Marineland of Canada Inc.
Previously known as
  • Marine Wonderland and Animal Park
  • Marineland and Game Farm
Marineland
Official logo of Marineland
LocationNiagara Falls, Ontario, Canada
Coordinates43°03′56″N 79°04′21″W / 43.06556°N 79.07250°W / 43.06556; -79.07250
Opened1961
OwnerJohn Holer
SloganEveryone Loves Marineland!
Operating seasonMay – October
Attractions
Total15
Roller coasters2
WebsiteOfficial site
A 1967 flyer for Marineland, using the older name "Marineland and Game Farm"

Marineland (official name Marineland of Canada Inc.), is a themed amusement park and zoo for both marine and land animals, in the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. Opened in 1961, the park has roller coasters and a triple tower ride, along with marine shows and exhibits of dolphins, walruses, sea lions, an orca, and beluga whales. The park also keeps bears, deer and other land animals.

History

The park was founded by John Holer, a Slovenian immigrant who had worked for circuses in Europe before coming to Canada in the late 1950s.[1] Holer had escaped Yugoslavia and moved to Switzerland. He developed his interest in working with animals and joined a circus that traveled in Europe and North America. A circus visit to the Niagara area inspired him to set up an animal attraction, and he immigrated to Niagara. With a partner, he bought part of the Harry Oakes estate and built the attraction on the site, doing some of the building and repairs himself.[2]

The park opened in 1961 as "Marine Wonderland and Animal Farm".[1][3] Holer welded two large steel tanks together and brought in three sea lions and charged one quarter for admission and another to feed the animals.[1] The attraction also featured an underwater show featuring two female swimmers.[4]

In 1963, a trained sea lion "Jeff" escaped from Marine Wonderland and made it to the Niagara River and went over the falls. Holer offered a CA$50 reward and organized a helicopter search.[5] The seal was recaptured by Holer a few days later in Queenston, where it was found sunning itself with teenager Tommy Haines, who was given the reward.[6]

In 1964, Holer added two dolphins, along with a few other animals and the attraction became known as "Marineland And Game Farm".[4] By 1966, a 2,000-seat "aquatheatre" was completed along with a "grotto" of aquariums and shops.[4] The grotto in the new Aquarium Dome contained eight tanks used to display fresh-water fish.[7] The park became a popular family attraction and recorded an annual attendance of 250,000 for the 1967 season.[8] In 1968, the park added alligators.[7] Neighbouring attraction "Niagara Falls Indian Village" closed down after the 1968 season and Marineland purchased their property.[9]

In 1971, Marineland added orcas. "Kandu" became the park's major attraction. In 1973, the aquarium purchased "Kandy", a 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) female orca captured off Vancouver Island in 1973 to mate with Kandu,[10] but she died later that year. Kandu lived until 1979 and was replaced by "Nootka", captured and brought to the park in 1981. Nootka lived until 2008.[11] By 1975, the park kept over 1,000 animals and claimed to be Niagara Falls' "most popular attraction after the falls."[12] The "And Game Farm" part of the name was eventually dropped, although it was still referred to as "Marineland And Game Farm" until the late 1970s in television and radio advertisements.

In 1976, Marineland announced a CA$50 million expansion on 1,000 adjacent acres, to include a 400-acre "safari park" and amusement centre.[13] Construction began on a new 15,000 seat stadium and pool for killer whales.[14] Marineland purchased two locomotives for a steam train railroad.[15] When plans for Canada's Wonderland were announced, Holer decided to further increase the park's expansion plans, adding a Gothic castle, canals and the world's largest roller coaster, for a total cost of CA$80 million.[16] The "Dragon Mountain" roller coaster opened in 1983 along with other rides. At a cost of CA$9 million, the roller coaster opened without CA$3 million reproductions of the American and Horseshoe falls, postponed to the future.[17] In 1984, Holer announced the postponement of part of the expansion, citing an 86% increase in municipal property taxes, and threatened to move the facility across the river to the United States.[18]

In 1982, Marineland purchased Keiko, a killer whale from an aquarium in Hafnarfjörður, Iceland. Keiko started performing for the public and developed skin lesions indicative of poor health. He was then sold for $350,000[19] to Reino Aventura (now named Six Flags México), an amusement park in Mexico City, in 1985.[1] Keiko was the star of the movie Free Willy in 1993. After a time at the Oregon Coast Aquarium, (early 1986 to late 1998) Keiko was returned to a sea pen in Iceland in and was released to the ocean in July 2002. He swam to Norway, eventually settling in the Taknes fjord in November 2002, where he was not catching fish and had little contact with wild Orcas; until his death, Keiko was fed daily by the Keiko Project group.[20][21] Keiko died of pneumonia in December 2003.[22]

In 1986, an unidentified trainer was taken to the hospital after he fell off the park's male killer whale, Kandu 7 and was dragged by his leg around the pool during a trick.[23][24]

In July 1998, Marineland opened the "Friendship Cove" killer whale exhibit. Until the 2006 season, guests were able to pet and feed the whales. 'Splash Sessions' replaced the interactive sessions in response to guest feedback. These 'Sessions' included the whales jumping and splashing the guests around the walls of the pool, however, these stopped after the 2011 season due to Ikaika's transfer back to SeaWorld.

In 2001, Marineland added walruses to the marine mammals it kept. The first walrus was "Sonja", from the Moscow Zoo. It was joined by "Zeus" and "Apollo" two months later and "Pandora", "Buttercup" and "Buddy" in 2002. Marineland brought over "Smooshi" and "Azul" in 2004.[25]

In 2003, Marineland opened the "Arctic Cove" beluga whale exhibit. Beluga whales were held in Friendship Cove from May 30, 1999, until the opening of Arctic Cove in late 2003. Belugas returned to Friendship Cove in December 2008 following the importation of eight individuals and has held belugas since. Upon the recent 2014 opening season, several belugas were switched between Arctic Cove and Friendship Cove. In 2004, Marineland opened the "Sky Screamer" triple tower ride.

In 2004, Marineland bought the Green Oaks Mobile Home Park across the street from the park with plans to relocate maintenance buildings to the site. In 2009, Marineland evicted 47 families that were tenants at the park. The tenants appealed to the Ontario Landlord and Tenant Board, lost their case and were ordered off the property by March 2010. One tenant committed suicide while others continued to fight Marineland but had to leave in 2011.[26] Marineland owner John Holer was ordered to pay $11,000 each to several tenants for harassment.[1] The site is now vacant.

Since 2012, the park has been the subject of several allegations of poor conditions for its animals by former employees and animal activists have protested outside its gates on several occasions. The park has been inspected by the Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (OSPCA) and Canada's Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA),[27] many times over the years, some leading to orders issued by the OSPCA.[28] In 2015, the Government of Ontario banned the practice of breeding and keeping orcas in captivity, while allowing Marineland to keep its one orca. Marineland's orca is therefore forced to live in captive social isolation, a situation with which Marineland itself has voiced displeasure. In November 2016 and January 2017, the OSPCA filed 11 animal cruelty-related charges against the park mainly related to land animals and birds.[29][30] In February 2017, the OSPCA inspected Marineland again but found no issues of concern at that time.[27] In May 2017, Marineland withdrew from CAZA claiming this was due to expansion-related work happening at the park, but stated that they would re-apply to CAZA once the work was completed. In August 2017, all of the charges were withdrawn.[31]

Marineland has repeatedly stated publicly that the allegations are the work of disgruntled former employees, who have teamed up with activists wholly opposed to the keeping of animals in captivity and organizations which "seem to financially benefit from any resulting downturn in public opinion towards park operations". Marineland has further maintained that they make every effort to ensure the animals in their care are well provided for. The park employs a number of people who care for the animals day-to-day, as well as an experienced and qualified veterinary staff.[32] Although it is a private facility, Marineland must comply with federal and provincial regulations, as well as comply with several animal welfare enforcement agencies, including regular and "snap" inspections. Marineland has filed nine lawsuits against activists, former employees and the media,[33] and a further lawsuit against the OSPCA.[34]

On November 25, 2016 and subsequently on January 9, 2017, the OSPCA charged Marineland with five counts of animal cruelty, and then another six counts.[35] Both sets of charges were extensively covered by the news media.[36][29][37] In February 2017, the OSPCA inspected Marineland and found no areas of concern.[27] On August 10, 2017, all of the charges were dropped because the prosecutor did not believe that the Crown could get a conviction,[38] leaving the effect on the park's future uncertain.[39]

In 2012, articles were published by the Toronto Star alleging animal mistreatment, resulting in negative publicity.[40] An inspection by the OSPCA and CAZA, however, found “no issues of concern”.[27] The Star reported that the OSPCA issued orders to Marineland to improve the water conditions for animals at the park, and address specific issues with other animals and Marineland complied.[28]

Marineland is not an accredited member of Canada's Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA) or the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The company "voluntarily and temporarily" withdrew from CAZA in May 2017, stating it was expanding the area for animals and "will be continuing to work with CAZA to ensure that the expansion is successfully harmonized with CAZA principles".[41]

Orcas at Marineland

Kiska is the only orca at Marineland.[42][11] A 2012 report stated that Marineland was then looking for a companion for their orca.[43] Since then, it appears that Kiska will be the last orca that the park will own. On May 28, 2015, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Amendment Act. The act prohibits the possession or breeding of orcas in Ontario while allowing Marineland to keep its orca.[44][45] Marineland has stated its opposition to moving Kiska. A lawyer acting for the park in 2015 made the following comment: "She's very elderly, so it's the equivalent of taking someone who is 80 years old or 90 years old in an old folks' home and moving them into an apartment in the Village in New York ... and it is entirely reasonable, achievable and appropriate to provide for her, on loan from another facility, an age-appropriate companion" but added that the 2015 Ontario Act does not allow for that.[46][47]

Attractions

Marine exhibits

Marineland keeps beluga whales, bottlenose dolphins, grey seals, harbour seals, sea lions, walruses and one orca ('killer whale'). The belugas are kept in Arctic Cove, Friendship Cove and King Waldorf Stadium. As of August 2017, Marineland had 53 belugas.[11]

Land animals

Marineland has many animals throughout the park that are not cetaceans or pinnipeds. Marineland has carried over these animals from its days as a 'game farm'.

Rides

Marineland operates a variety of rides ranging from rides for children, to thrill rides for adults.[50] The major rides are the Dragon Mountain roller coaster and the Sky Screamer triple tower ride. Dragon Mountain is an Arrow Huss roller coaster which opened as the world's largest (not longest) non-stop roller coaster - covering 30 acres (1,300,000 sq ft). It features tunnels that lead to the queue area, has two consecutive vertical loops and a bow tie loop. A section of the roller coaster passes through a back section of Marineland and may not have been finished.[51] Sky Screamer opened in 2004 and is claimed[by whom?] to be the world's highest triple tower ride at 300 feet (91 m). It is situated on a 150-foot-tall (46 m) hill, making the total height of the ride 450 feet (140 m), which affords the rider an impressive view of the city and the falls. It is a recognizable landmark with the logo at the top clearly visible at night. Ascending riders experience 4Gs, while descending riders experience a -2Gs.[52] The park has fifteen other rides. The children's rides are clustered in an area to the south of the main gate. Another ride, the "Topple Tower" circular gondola ride opened in 2007 but closed in 2011 for required repairs. It has not re-opened.[53] The most recently added ride is the "Ocean Odyssey" ride added in the children's area in 2010.[54]

Controversies

Marineland and its owner John Holer have been involved in many controversies throughout the park's history. Several former employees have spoken out publicly about the park. Animal rights activists have picketed regularly outside the park property for several years. The park became an issue in a Niagara Falls mayoral election when a candidate spoke about the treatment of animals at the park.

In 1977, the U.S. Department of Fisheries seized six bottlenose dolphins that had been illegally caught by John Holer in the Gulf of Mexico.[1]

In 1983, Niagara Falls mayor Wayne Thomson resigned amid controversy over a vacation given as a gift by a Toronto development firm, and a land purchase made by his then-fiance Bonnie Dickson. His fiance bought some land in Niagara Falls from a seller who did not want it to be sold to Marineland. Seven months later, she sold the plot to Marineland. Holer stated she acted as trustee and was accompanied by Thomson.[55]

In the 1980s, Greenpeace was the first activist group to raise concerns about keeping killer whales in captivity. It objected to the keeping in principle, although it stated that Marineland was one of the better facilities. The level of concern grew in the 1990s. In 1997, a protest was held outside the park by Ric O'Barry, the trainer of "Flipper" of the television series. Other organizations present at the protest included Friends of the Dolphins, Zoocheck Canada and Earth Island Institute. The protesters alleged that Marineland separated mother and child killer whales too quickly and four other whales were stored in unsuitable facilities.[56]

In September 2011, SeaWorld won a court battle with Marineland over the fate of "Ikaika", a killer whale. Ikaika had been originally loaned to Marineland under the terms of a breeding loan agreement between the two organizations, but SeaWorld decided to terminate the agreement due to concerns about Ikaika's mental and physical well-being due to deteriorating conditions at the park. Marineland initially refused to return Ikaika, but was eventually ordered to by the Ontario Superior Court as well as pay $255,000 in compensation to SeaWorld for legal expenses.[57]

In May 2012, Phil Demers, trainer of the walrus "Smooshi," resigned from Marineland. He had been an employee of Marineland for 12 years and had been noted for his close relationship with Smooshi. Demers made public his concerns about Marineland and has been sued by Marineland.[33] In Demers' version of accounts, Smooshi was moved from Marineland’s barn to the Aquarium, where Demers said she deteriorated because of problems with the water. Smooshi was returned to the barn but problems returned. He asked for more walrus trainers, but his request was denied. By 2012, he had had responsibilities for hiring and training employees taken away, and he chose to resign.[58] He continues to speak out about Marineland. According to Marineland, Demers was intending to star in a reality show as a "walrus whisperer" that was rejected by Marineland, had no management responsibilities and was not qualified to comment on marine mammal health. Marineland also alleges that Demers took drugs himself that were allocated for marine mammals. Marineland is taking legal action against Demers[59]

On August 15, 2012, the Toronto Star published an article of Demers' account, alleging that many sea mammals at Marineland live in inhumane conditions and suffer from a variety of illnesses caused by problems with water quality and chronic understaffing. Holer denied the allegations in the report, which was largely based on interviews conducted with former Marineland employees.[60] The Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals declined to press charges, but did order changes in park procedures that were then implemented by Marineland.[61]

On September 10, 2012, the Toronto Star published an article quoting former Marineland supervisor Jim Hammond alleging that Marineland owner, John Holer, had shot one of the baby deer in his park through the windpipe with a 12-gauge shotgun, leaving it to choke on its blood without dying. Hammond claimed the park owner refused his pleas for humane euthanasia.[62]

On December 20, 2012, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment announced an investigation into several mass animal graves at the park. The ministry had no previous knowledge of the graves, as Marineland lacks permits for such use.[63] After an investigation by the ministry, Marineland was allowed to continue using a section of the site for animal burials.[64]

On March 5, 2013, the Toronto Star published an article quoting Hammond and a local resident alleging that John Holer had shot two Labrador Retrievers that had escaped a neighbour's house and entered Marineland property. The article also mentioned that Hammond was told by Holer “to check if there were any collars . . . around their necks and if there were, to remove them.” [65]

In September 2013, it was reported that the Ontario Veterinary College was investigating an unspecified number of veterinarians at Marineland.[66]

Also in 2013, OSPCA investigated the claims of some former employees of Marineland claimed that the animals' health was being put at risk by low water quality. OSPCA used the results of the investigation to make suggestions to the subsequent provincial review of its animal welfare laws.[67]

In April 2014, the Vancouver newspaper The Georgia Straight published an article alleging that five harbour seals transferred from the Vancouver Aquarium had fell ill at Marineland due to "poor water chemistry". According to the article, one, "Pepper" died in 2006 from the conditions while the rest were blind. Marineland filed a CA$600,000 lawsuit in July 2014 against The Georgia Straight and the article's writer for defamation and damages. According to Marineland, Pepper did not die as described in the article and the others were not blind but were in fact generally healthy. It was the eighth lawsuit filed by Marineland since 2012, third against a media outlet.[68]

In 2015, the Government of Ontario took up debate of the keeping of orcas.[69] Bob Barker urged Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne to order Marineland to give up Kiska and other animals.[70] On May 28, 2015, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Amendment Act. The act prohibits the possession or breeding of orcas in Ontario but allowed Marineland to keep its orca.[44][45]

On May 10, 2016, Marineland filed a lawsuit against filmmaker Zach Affolter to prevent the release of his documentary, Black Water. The park alleges that the film contains footage illegally taken at Marineland, and is a violation of their policy preventing the use of footage for commercial purposes. Affolter responded by asserting that "Black Water is meant as an educational, non-commercial film that dives into the moral question behind keeping cetaceans in captivity."[71] Marineland demanded $1 million in damages for breach of its intellectual property rights. Affolter denied the allegations and said he had found the video of Kiska on Facebook. Until the lawsuit is resolved, the film's release is on hold.[72]

Ontario SPCA charges

In 2012, the Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals received complaints of animal abuse at the park from former employees and issued orders to Marineland as to the standard of care they should be following. At that time, a full investigation was not conducted. On November 10, 2016, however, the agency received a formal 35-page complaint - compiled by a California-based group Last Chance for Animals - which included photographs and videos taken by a former Marineland employee whose identity has not been revealed to the public. (The Canadian Press obtained a copy of the complaint file which was reviewed by some members of the news media; only excerpts have been published.) At that time, the OSPCA began an investigation of possible animal abuse at the park using its staff and a veterinarian.[73]

No animals were removed at that time, as investigators did not find them to be in immediate distress. But according to a statement released by OSPCA, the agency would be "continuing to make sure that the animals are getting the care they require while this investigation is ongoing."

On November 25, 2016, the OSPCA charged Marineland with five counts of animal cruelty under the Ontario SPCA Act over their treatment of peafowls, guineafowls, and American black bears in the zoo portion of the park. The Ontario SPCA alleged that the animals were distressed and did not receive the required standard of care from Marineland. The company denied the allegations.[67][74]

Marineland also provided a statement to The Canadian Press: "(Last Chance for Animals) is working together with the fired former employee to exact revenge over his firing and advance their radical cause and goal to shut Marineland."[75] The company also posted a commentary on their Web site indicating that it is "being attacked by disgruntled former employees again, who are working with a professional activist group that raises just under $2 million dollars per year to share their distorted view of facts about others." The post indicated that the company would "vigorously defend ourselves against these charges laid by the OSPCA".[76]

A news article on August 10, 2017 stated that the park had started a lawsuit against former employee Philip Demers, one of those who had filed complaints with the OSPCA, for $1.5 million and that this is only one of nine lawsuits against activists, former employees and the media since 2012. None of the suits have been resolved in court.[33]

Six additional counts of animal cruelty were laid by the OSPCA on January 9, 2017.[77][78] The new charges related to the treatment of elk, red deer and fallow deer. Deputy chief Jennifer Bluhm of the OSPCA provided the following comment: "While the investigation is still ongoing, these are all the charges we expect to be laid in this case." On previous occasions, Marineland had stated that it would defend against charges in court. The company's first appearance to plead to the charges was set for January 26, 2017.[79]

On the same day, Marineland posted another response on its web site, critical of the OSPCA handling of the investigation and the charges, including the following comment: "We believe the OSPCA is continuing a publicity campaign at the behest of a band of discredited activists with little relevant expertise or knowledge, in an effort to avoid further embarrassment related to an ongoing investigation into the OSPCA’s perceived failure to protect animals that is being led by the same activists they are now firmly in bed with. ... We will hold the OSPCA to the high standards of Ontario’s legal system and require them to defend their charges to the fullest extent possible."[80]

On August 10, 2017, all charges were withdrawn in Niagara Falls Provincial court. The prosecutor stated that there was no likelihood of conviction and pursuit of the matters was found to not be in the public interest[81] The OSPCA inspected the park a week later and did not find any issues of concern.[82]

In October 2017, Marineland filed a lawsuit against the OSPCA, alleging that the OSPCA launched its investigation purely to harm Marineland. “It was motivated by a series of improper objectives, including a desire to accomplish its own policy agenda, to mollify the animal activist community, to please its donors, and to effectively destroy Marineland.” Marineland is seeking CA$21 million in damages.[34] The OSPCA responded publicly that it “vehemently denies all of the allegations and will defend itself.”[34]

A subsequent pleading by the OSPCA's stated that any losses suffered by Marineland due to the charges "are entirely the result of its own misconduct and that (Marineland) is the author of its own misfortune."[83]

Beluga whale deaths

Orca deaths

A Toronto Star report in November 2012 stated that "Marineland has had 26 killer whales over roughly three decades, according to ... Zoocheck Canada. Of these, 16 died at Marineland. ... Six died in other parks after being transferred while one died en route from Marineland to Japan".[89] The following include orca deaths that were well documented.[11]

Advertising

Marineland's main advertising comes through a series of radio and television commercials with the jingle "Everyone Loves Marineland", sung by Suzie McNeil,[106] who has since asked for her recording to no longer be used.[107] Marineland has also used other slogans over the years in its advertising:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Casey, Liam (October 3, 2011). "The man behind Marineland: 50 years of controversy". Toronto Star. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  2. ^ Dempsey, Lotta (July 20, 1965). "A Young Man Goes West". Toronto Star. p. 42.
  3. ^ "Attraction is being expanded". Reading Eagle. July 18, 1976. p. 52. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  4. ^ a b c Canadian Press (August 28, 1970). "Niagara Exhibit plans call for big expansion". Windsor Star. p. 18. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  5. ^ "Trained Seal Flips Over Falls". Toronto Star. May 24, 1963. p. 1.
  6. ^ "Flying Tackle Nabs Falls-Flipping Seal". Toronto Star. May 27, 1963. p. 5.
  7. ^ a b Dempsey, Lotta (August 18, 1968). "51,200 pounds of choice fish that's no fun shopping spree". Toronto Star. p. 55.
  8. ^ Dempsey, Lotta (August 17, 1968). "The new look at Niagara for children". Toronto Star. p. 36.
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  10. ^ "Whale by mail is bride-to-be for killer". Toronto Star. October 30, 1973. p. A6.
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  12. ^ Marineland (June 30, 1975), "Make friends with our animals in our beautiful game farm", Toronto Star, pp. D18-19
  13. ^ "$50 facelifting for aquatic show". Toronto Star. January 15, 1976. p. E11.
  14. ^ "No hardhat for friendly Freda". Toronto Star. July 22, 1976. p. E6.
  15. ^ "All A-B-O-O-O-A-R-D For Wild West in 1981". Toronto Star. July 12, 1978. p. B8.
  16. ^ Dimanno, Rosie; Dampier, Bill (May 26, 1979). "A Place to Stand .. In Line". Toronto Star. p. I14.
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  18. ^ Gray, James (October 14, 1984). "Niagara Falls tourist dollar booty in cross-border battle". Toronto Star. p. B3.
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  22. ^ Evans, Andrew (2014). Iceland. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 67. ((cite book)): Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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