 A r r ) + ( 1 r ∂ A θ ∂ θ + A θ cos θ r sin θ ) + 1 r sin θ ∂ A ϕ ∂ ϕ {\displaystyle =\left({\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial r))+{\frac {2A_{r)){r))\right)+\left({\frac {1}{r)){\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial \theta ))+{\frac {A_{\theta }\cos \theta }{r\sin \theta ))\right)+{\frac {1}{r\sin \theta )){\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial \phi ))}
= 1 r 2 ∂ ∂ r ( r 2 A r ) + 1 r sin θ ∂ ∂ θ ( A θ sin θ ) + + 1 r sin θ ∂ A ϕ ∂ ϕ {\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{r^{2))}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r))(r^{2}A_{r})+{\frac {1}{r\sin \theta )){\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta ))(A_{\theta }\sin \theta )++{\frac {1}{r\sin \theta )){\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial \phi ))}
r ^ × θ ^ = ϕ ^ , θ ^ × ϕ ^ = r ^ , ϕ ^ × r ^ = θ ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r)) \times {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}={\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))},{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}\times {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}=\mathbf {\hat {r)) ,{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}\times \mathbf {\hat {r)) ={\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))))
r ^ × ϕ ^ = − θ ^ , θ ^ × r ^ = − ϕ ^ , ϕ ^ × θ ^ = − r ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r)) \times {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}=-{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))},{\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}\times \mathbf {\hat {r)) =-{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))},{\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}\times {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}=-\mathbf {\hat {r)) }
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
= ( ∂ A θ ∂ r ϕ ^ − ∂ A ϕ ∂ r θ ^ ) + {\displaystyle =\left({\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial r)){\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}-{\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial r)){\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}\right)+} ( − 1 r ∂ A r ∂ θ ϕ ^ + 1 r ∂ A ϕ ∂ θ r ^ + A θ r ϕ ^ ) + {\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {1}{r)){\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial \theta )){\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}+{\frac {1}{r)){\frac {\partial A_{\phi )){\partial \theta ))\mathbf {\hat {r)) +{\frac {A_{\theta )){r)){\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}\right)+} ( 1 r sin θ ∂ A r ∂ ϕ θ ^ − 1 r sin θ ∂ A θ ∂ ϕ r ^ − A ϕ r θ ^ + A ϕ cos θ r sin θ r ^ ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{r\sin \theta )){\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial \phi )){\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}-{\frac {1}{r\sin \theta )){\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial \phi ))\mathbf {\hat {r)) -{\frac {A_{\phi )){r)){\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}+{\frac {A_{\phi }\cos \theta }{r\sin \theta ))\mathbf {\hat {r)) \right)}
= r ^ r sin θ [ ∂ ∂ θ ( A ϕ sin θ ) − ∂ A θ ∂ ϕ ] {\displaystyle ={\frac {\mathbf {\hat {r)) }{r\sin \theta ))\left[{\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta ))(A_{\phi }\sin \theta )-{\frac {\partial A_{\theta )){\partial \phi ))\right]} + θ ^ r sin θ [ ∂ A r ∂ ϕ − sin θ ∂ ∂ r ( r A ϕ ) ] {\displaystyle +{\frac {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta ))}{r\sin \theta ))\left[{\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial \phi ))-\sin \theta {\frac {\partial }{\partial r))(rA_{\phi })\right]} + ϕ ^ r [ ∂ ∂ r ( r A θ ) − ∂ A r ∂ θ ] {\displaystyle +{\frac {\boldsymbol {\hat {\phi ))}{r))\left[{\frac {\partial }{\partial r))(rA_{\theta })-{\frac {\partial A_{r)){\partial \theta ))\right]}
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( x y ) = ∑ k = 0 n ( n k ) ( x − n y − k ) {\displaystyle {\binom {x}{y))=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k)){\binom {x-n}{y-k))}
( x y ) = ( 1 0 ) ( x − 1 y − 0 ) + ( 1 1 ) ( x − 1 y − 1 ) = ( x − 1 y ) + ( x − 1 y − 1 ) {\displaystyle {\binom {x}{y))={\binom {1}{0)){\binom {x-1}{y-0))+{\binom {1}{1)){\binom {x-1}{y-1))={\binom {x-1}{y))+{\binom {x-1}{y-1))}
( x y ) = ( x − 2 y ) + 2 ( x − 2 y − 1 ) + ( x − 2 y − 2 ) {\displaystyle {\binom {x}{y))={\binom {x-2}{y))+2{\binom {x-2}{y-1))+{\binom {x-2}{y-2))}
( x y ) = ( x − 3 y ) + 3 ( x − 3 y − 1 ) + 3 ( x − 3 y − 2 ) + ( x − 3 y − 3 ) {\displaystyle {\binom {x}{y))={\binom {x-3}{y))+3{\binom {x-3}{y-1))+3{\binom {x-3}{y-2))+{\binom {x-3}{y-3))}
( x y ) = ( x − 4 y ) + 4 ( x − 4 y − 1 ) + 6 ( x − 4 y − 2 ) + 4 ( x − 4 y − 3 ) + ( x − 4 y − 4 ) {\displaystyle {\binom {x}{y))={\binom {x-4}{y))+4{\binom {x-4}{y-1))+6{\binom {x-4}{y-2))+4{\binom {x-4}{y-3))+{\binom {x-4}{y-4))}
( 1 + 2 sin ϕ 2 + 1 sin θ = 5 6 ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {1+{\color {red}2\sin \phi )){2))+{\frac {1}{\color {red}\sin \theta ))={\frac {5}{6))\right)}
∇ 2 = 1 r 2 ∂ ∂ r ( r 2 ∂ ∂ r ) + 1 r 2 sin θ ∂ ∂ θ ( sin θ ∂ ∂ θ ) + 1 r 2 sin 2 θ ∂ 2 ∂ 2 ϕ {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}={\frac {1}{r^{2))}{\color {red}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r))\left(r^{2}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r))\right)}+{\color {blue}{\frac {1}{r^{2}\sin \theta ))}{\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta ))\left(\sin \theta {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta ))\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}\color {green}\sin ^{2}\theta )){\frac {\partial ^{2)){\partial ^{2}\phi ))}
( 1 − x ) p + 1 ∑ k = 0 q ( p + k k ) x k + x q + 1 ∑ k = 0 p ( q + k k ) ( 1 − x ) k = 1 {\displaystyle (1-x)^{p+1}\sum _{k=0}^{q}{\binom {p+k}{k))x^{k}+x^{q+1}\sum _{k=0}^{p}{\binom {q+k}{k))(1-x)^{k}=1}
( 1 − x ) n + 1 ∑ k = 0 m ( n + k k ) x k + x m + 1 ∑ k = 0 n ( m + k k ) ( 1 − x ) k = 1 {\displaystyle (1-x)^{n+1}\sum _{k=0}^{m}{\binom {n+k}{k))x^{k}+x^{m+1}\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {m+k}{k))(1-x)^{k}=1}
( 1 − x ) n + 1 ∑ k = 0 m ∑ i = 0 k ( ( n − 1 ) + i i ) x k + x m + 1 ∑ k = 0 n ∑ i = 0 k ( ( m − 1 ) + i i ) ( 1 − x ) k = 1 {\displaystyle (1-x)^{n+1}\sum _{k=0}^{m}\sum _{i=0}^{k}{\binom {(n-1)+i}{i))x^{k}+x^{m+1}\sum _{k=0}^{n}\sum _{i=0}^{k}{\binom {(m-1)+i}{i))(1-x)^{k}=1}
( 1 − x ) n + 1 ∑ i = 0 m ∑ k = i m ( ( n − 1 ) + i i ) x k + x m + 1 ∑ i = 0 n ∑ k = i n ( ( m − 1 ) + i i ) ( 1 − x ) k = 1 {\displaystyle (1-x)^{n+1}\sum _{i=0}^{m}\sum _{k=i}^{m}{\binom {(n-1)+i}{i))x^{k}+x^{m+1}\sum _{i=0}^{n}\sum _{k=i}^{n}{\binom {(m-1)+i}{i))(1-x)^{k}=1}
( 1 − x ) n + 1 ∑ i = 0 m ( ( n − 1 ) + i i ) ∑ k = i m x k + x m + 1 ∑ i = 0 n ( ( m − 1 ) + i i ) ∑ k = i n ( 1 − x ) k = 1 {\displaystyle (1-x)^{n+1}\sum _{i=0}^{m}{\binom {(n-1)+i}{i))\sum _{k=i}^{m}x^{k}+x^{m+1}\sum _{i=0}^{n}{\binom {(m-1)+i}{i))\sum _{k=i}^{n}(1-x)^{k}=1}
( 1 − x ) n + 1 ∑ i = 0 m ( ( n − 1 ) + i i ) 1 − x m + 1 1 − x + x m + 1 ∑ i = 0 n ( ( m − 1 ) + i i ) 1 − ( 1 − x ) n + 1 x = 1 {\displaystyle (1-x)^{n+1}\sum _{i=0}^{m}{\binom {(n-1)+i}{i)){\frac {1-x^{m+1)){1-x))+x^{m+1}\sum _{i=0}^{n}{\binom {(m-1)+i}{i)){\frac {1-(1-x)^{n+1)){x))=1}
( 1 − x ) n ∑ i = 0 m ( ( n − 1 ) + i i ) ( 1 − x m + 1 ) + x m ∑ i = 0 n ( ( m − 1 ) + i i ) ( 1 − ( 1 − x ) n + 1 ) = 1 {\displaystyle (1-x)^{n}\sum _{i=0}^{m}{\binom {(n-1)+i}{i))(1-x^{m+1})+x^{m}\sum _{i=0}^{n}{\binom {(m-1)+i}{i))(1-(1-x)^{n+1})=1}
5 s 2 ( s + 1 ) 3 = A s 2 + B s + C ( s + 1 ) 3 + D ( s + 1 ) 2 + E ( s + 1 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {5}{s^{2}(s+1)^{3))}={\frac {A}{s^{2))}+{\frac {B}{s))+{\frac {C}{(s+1)^{3))}+{\frac {D}{(s+1)^{2))}+{\frac {E}{(s+1)))}
A = lim s → 0 [ ( 5 s 2 ( s + 1 ) 3 ) s 2 ] = lim s → 0 [ 5 ( s + 1 ) 3 ] = 5 {\displaystyle A=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}\left[\left({\frac {5}{s^{2}(s+1)^{3))}\right)s^{2}\right]=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}\left[{\frac {5}{(s+1)^{3))}\right]=5}
B = lim s → 0 [ d d s ( 5 s 2 ( s + 1 ) 3 ) s 2 ] = lim s → 0 [ d d s 5 ( s + 1 ) 3 ] == lim s → 0 [ 5 ( − 3 ) ( s + 1 ) 4 ] = − 15 {\displaystyle B=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}\left[{\frac {d}{ds))\left({\frac {5}{s^{2}(s+1)^{3))}\right)s^{2}\right]=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}\left[{\frac {d}{ds)){\frac {5}{(s+1)^{3))}\right]==\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}\left[{\frac {5(-3)}{(s+1)^{4))}\right]=-15}
C = lim s → − 1 [ ( 5 s 2 ( s + 1 ) 3 ) ( s + 1 ) 3 ] = lim s → − 1 [ 5 s 2 ] = 5 {\displaystyle C=\lim _{s\rightarrow -1}\left[\left({\frac {5}{s^{2}(s+1)^{3))}\right)(s+1)^{3}\right]=\lim _{s\rightarrow -1}\left[{\frac {5}{s^{2))}\right]=5}
D = lim s → − 1 [ 1 1 ! d d s ( 5 s 2 ( s + 1 ) 3 ( s + 1 ) 3 ) ] = lim s → − 1 [ 1 1 ! d d s 5 s 2 ] == lim s → − 1 [ 1 1 ! 5 ( − 2 ) s 3 ] = 10 {\displaystyle D=\lim _{s\rightarrow -1}\left[{\frac {1}{1!)){\frac {d}{ds))\left({\frac {5}{s^{2}(s+1)^{3))}(s+1)^{3}\right)\right]=\lim _{s\rightarrow -1}\left[{\frac {1}{1!)){\frac {d}{ds)){\frac {5}{s^{2))}\right]==\lim _{s\rightarrow -1}\left[{\frac {1}{1!)){\frac {5(-2)}{s^{3))}\right]=10}
E = lim s → − 1 [ 1 2 ! d 2 d s ( 5 s 2 ( s + 1 ) 3 ( s + 1 ) 3 ) ] = lim s → − 1 [ 1 2 ! d 2 d s 5 s 2 ] == lim s → − 1 [ 1 2 ! 5 ( − 2 ) ( − 3 ) s 4 ] = 15 {\displaystyle E=\lim _{s\rightarrow -1}\left[{\frac {1}{2!)){\frac {d^{2)){ds))\left({\frac {5}{s^{2}(s+1)^{3))}(s+1)^{3}\right)\right]=\lim _{s\rightarrow -1}\left[{\frac {1}{2!)){\frac {d^{2)){ds)){\frac {5}{s^{2))}\right]==\lim _{s\rightarrow -1}\left[{\frac {1}{2!)){\frac {5(-2)(-3)}{s^{4))}\right]=15}
f ( x ) = 1 ( 1 − 2 x ) 1 ( 1 − x ) n + 1 {\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {1}{(1-2x))){\frac {1}{(1-x)^{n+1))))
= B 1 − 2 x + A 0 ( 1 − x ) n + 1 + A 1 ( 1 − x ) n + A 2 ( 1 − x ) n − 1 + A 3 ( 1 − x ) n − 2 + ⋯ + A n ( 1 − x ) {\displaystyle ={\frac {B}{1-2x))+{\frac {A_{0)){(1-x)^{n+1))}+{\frac {A_{1)){(1-x)^{n))}+{\frac {A_{2)){(1-x)^{n-1))}+{\frac {A_{3)){(1-x)^{n-2))}+\cdots +{\frac {A_{n)){(1-x)))}
B = lim x → 1 / 2 [ ( 1 − 2 x ) f ( x ) ] = 1 ( 1 − 1 / 2 ) n + 1 = 1 ( 1 / 2 ) n + 1 = 2 n + 1 {\displaystyle B=\lim _{x\rightarrow 1/2}\left[(1-2x)f(x)\right]={\frac {1}{(1-1/2)^{n+1))}={\frac {1}{(1/2)^{n+1))}=2^{n+1))
A 0 = lim x → 1 [ ( x − 1 ) n + 1 f ( x ) ] = 1 1 − 2 = − 1 {\displaystyle A_{0}=\lim _{x\rightarrow 1}\left[(x-1)^{n+1}f(x)\right]={\frac {1}{1-2))=-1}
A 1 = lim x → 1 [ − 1 1 ! ( d d x ) ( ( x − 1 ) n + 1 f ( x ) ) ] = lim x → 1 [ − 1 1 ! ( d d x ) ( 1 − 2 x ) − 1 ] = ( − 1 ) ( − 1 ) ( − 2 ) ( − 1 ) 2 = − 2 {\displaystyle A_{1}=\lim _{x\rightarrow 1}\left[{\frac {-1}{1!))\left({\frac {d}{dx))\right)\left({(x-1)^{n+1}f(x)}\right)\right]=\lim _{x\rightarrow 1}\left[{\frac {-1}{1!))\left({\frac {d}{dx))\right){(1-2x)^{-1))\right]=(-1){\frac {(-1)(-2)}{(-1)^{2))}=-2}
A 2 = lim x → 1 [ ( − 1 ) 2 2 ! ( d d x ) 2 ( ( x − 1 ) n + 1 f ( x ) ) ] = lim x → 1 [ ( − 1 ) 2 2 ! ( d d x ) 2 ( 1 − 2 x ) − 1 ] = 1 2 8 ( − 1 ) 3 = − 4. {\displaystyle A_{2}=\lim _{x\rightarrow 1}\left[{\frac {(-1)^{2)){2!))\left({\frac {d}{dx))\right)^{2}\left({(x-1)^{n+1}f(x)}\right)\right]=\lim _{x\rightarrow 1}\left[{\frac {(-1)^{2)){2!))\left({\frac {d}{dx))\right)^{2}{(1-2x)^{-1))\right]={\frac {1}{2)){\frac {8}{(-1)^{3))}=-4.}
A n = lim x → 1 [ ( − 1 ) n n ! ( d d x ) n ( 1 − 2 x ) − 1 ] = lim x → 1 [ ( − 1 ) n n ! ( − 1 ) n n ! ( 1 − 2 x ) − ( n + 1 ) ( − 2 ) n ] {\displaystyle A_{n}=\lim _{x\rightarrow 1}\left[{\frac {(-1)^{n)){n!))\left({\frac {d}{dx))\right)^{n}{(1-2x)^{-1))\right]=\lim _{x\rightarrow 1}\left[{\frac {(-1)^{n)){n!)){(-1)^{n}n!(1-2x)^{-(n+1)}(-2)^{n))\right]}
= ( − 1 ) n n ! ( − 1 ) n n ! ( − 1 ) − ( n + 1 ) ( − 1 ) n 2 n = − 2 n . {\displaystyle ={\frac {(-1)^{n)){n!)){(-1)^{n}n!(-1)^{-(n+1)}(-1)^{n}2^{n))=-2^{n}.}
1 ( 1 − 2 x ) 1 ( 1 − x ) n + 1 = 2 n + 1 1 − 2 x − 2 0 ( 1 − x ) n + 1 − 2 1 ( 1 − x ) n − 2 2 ( 1 − x ) n − 1 − 2 3 ( 1 − x ) n − 2 + ⋯ − 2 n ( 1 − x ) {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{(1-2x))){\frac {1}{(1-x)^{n+1))}={\frac {2^{n+1)){1-2x))-{\frac {2^{0)){(1-x)^{n+1))}-{\frac {2^{1)){(1-x)^{n))}-{\frac {2^{2)){(1-x)^{n-1))}-{\frac {2^{3)){(1-x)^{n-2))}+\cdots -{\frac {2^{n)){(1-x)))}
( 1 − x ) p + 1 ∑ k = 0 q ( p + k p ) x k + x q + 1 ∑ k = 0 p ( q + k q ) ( 1 − x ) k = 1 {\displaystyle (1-x)^{p+1}\sum _{k=0}^{q}{\binom {p+k}{p))x^{k}+x^{q+1}\sum _{k=0}^{p}{\binom {q+k}{q))(1-x)^{k}=1}
( 1 − x ) p + 1 + x 1 ∑ k = 0 p ( k 0 ) ( 1 − x ) k = 1 {\displaystyle (1-x)^{p+1}+x^{1}\sum _{k=0}^{p}{\binom {k}{0))(1-x)^{k}=1}
= ∑ k = 0 p ( q + 1 + k q + 1 ) x ( 1 − x ) k + ( q + p + 1 q + 1 ) ( 1 − x ) p + 1 − ∑ k = 0 p ( q + k q ) ( 1 − x ) k {\displaystyle =\sum _{k=0}^{p}{\binom {q+1+k}{q+1))x(1-x)^{k}+{\binom {q+p+1}{q+1))(1-x)^{p+1}-\sum _{k=0}^{p}{\binom {q+k}{q))(1-x)^{k))
= ∑ k = 0 p − 1 ( q + 1 + k q + 1 ) x ( 1 − x ) k + ( q + p + 1 q + 1 ) ( 1 − x ) p − ∑ k = 0 p ( q + k q ) ( 1 − x ) k {\displaystyle =\sum _{k=0}^{p-1}{\binom {q+1+k}{q+1))x(1-x)^{k}+{\binom {q+p+1}{q+1))(1-x)^{p}-\sum _{k=0}^{p}{\binom {q+k}{q))(1-x)^{k))
= ∑ k = 0 p − 1 ( q + 1 + k q + 1 ) x ( 1 − x ) k + ( q + p + 1 q + 1 ) ( 1 − x ) p − ( q + p q ) ( 1 − x ) p − ∑ k = 0 p − 1 ( q + k q ) ( 1 − x ) k {\displaystyle =\sum _{k=0}^{p-1}{\binom {q+1+k}{q+1))x(1-x)^{k}+{\binom {q+p+1}{q+1))(1-x)^{p}-{\binom {q+p}{q))(1-x)^{p}-\sum _{k=0}^{p-1}{\binom {q+k}{q))(1-x)^{k))
= ∑ k = 0 p − 1 ( q + 1 + k q + 1 ) x ( 1 − x ) k + ( q + p q + 1 ) ( 1 − x ) p − ∑ k = 0 p − 1 ( q + k q ) ( 1 − x ) k {\displaystyle =\sum _{k=0}^{p-1}{\binom {q+1+k}{q+1))x(1-x)^{k}+{\binom {q+p}{q+1))(1-x)^{p}-\sum _{k=0}^{p-1}{\binom {q+k}{q))(1-x)^{k))
= ⋯ {\displaystyle =\cdots }
= ( q + 1 q + 1 ) x + ( q + 1 q + 1 ) ( 1 − x ) − ( q q ) = 0 {\displaystyle ={\binom {q+1}{q+1))x+{\binom {q+1}{q+1))(1-x)-{\binom {q}{q))=0}
( 1 − x ) ∑ k = 0 q ( p + k p ) 1 x q − k + x ∑ k = 0 p ( q + k q ) 1 ( 1 − x ) p − k = 1 x q ( 1 − x ) p {\displaystyle (1-x)\sum _{k=0}^{q}{\binom {p+k}{p)){\frac {1}{x^{q-k))}+x\sum _{k=0}^{p}{\binom {q+k}{q)){\frac {1}{(1-x)^{p-k))}={\frac {1}{x^{q}(1-x)^{p))))
1 1 − x = 1 + 1 2 x + 3 ⋅ 1 4 ⋅ 2 x 2 + 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 x 3 + ⋯ = ∑ ( 2 k − 1 ) ! ! ( 2 k ) ! ! x k {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x))}=1+{\frac {1}{2))x+{\frac {3\cdot 1}{4\cdot 2))x^{2}+{\frac {5\cdot 3\cdot 1}{6\cdot 4\cdot 2))x^{3}+\cdots =\sum {\frac {(2k-1)!!}{(2k)!!))x^{k))
d d x 1 − x = − 1 2 1 1 − x {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx)){\sqrt {1-x))=-{\frac {1}{2)){\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x))))
1 − x = 1 − 1 2 [ x + 1 2 ( 1 2 ) x 2 + 1 3 ( 3 ⋅ 1 4 ⋅ 2 ) x 3 + 1 4 ( 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 ) x 4 + ⋯ + 1 k + 1 ( ( 2 k − 1 ) ! ! ( 2 k ) ! ! ) x k + 1 + ⋯ ] {\displaystyle {\sqrt {1-x))=1-{\frac {1}{2))\left[x+{\frac {1}{2))\left({\frac {1}{2))\right)x^{2}+{\frac {1}{3))\left({\frac {3\cdot 1}{4\cdot 2))\right)x^{3}+{\frac {1}{4))\left({\frac {5\cdot 3\cdot 1}{6\cdot 4\cdot 2))\right)x^{4}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{k+1))\left({\frac {(2k-1)!!}{(2k)!!))\right)x^{k+1}+\cdots \right]}
1 − x = 1 − x 1 − x {\displaystyle {\sqrt {1-x))={\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1-x))))
( 2 k − 1 ) ! ! ( 2 k ) ! ! − ( 2 k − 3 ) ! ! ( 2 k − 2 ) ! ! = − 1 2 k ( 2 k − 3 ) ! ! ( 2 k − 2 ) ! ! {\displaystyle {\frac {(2k-1)!!}{(2k)!!))-{\frac {(2k-3)!!}{(2k-2)!!))=-{\frac {1}{2k)){\frac {(2k-3)!!}{(2k-2)!!))}
( 2 k − 1 ) ! ! ( 2 k ) ! ! = ( 1 − 1 2 k ) ( 2 k − 3 ) ! ! ( 2 k − 2 ) ! ! {\displaystyle {\frac {(2k-1)!!}{(2k)!!))=\left(1-{\frac {1}{2k))\right){\frac {(2k-3)!!}{(2k-2)!!))}
a r e a ( s e c t o r ) = 1 6 ∗ a r e a ( d i s c ) = 1 6 ∗ π 4 = π 24 {\displaystyle {\rm ((area}(sector)={\frac {1}{6))*{\rm ((area}(disc)={\frac {1}{6))*{\frac {\pi }{4))={\frac {\pi }{24))))))}
( x − 1 2 ) 2 + ( y − 0 ) 2 = ( 1 2 ) 2 {\displaystyle \left(x-{\frac {1}{2))\right)^{2}+(y-0)^{2}=\left({\frac {1}{2))\right)^{2))
x 2 − x + 1 / 4 + y 2 = 1 {\displaystyle x^{2}-x+1/4+y^{2}=1}
y = x ( 1 − x ) = x 1 / 2 ( 1 − x ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle y={\sqrt {x(1-x)))=x^{1/2}(1-x)^{1/2))
y = x 1 / 2 ( 1 − x ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle y=x^{1/2}(1-x)^{1/2))
= x 1 / 2 [ 1 − 1 2 ( x + 1 2 ( 1 2 ) x 2 + 1 3 ( 3 ⋅ 1 4 ⋅ 2 ) x 3 + 1 4 ( 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 ) x 4 + ⋯ + 1 k + 1 ( ( 2 k − 1 ) ! ! ( 2 k ) ! ! ) x k + 1 + ⋯ ) ] {\displaystyle =x^{1/2}\left[1-{\frac {1}{2))\left(x+{\frac {1}{2))\left({\frac {1}{2))\right)x^{2}+{\frac {1}{3))\left({\frac {3\cdot 1}{4\cdot 2))\right)x^{3}+{\frac {1}{4))\left({\frac {5\cdot 3\cdot 1}{6\cdot 4\cdot 2))\right)x^{4}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{k+1))\left({\frac {(2k-1)!!}{(2k)!!))\right)x^{k+1}+\cdots \right)\right]}
= x 1 / 2 ( 1 − 1 2 x − 1 8 x 2 − 1 16 x 3 − 5 128 x 4 − 7 256 x 5 − ⋯ ) {\displaystyle =x^{1/2}\left(1-{\frac {1}{2))x-{\frac {1}{8))x^{2}-{\frac {1}{16))x^{3}-{\frac {5}{128))x^{4}-{\frac {7}{256))x^{5}-\cdots \right)}
= x 1 / 2 − 1 2 x 3 / 2 − 1 8 x 5 / 2 − 1 16 x 7 / 2 − 5 128 x 9 / 2 − 7 256 x 11 / 2 − ⋯ {\displaystyle =x^{1/2}-{\frac {1}{2))x^{3/2}-{\frac {1}{8))x^{5/2}-{\frac {1}{16))x^{7/2}-{\frac {5}{128))x^{9/2}-{\frac {7}{256))x^{11/2}-\cdots }
∫ x = 0 1 / 4 y d x = ∫ x = 0 1 / 4 x 1 / 2 ( 1 − x ) 1 / 2 d x {\displaystyle \int _{x=0}^{1/4}ydx=\int _{x=0}^{1/4}x^{1/2}(1-x)^{1/2}dx}
= ( 2 3 ) c 3 / 2 − ( 2 5 ) ( 1 2 ) c 5 / 2 − ( 2 7 ) ( 1 8 ) c 7 / 2 − ( 2 9 ) ( 1 16 ) c 9 / 2 − ( 2 11 ) ( 5 128 ) c 11 / 2 − ( 2 13 ) ( 7 256 ) c 13 / 2 − ⋯ ( c = 1 4 ) {\displaystyle =\left({\frac {2}{3))\right)c^{3/2}-\left({\frac {2}{5))\right)\left({\frac {1}{2))\right)c^{5/2}-\left({\frac {2}{7))\right)\left({\frac {1}{8))\right)c^{7/2}-\left({\frac {2}{9))\right)\left({\frac {1}{16))\right)c^{9/2}-\left({\frac {2}{11))\right)\left({\frac {5}{128))\right)c^{11/2}-\left({\frac {2}{13))\right)\left({\frac {7}{256))\right)c^{13/2}-\cdots (c={\frac {1}{4)))}
= ( 2 3 ) c 3 − ( 1 5 ) c 5 − ( 1 7 ⋅ 2 2 ) c 7 − ( 1 9 ⋅ 2 3 ) c 9 − ( 5 11 ⋅ 2 6 ) c 11 − ( 7 13 ⋅ 2 7 ) c 13 − ⋯ ( c = 1 2 ) {\displaystyle =\left({\frac {2}{3))\right)c^{3}-\left({\frac {1}{5))\right)c^{5}-\left({\frac {1}{7\cdot 2^{2))}\right)c^{7}-\left({\frac {1}{9\cdot 2^{3))}\right)c^{9}-\left({\frac {5}{11\cdot 2^{6))}\right)c^{11}-\left({\frac {7}{13\cdot 2^{7))}\right)c^{13}-\cdots (c={\frac {1}{2)))}
= ( 1 3 ⋅ 2 2 ) − ( 1 5 ⋅ 2 5 ) − ( 1 7 ⋅ 2 9 ) − ( 1 9 ⋅ 2 12 ) − ( 5 11 ⋅ 2 17 ) − ( 7 13 ⋅ 2 20 ) − ⋯ {\displaystyle =\left({\frac {1}{3\cdot 2^{2))}\right)-\left({\frac {1}{5\cdot 2^{5))}\right)-\left({\frac {1}{7\cdot 2^{9))}\right)-\left({\frac {1}{9\cdot 2^{12))}\right)-\left({\frac {5}{11\cdot 2^{17))}\right)-\left({\frac {7}{13\cdot 2^{20))}\right)-\cdots }
= 1 12 − 1 160 − 1 3584 − 1 36864 − 5 1441792 − 7 13631488 − ⋯ {\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{12))-{\frac {1}{160))-{\frac {1}{3584))-{\frac {1}{36864))-{\frac {5}{1441792))-{\frac {7}{13631488))-\cdots }
= 0.0767732073165 {\displaystyle =0.0767732073165}
π = 3 4 3 + 24 ∫ y d x {\displaystyle \pi ={\frac {3}{4)){\sqrt {3))+24\int ydx}
= 3 4 ⋅ 1.732050807568877 + 24 ⋅ 0.0767732073165 {\displaystyle ={\frac {3}{4))\cdot 1.732050807568877+24\cdot 0.0767732073165}
= 3.1415950812734890 {\displaystyle =3.1415950812734890}