Star of Ishtar

The Star of Ishtar (Arabic: نجمة عشتار, romanized: najmat eshtar) or Star of Inanna is a symbol of the ancient Sumerian goddess Inanna and her East Semitic counterpart Ishtar. Alongside the lion, it was one of Ishtar's primary symbols. Because Ishtar was associated with the planet Venus, the star is also known as the Star of Venus.

History

Depiction of the star of Ishtar (left) on a kudurru of Meli-Shipak II (12th century BCE).

During the Akkadian Period, Ishtar was often depicted as a heavily armed warrior goddess, frequently accompanied by lions,[1] which were among the many symbols Ishtar adopted from the Sumerian goddess Inanna.[2][3]

In Mesopotamian iconography, the most common symbol of Ishtar is an eight-pointed star,[4] though the exact number of points sometimes varies.[5] Six-pointed stars also occur frequently, but their symbolic meaning is unknown.[6] The eight-pointed star was originally associated with Inanna[4] and seems to have originally borne a general association with the heavens,[4] but, by the Old Babylonian Period, it had come to be specifically associated with the planet Venus, with which Ishtar was identified.[4] Starting during this same period, the star of Ishtar was normally enclosed within a circular disc.[6]

During later times, slaves who worked in Ishtar's temples were sometimes branded with the seal of the eight-pointed star.[6] On boundary stones and cylinder seals, the eight-pointed star is sometimes shown alongside the crescent moon, which was the symbol of Sin, god of the Moon, and the rayed solar disk, which was a symbol of Shamash, the god of the Sun.[7][5]

The rosette was another important symbol of Ishtar which had originally belonged to Inanna.[8] During the Neo-Assyrian Period, the rosette may have actually eclipsed the eight-pointed star and become Ishtar's primary symbol.[9] The temple of Ishtar in the city of Aššur was adorned with numerous rosettes.[8]

Flag of Iraq

Coat of arms of Iraq with the stars of Ishtar (left) and Shamash (right)
Flag of Iraq 1959–1963 with the star of Ishtar in the middle

The stars of Ishtar and Shamash featured on the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq from 1932-1959.

A simplified version with red rays and a yellow centre was incorporated into the flag of Iraq from 1959–1963. It also featured in a combination with the sun of Shamash on the national emblem of Iraq from 1959-1965.[10][11][12]

References

  1. ^ Black & Green, p. 119.
  2. ^ Collins 1994, pp. 113–114.
  3. ^ Black & Green 1992, p. 118.
  4. ^ a b c d Black & Green 1992, pp. 169–170.
  5. ^ a b Liungman 2004, p. 228.
  6. ^ a b c Black & Green 1992, p. 170.
  7. ^ Gressman & Obermann 1928, p. 81.
  8. ^ a b Black & Green 1992, p. 156.
  9. ^ Black & Green 1992, pp. 156–157.
  10. ^ http://www.pjsymes.com.au/articles/CBI-First.htm
  11. ^ http://www.meforum.org/518/requiem-for-arab-nationalism#_ftn13
  12. ^ Amatzia Baram, "Mesopotamian Identity in Ba'thi Iraq," Middle Eastern Studies, Oct. 1983, p. 427.

Bibliography

See also

Media related to Star of Ishtar at Wikimedia Commons

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