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In political science, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]
Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
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Anarchism |
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Main article: Anarchism |
Further information: Anarchist schools of thought, Glossary of anarchism, and Outline of anarchism |
Main article: Classical anarchism |
Main article: Post-classical anarchism |
Main article: Contemporary anarchism |
Main articles: Religious anarchism and Anarchism and religion |
Main article: List of anarchist movements by region |
Main article: Anarchism in Africa |
Main article: Anarchism in America |
Main article: Anarchism in Asia |
Main article: Anarchism in Europe |
Main article: Anarchism in Oceania |
Main article: Authoritarianism |
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Communitarianism |
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Communism |
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Marxism–Leninism |
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Main article: Authoritarian communism |
Main article: Leninism |
Main article: Marxism–Leninism |
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Anarchist communism |
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Main article: Libertarian communism |
Main article: Marxism |
Main articles: Marxist revisionism, Non-Marxist communism, Post-capitalism, and Pre-Marxist communism |
Main article: Religious communism |
See also: Communism and religion |
Main article: Communism in Africa |
Main article: Communism in America |
Main article: Communism in Asia |
Main article: Communism in Europe |
Main article: Communism in Oceania |
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Conservatism |
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Main article: Reactionary |
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Conservatism in Canada |
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Toryism |
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Corporatism |
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See also: Capitalism |
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Pirate politics | |
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Ideology | Anti-corruption Civil libertarianism Civil rights Direct democracy E-democracy Participatory democracy Social liberalism |
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Christian democracy |
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Main article: Christian democracy |
Further information: History of Christian democracy |
Further information: Catholic social teaching |
See also: Conservatism, Corporatism, and Liberalism |
Main article: Democracy in Africa |
Main article: Democracy in Asia |
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Green politics |
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Fascism |
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Youth rights |
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Liberalism |
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Libertarian socialism |
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See also: Classical liberalism |
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See also: List of frivolous political parties |
See also: Abstention, Dealignment, Political apathy, Political protest, Protest vote, and Voter fatigue |
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Social democracy |
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Socialism |
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Main article: Authoritarian socialism |
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Libertarian socialism |
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Organized labour |
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Transhumanism |
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