Slavery in Australia has existed in various forms from colonisation in 1788 to the present day. Whilst chattel slavery was never accepted or institutionalised within Australia as it was in both historical and contemporary slave states, a range of exploitative and unfree labour practices took place within Australia with varying levels of government support up until the 1970s. Moreover, despite most Australian settlement occuring after Slave Trade Act 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, the legacy of the slave trade and the wealth that it generated was a significant influence on the policies and personalities involved in the founding of the Australian colonies[1][2].
The historic Australian labour practices generally identified as meeting both the contemporary and modern understanding of "slave labour" was the convict labour system of the nineteenth century, the kidnapping and cooersion of Aboriginal Australians into various forms of unfree labour (including pastoralism, pearl diving, and quarrying) from colonisation until the 1970s, the use of Pacific Islanders in the plantations of Queensland from the 1860s until Federation (a practice known as blackbirding), and the importing of labourers from India and China. Many of these labour schemes were intended to function as forms of contract or indentured labour, but allowed severe exploitation to occur due to corruption and the absence of minimum standards, monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.
Following the movement to achieve equal wages for Aboriginal pastoral workers in the 1970s, slavery in Australia is generally undertstood to have taken the form of criminal activities such as human trafficking and been the subject of general law enforcement activities. More recently, the bi-partisan Modern Slavery Bill 2018 sought to reduce slavery from the overseas supply chains of Australian business.
200 people involved in slave trade including family of James Stirling.[1] New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie was accompanied by an Indian man named George Jarvis. [3]
Slave-traders transitioned to covict-transport. Stirling's campaign for colonisation was driven by his father-in-law, James Mangles,
Australian settlement informed by debates around labour practices arising from abolition movement[4]
Each of the Australasian colonies was shaped to some extent by the capital, ideologies and personnel of Britain’s Atlantic slave system.
The campaign commenced against the backdrop of serious economic decline. This included the end of the investment -driven mining boom, the loss of the state’s triple A credit rating, ballooning state debt and the highest unemployment levels in the country. [6]
The Large Format Retail Association (LFRA)is an Australian industry association which supports and advocates for bulky goods showroom and large format retail sector. The members of the LFRA account for approximately 25% of all retail spending within Australia.
| Formation | 1999 |
|---|---|
| Website | lfra.com.au |
| Recommendations | Outcome | Historical Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Central City Area | ||
| Demolition of the Pensioner Barracks to provide an uninterupted vista of the Western Australian parliament house. | Partially Implemented | The Government moved to demolish the barracks in the 1960s. Public outcry and the advocacy of the Royal Western Australian Historical Society through the Barracks Defence Council led to a non-party vote in the Western Australian parliament on 19 October 1966. The Arch was saved by 26 votes to 18.[7][8] |
| Further study of central Perth shopping streets to identify whether streets should be either widened, or closed to cars. | ||
| Introduce more restaurants and an Aquatic Centre in Kings Park | Failed Implementation | A government effort to implement a Kings Park Aquatic Centre Bill was defeated in parliament in 1957 and 1958 following public activism.[9] The Beatty Park acquatic centre was instead built in North Perth. |
| A new City Hall to be built on St Georges Terrace, consolidating the City of Perth's various offices around the central business district. | Implemented | In 1963 a 13-storey Council House was built beside Stirling Gardens and Government House on St Georges Terrace. |
| Outdoor Recreation and Open Space | ||
| Roads | ||
| Introduction of reservations for 8 new Major Regional Highways, totalling 85 miles in length. | ||
| Major regional should be incorporated into a system which will include the existing main highways. | ||
| Creation of one main highway authority which should also be responsible, at least in large part, for Important Regional Roads feeding the Major Regional Highway system. | ||
| Railways | ||
| Two new suburban passenger lines, both serving northern suburbs. | ||
| On the South of the Swan River it is proposed that a new main line should run from Midland Junction to Cockburn Sound, and that the main rail transport centre of the State should be in the Belmont-Welshpool area. | ||
| Port of Fremantle | ||
| It is essential that a comprehensive plan of the Kwinana industrial and port hinterland should be prepared. | Implemented | |
| Air Services | ||
| A future Perth airport to be located near Lake Gnangara. | Not Implemented | |
| Supply Services | ||
| Extending gas and electricity services to be coordinated by a general programme of development rather than haphazard and scattered development. | ||
| Waste Disposal | ||
| Large new treatment works to be built near the coast on both the nothern and southern edges of the main built-up area. | ||
| New treatment works to be located in Kwinana-Rockingham, and the South Fremantle and West Subiaco works to be remodelled for full treatment. | ||
| Coordinated efforts by local authorities to allow land-fill sites to be reclaimed as playing fields. | ||
| Standards of Development | ||
| More precise land use planning relationships to be established by Local Planning Schemes. | ||
| The single family house on about one-fifth acre of land is likely to be the predominant house type for many years. | ||
| A proportion of flats and attached houses will be necessary and in demand. | ||
| Control of housing density should be through the limitation of building bulk by the "Plot Ratio" method. | ||
| New ares to have a average net density of 15 or 16 persons per acre, with the Hills and outlying districts to have net densities of about 10 persons per acre. | ||
| Perth Central Area | ||
| Surface parking for approximately 12,000 cars to be located on the main road framework and fed by the main gateways to the City. | ||
| A suburban railway system to radiate from the Central Area, with the present line remodelled and reconstructed at a lower level to allow crossings by modern road bridges. | ||
| Service area access ways for Central Area shopping areas to be rationalised. | ||
| Fremantle Central Area | ||
| Relocation of the Fremantle Markets to a larger site. | Not Implemented | |
| Implementation | ||
| New legislation to provide for compensation arising out of the implementation of a regional plan. | ||
The government of Western Australia formed the first Town Planning Department in 1954. The department operated under the same name with varying responsibilities until the establishment of the Department of Planning and Urban Development in September 1989. The department was renamed the Ministry for Planning in March 1995 and merged with the Departments of Transport and Land Administration on 1 July 2001. On 1 July 2009 the department was superseded by the Department of Planning and the Department of Transport. In 2017, a departmental reorganisation led to the consolidation of all state government land use and heritage responsibilities under a single Department of Planning, Lands & Heritage.
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