Precursor to Whist | |
Origin | England |
---|---|
Family | Trick-taking |
Players | 4 (2 x 2) |
Skills | Tactics and Strategy |
Cards | 52 |
Deck | English |
Play | Clockwise |
Playing time | 25 min. |
Chance | Medium |
Related games | |
Triomphe, Whist |
Ruff and Honours, Ruffe and Trump or Slamm was an English trick-taking card game that was popular in the 16th and 17th centuries; it was superseded in the 18th century by Whist.[1]
Ruff and Honours is covered in Charles Cotton's The Compleat Gamester of 1674 where it is described as being commonly known in all parts of England.[2] At the time Randle Cotgrave thought the name was just a synonym for Trump. The game was also known as Slamm, a less popular form was called Whist, and it was closely related to Ruffe and Trump [2] described by Francis Willughby.[3]
Willughby speculated that there was an earlier simple trick-taking game without the ruff and honours. Cavendish and others state that ruff and honours was a descendant of the French game of Triomphe (→ Middle English triumph → Modern English trump).[4] Triomphe, whose English variant was known as French Ruff,[a] was a five-card game using a shortened deck, an up-turned trump card and played either in partnership or singlehandedly with 2-7 players.[5] The earliest reference to a card game called "Triumph" in English is a 1522 translation of a French book.[b] The earliest reference of "Triumph" being played in England is in a sermon by Hugh Latimer in 1529. The earliest mention of Triomphe goes back to France in the 1480s.[6]
Ruff originates from an obscure 15th-century Italian game known as Ronfa and probably entered the English language through the French equivalent of Ronfle – first recorded in 1458[7] – where it meant "point" as formerly in the game of Piquet.[8] By the late 16th-century, due to confusion by English players, ruff acquired its English meaning of "to trump".[9]
The game has been reconstructed from Cotton's "ruff and honours" and Willughby's similar "ruffe and trump".