Extinct family of worm-like animals
The Luolishaniidae [ 5] or Luolishaniida [ Note 1] are a group of Cambrian and Ordovician [ 6] lobopodians with anterior 5 or 6 pairs of setiferous lobopods.[ 1] [ 3] [ 2] Most luolishaniids also have posterior lobopods each with a hooked claws, and thorn-shaped sclerites arranged as three or more per trunk segment.[ 4] [ 1] [ 2] The type genus is based on Luolishania longicruris Hou and Chen, 1989, from the Chengjiang Lagerstatte , South China.[ 5] They are presumed to have been benthic suspension or filter feeders .[ 4] [ 1] [ 3] [ 2]
New specimens of the previously enigmatic Facivermis show that it was a sessile tube-dweller, and part of this group.[ 3]
A 2023 analysis concluded, on the basis of numerous morphological similarities, that luolishaniids might be the closest known relatives of tardigrades .[ 7]
^ Caron & Aria (2020) elevated this group to the rank of order Luolishaniida, while also naming new family Collinsovermidae within that order, containing the genera Acinocricus , Collinsium and Collinsovermis .[ 2]
^ a b c d Yang, Jie; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Gerber, Sylvain; Butterfield, Nicholas J.; Hou, Jin-bo; Lan, Tian; Zhang, Xi-guang (2015-07-14). "A superarmored lobopodian from the Cambrian of China and early disparity in the evolution of Onychophora" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 112 (28): 8678–8683. Bibcode :2015PNAS..112.8678Y . doi :10.1073/pnas.1505596112 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 4507230 . PMID 26124122 .
^ a b c d e Jean-Bernard Caron; Cédric Aria (2020). "The Collins' monster, a spinous suspension-feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia". Palaeontology . 63 (6): 979–994. Bibcode :2020Palgy..63..979C . doi :10.1111/pala.12499 . S2CID 225593728 . ; Jean-Bernard Caron; Cédric Aria (2020). "Corrigendum: The Collins' monster, a spinous suspension-feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia" . Palaeontology . 63 (6): 995–996. Bibcode :2020Palgy..63..995C . doi :10.1111/pala.12509 .
^ a b c d e Howard, Richard J.; Hou, Xianguang; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Salge, Tobias; Shi, Xiaomei; Ma, Xiaoya (February 2020). "A Tube-Dwelling Early Cambrian Lobopodian" . Current Biology . 30 (8): 1529–1536.e2. Bibcode :2020CBio...30E1529H . doi :10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.075 . PMID 32109391 .
^ a b c Ma, Xiaoya; Hou, Xianguang; Bergström, Jan (2009-07-01). "Morphology of Luolishania longicruris (Lower Cambrian, Chengjiang Lagerstätte, SW China) and the phylogenetic relationships within lobopodians" . Arthropod Structure & Development . 38 (4): 271–291. Bibcode :2009ArtSD..38..271M . doi :10.1016/j.asd.2009.03.001 . ISSN 1467-8039 . PMID 19293001 .
^ a b Hou, X.; Bergström, J. A. N. (1995). "Cambrian lobopodians-ancestors of extant onychophorans?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 114 : 3–19. doi :10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00110.x .
^ Ou, Qiang; Mayer, Georg (2018-09-20). "A Cambrian unarmoured lobopodian, †Lenisambulatrix humboldti gen. et sp. nov., compared with new material of †Diania cactiformis" . Scientific Reports . 8 (1): 13667. Bibcode :2018NatSR...813667O . doi :10.1038/s41598-018-31499-y . ISSN 2045-2322 . PMC 6147921 . PMID 30237414 .
^ Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Smith, Frank W.; Kim, Sanghee; Rho, Hyun Soo; Zhang, Xingliang; Liu, Jianni; Park, Tae-Yoon S. (2023). "Cambrian lobopodians shed light on the origin of the tardigrade body plan" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 120 (28): e2211251120. Bibcode :2023PNAS..12011251K . doi :10.1073/pnas.2211251120 . PMC 10334802 . PMID 37399417 .