Non-exhaust emissions come from wearing down motor vehicle brake pads, tires, roads themselves, and unsettling of particles on the road.[1][2][3][4][5] This particulate matter is made up of micrometre-sized particles and causes negative health effects, including respiratory disease and cancer.[6] Very fine particulate matter has been linked to cardiovascular disease.[7] Multiple epidemiological studies have demonstrates that particulate matter exposure is associated with acute respiratory infections, lung cancer, and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular disease. [8] Researchers have also found correlations between exposure to fine particulate matter and fatality rates in previous coronavirus epidemics. [9]
Studies have shown that non-exhaust emissions of particles from vehicles can be greater than particles due to exhaust.[4][10]
More comprehensive regulation of tires has been proposed by multiple scientists and regulators in the field.[13][14] Lighter vehicles pollute less [13] and reducing vehicle kilometers traveled is another method of mitigating non-exhaust emissions. Reducing demand for private vehicle travel can be accomplished by a variety of measures that increase the relative attractiveness of public transport and non-motorized modes relative to private vehicles. These measures can consist of disincentives for private vehicle ownership and use, i.e. measures that raise their costs and/or inconvenience, as well as incentives for alternative modes (e.g. public transit, walking, and biking).[15]
Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles with regenerative braking do not emit the same level of brake wear,[16] but as of 2022 were heavier than ICE vehicles so still give off more coarse (PM10) particles from re-suspended road particles, road wear, and tire wear.[17]
Very few agencies are charged with implementing exhaust emission standards for non-exhaust emissions.[1] Most policies target exhaust emissions and do not regulate non-exhaust particulate matter emissions.[2] As of 2023 Euro 7 standards are still being argued about.[18]