Overview of and topical guide to hydrology
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology:
Hydrology – study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle , water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
What type of thing is hydrology?[ edit ] Hydrology can be described as all of the following:
Essence of hydrology [ edit ] Branches of hydrology [ edit ] Hydrometry – the measurement of the different components of the hydrologic cycle
Chemical hydrology – the study of the chemical characteristics of water
Ecohydrology – the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle
Hydrogeology – the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers
Hydroinformatics – the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications
Hydrometeorology – the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere
Isotope hydrology – the study of the isotopic signatures of water
Surface hydrology – the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth 's surface
Catchment hydrology – study of the governing processes in a given hydrologically defined catchment
Drainage basin management – covers water-storage, in the form of reservoirs, and flood-protection.
Water quality – includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes.History of hydrology [ edit ] History of hydrology
Things studied by hydrology [ edit ] Abstract concepts in hydrology [ edit ] Phenomena studied by hydrology [ edit ] Water movement pathways [ edit ] Water cycle (aka "hydrological cycle")
Above ground
On ground
Below ground
Physical things studied by hydrology [ edit ] Environmental issues [ edit ]
Piezometer - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test )
Conductivity, storativity, transmisivity
Geophysical methods Vadose zone characterization
Infiltration
Soil moisture
Rain gauge – rainfall depth (unit ) and intensity (unit time−1 )
Disdrometer – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity
Doppler weather radar – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity, rain cloud reflectivity converted to precipitation intensity through calibration to rain gauges
Wind profiler – precipitation vertical and horizontal motion, vertical cross-section of reflectivity and typingFrozen precipitation (on ground) Mean windspeed and direction
Water vapor transfer method
Disc permeameter – measures soil hydraulic conductivity
Rainfall simulator – measures output through the application of constant input ("rain") in a sealed area
Slug test – addition or removal of water and monitors the time until return to predisturbance levelPiezometer –
Soil moisture content (water volume percentage) Bed load
Erosion/deposition Basin
Catchment
Evaporation
Infiltration/Soil Movement
Streamflow/Open channel
Erosion
Groundwater
Hydrological transport model
Applications of hydrology [ edit ] Some examples of applications of hydrology:
Hydrology organizations [ edit ] Intergovernmental organizations [ edit ] International research bodies [ edit ] National research bodies [ edit ] Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – UK[ 6]
Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, UK[ 7]
eawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich, Switzerland[ 8]
Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany[ 9]
United States Geological Survey – Water Resources of the United States[ 10]
NOAA 's National Weather Service – Office of Hydrologic Development, USA[ 11]
US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center, USA[ 12]
Hydrologic Research Center , USA[ 13]
NOAA Economics and Social Sciences, USA[ 14]
University of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, USA[ 15]
National Hydrology Research Centre , Canada[ 16]
National Institute of Hydrology , India[ 17] National and international societies [ edit ] Basin- and catchment-wide overviews [ edit ] Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales[ 32] – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia
Murray Darling Basin Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia[ 33] Hydrology publications [ edit ] Persons influential in the field of hydrology [ edit ] Drainage basins by area – largest hydrologically defined watersheds in the world
Floods – chronological and geographic list of major floods worldwide
Waterways – worldwide listing of waterbodies classified as rivers, canals, estuaries, and firthsOther water-related fields Oceanography – more general study of water in the oceans and estuaries.
Meteorology – more general study of the atmosphere and of weather, including precipitation as snow and rainfall.
Limnology – study of inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural or man-made), including their biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes.[ 34] This includes the study of lakes and ponds, rivers, springs, streams and wetlands.
Water resources – sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Hydrology studies the availability of those resources, but usually not their uses.
^ a b c d e Western, Andrew W. (2005). "Principles of Hydrological Measurements". In Anderson, Malcolm G. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences . Vol. 1. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 75–94.
^ Shuttleworth, W. James (January–February 2008). "Evapotranspiration Measurement Methods" (PDF) . Southwest Hydrology . 7 (1). Tucson, AZ: 22–23. Retrieved 2009-07-22 .
^ "International Hydrological Programme (IHP)" . IHP. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013 .
^ "International Water Management Institute (IWMI)" . IWMI. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education" . UNIESCO-IHE. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "CEH Website" . Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Cranfield Water Science Institute" . Cranfield University. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Eawag aquatic research" . Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Professur für Hydrologie" . University of Freiburg. 23 February 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Water Resources of the United States" . USGS. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Office of Hydrologic Development" . National Weather Service . NOAA. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Hydrologic Engineering Center" . US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Hydrologic Research Center" . Hydrologic Research Center. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "NOAA Economics and Social Sciences" . NOAA Office of Program Planning and Integration. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Center for Natural Hazard and Disasters Research" . University of Oklahoma. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "National Hydrology Research Centre (Saskatoon, SK)" . Environmental Science Centres . Environment Canada. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "National Institute of Hydrology (Roorkee), India" . NIH Roorkee. Archived from the original on 19 September 2000. Retrieved 1 August 2015 .
^ "Hydrogeology Division" . The Geological Society of America. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Welcome to AGU's Hydrology (H) Section" . American Geophysical Union. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "National Ground Water Association" . Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "American Water Resources Association" . 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "CUAHSI" . Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)" . Associations . International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "International Association of Hydrological Sciences" . Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "International Commission on Statistical Hydrology" . STAHY. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft , accessed 2 September 2013
^ Nordic Association for Hydrology , accessed 2 September 2013
^ "The British Hydrological Society" . Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ Гидрологическая комиссия [Hydrological Commission] (in Russian). Russian Geographical Society. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Hydroweb" . The International Association for Environmental Hydrology. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "International Association of Hydrogeologists" . Retrieved 19 June 2014 .
^ "Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)" . University of New South Wales. Retrieved 8 March 2013 .
^ "Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray–Darling Basin initiative" . Australian Government, Department of the Environment . Australian Government. Retrieved 19 June 2014 .
^ Wetzel, R.G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems , 3rd ed. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-744760-1