Advertising company JCDecaux launched its "Cyclocity" programs initially in Lyon, France, and Paris. The company also started programs in other cities in Europe such as Córdoba, Vienna and Kazan, as well as cities outside of Europe, such as Brisbane, Australia. Payment for using the bikes is done with smart cards.
With sponsorship from first Barclays and later Santander, Transport for London launched a Cycle Hire scheme in London, where hire under 30 minutes is free from special bicycle stands across the city, after a daily, monthly or annual charge has been paid.[5]
Competitor Clear Channel, then operating as Adshel, opened the first example of this in Rennes in 1997, and has several other sites including Oslo, Stockholm, Sandnes and Trondheim, most generally similar to that offered by their competitor.
A different financial model called bicing is used in Barcelona, which is paid for by car owners parking on public streets and not by advertising – which is contracted to JCDecaux in some places.[6]
Austria
In 2001 the city of Vienna implemented a first version of a bike sharing system following the example of Copenhagen. Unfortunately, Viennabike failed and its shortcomings were fixed in the second implementation called Citybike Wien which started 2003 and became a huge success. It is operated by Gewista and comprises 1500 bikes distributed to 121 stations with 3097 slots.[7] In 2015 more than 1 million trips and more than 100 000 new registrations were recorded. Registration is possible using credit cards, too. There is no fee for the first rental hour, additional hours are charged starting with €1.[8]
Belgium
Line of bikes at a Villo! station
The Villo! system was launched in Brussels in 2009, and is operated by JCDecaux. It's the company's second biggest bicycle rental system after Paris in terms of quantity.[clarification needed] At the beginning of April 2015, it had 4115 bikes across 346 stations.[9]
In Antwerp, a bike system called Velo went public in 2011. It is operated by Clear Channel and registered 2558657 journeys in 2013.[10]
Bulgaria
Burgas is the first Bulgarian city to introduce a public rent-a-bike system. The scheme is called VeloBurgas and has 10 access points with 120 bikes in operation. The rent-a-bike system works with cards, SMS, and POS. Prices range from 0.50 to 1 lev per hour.[11]
Bike in Action operates in the greater Nicosia area, similar to programmes employed in various cities of Cyprus. Bicycles can be found at stations in all participating municipalities (Agios Dometios, Aglandjia, Dali, Engomi, Latsia, Pallouriotissa, Strovolos) and returned after their use at any station. Bike in Action includes more than 310 bikes distributed in 27 full automated Smoove stations, which cover the wide Nicosia area. All the rental stations are connected with the banking system and access to the bikes can be obtained with the use of a credit card.[12]
Denmark
Copenhagen was among the first cities in the world to have a free bike scheme called City Bikes,[13] which was paid by advertising on the bikes.
In late 2013, Copenhagen started a new program with electric bikes. The first phase of this program, with 1860 bikes and 105 docking stations, is to be completed in early 2016.[14]
Finland
A new City Bikes scheme in Helsinki went live in 2016, run by Helsinki City Transport (HKL), in collaboration with Moventia and Smoove. In the summer of 2017, City Bikes has 1500 bikes in 150 locations, increasing from 500 bikes in 50 locations in summer 2016.[15][16][17]
The launch of Velo'v in Lyon, France in 2005 was an effort to improve on the disappointing performance of the traditional municipal public bike-sharing model. In an attempt to improve upon the results of the discontinued Bikeabout program at the University of Portsmouth, Velo'v utilised "smart" technology to reduce theft, user damage, and vandalism. Considered to be a city less than friendly to cyclists prior to 2005, the Velo'v programme is credited with stimulating an increase of 500% in bicycle trips within the city, a quarter of which used the bike sharing system.[18][19]
A resurgence in bike sharing programmes is attributed by many to the launching in 2007 of Paris's Vélib', a network of 18,000 specially designed bicycles distributed among 1,230 stations throughout Paris. Vélib', inspired by Lyon's seminal Vélo'v project, is now considered the second largest bike-sharing system of its kind in the world. 80 percent of Vélib's original 20,600 bicycles have been destroyed or stolen.[20] Some Vélib' cycles have been found in Eastern Europe and North Africa, while others have been dumped in the Seine River, hung from lampposts, or abandoned on the roadside in various states of disrepair, forcing the City of Paris to reimburse the programme operator an estimated $2 million per year for excess costs under its contractual agreement.[21]
Germany
Germany has bike-sharing programmes in many cities, including Aachen, Berlin, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg (StadtRAD Hamburg), Karlsruhe, Kassel (Konrad), Mainz (MVGmeinRad), Munich and Stuttgart. The station-based system Metropolradruhr is located in the Ruhr Area.
Bike-sharing stations are also located in over 50 ICE railway stations.[22][23]
Greece
The only city with automated bicycle rental for public use implemented in Greece is Corfu, the capital of the Ionian Islands. It was installed in the middle of November 2010 and operates under the auspices of the Municipality of Corfu. The program is called EasyBike, is fully automated and includes one hundred bicycles which are distributed in eight rental stations throughout the town. The method of operation is similar to other such systems in Europe. Residents can obtain from the Municipality a special electronic subscriber card, which gives them access to bicycles and occasional users and visitors can use their credit card at the rental stations to rent a bicycle.[24] The system also gives the ability to occasional users to obtain a code and gain access to bicycles through an IVR automated system by using their credit card. EasyBike bike sharing system is developed by Brainbox under a Smoove license, which is the first Greek company to implement a bike sharing project in Greece.[25]
In Greece, there are also other programmes similar to bicycle sharing systems, which however are not automated. The first, running from early 2010, is in the northern suburb of Nea Erithréa, in Attica, while the second is that of the Municipality of Nafpaktos, which has been in operation since mid June 2010. In these programmes, the residents rent the bike directly from the municipality. Specifically, in the programme implemented in Nea Erithréa bicycles are rented for one week to six months, on condition that the person concerned must submit to the Municipality the sum of 75 euros as a guarantee. In Nafpaktos, bicycles are rented for up to two months for free.[26] In 2011, the municipality of Heraklion in Crete purchased 100 bicycles from the bike-sharing company Brainbox, the developer of EasyBike[27] system while free distribution of bicycles from the municipality had already started from April 2010.[28]
The latest non-automated system to be introduced in Greece (May 2012) is that of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in Salonica, Northern Greece. It presents 60 public bikes available for the University community. The system has no electronic rental stations and the delivery and return of the bikes is made by students working part-time on the project.[29]
Hungary
The EBI in Esztergom, HungaryKaposvári Tekergő in Kaposvár, Hungary
The first public bicycle sharing service in Hungary was implemented in Esztergom on 20 September 2013. The Esztergom Bicycle or EBI was developed by Neuzer, a local bicycle manufacturing company.[30]
The system operates with 93 bikes and 9 docking stations.[31]
The country's second bike sharing system in Szeged is CityBike Szeged. It has been in operation since 1 October 2013.[32][33]
The BuBi system, with 76 docks and 1,100 bicycles, opened in 2014 in Budapest and now operates with 112 docks and 1,286 bicycles.[34]
GyőrBike opened on 7 September 2015 in Győr with 23 docks and 180 bicycles.[35]
The Kaposvári Tekergő opened on 27 October 2015 in Kaposvár with 4 docking stations, 26 e-bikes and 6 e-rollers[36]
Ireland
File:Coca Cola Zero Dublin Bikes (22074934332).jpgCoca-Cola Zero Dublin Bikes
In September 2009 Dublin launched a bike-share scheme known as dublinbikes operated by JCDecaux. It is considered one of the most successful bike sharing schemes in the world. With an initial 450 bicycles, the plan reached 1 million uses in less than a year.[37] As of June 2013 the scheme has had fewer than 12 bikes stolen or damaged.[38] In June 2017 Urbo began operations in Ireland and across Europe. Urbo is a dockless bike sharing company, meaning bikes can be picked up and dropped off by users, without having to use fixed stations.
Italy
Milan has the largest bike sharing system in Italy, BikeMi, opened in 2008. Another large system exists in Turin since 2011. Since 2017 Mobike and OFO dockless systems also operate in Milan and Turin. Several other cities, especially in the north, have smaller bike sharing systems.[39]
Netherlands
The Netherlands: OV-fiets
The Netherlands has a single nationwide bike sharing program.[40] It is called "OV-fiets", which means 'public transport bike'. 8500 bikes in 252 locations, mainly train stations, all over the country. Membership is required (annual fee €0.01, €3.85 per rental day) and can be combined with an OV-chipkaart. The program, which started on a small scale in 2003, has enjoyed a steadily increasing popularity with over 1.53 million rides registered in 2014. The nature of the Dutch bike sharing program differs from that of programs in other countries partly because the already high bike ownership of the population. Its interconnection with the public transport network allows it to fill the need of people who also want to continue traveling by bike from the station of their destination.[41]
Poland
First bike-sharing program was launched in Kraków (Cracow) on 16 September 2008. As of 2016, 12 cities and towns in Poland have bike-sharing programs, most of them operated by nextbike.[42]
Portugal
Portugal has 13 bike-sharing programs functioning year-round as of October 2016, namely in the cities of Águeda (1 station/ 10 pedelecs), Anadia (10 stations), Aveiro (33 stations/350 bicycles), Cascais (October 2017: 19 stations inaugurated; 120 stations and 1200 bicycles by December, 2017), Lisbon (October, 2017: 10 stations inaugurated/100 bicycles; 140 stations and 1410 bicycles by December, 2017 of which 920 will be pedelecs), Oliveira de Azemeis (3 stations/20 pedelecs), Ovar (12 stations/130 bicycles), Paredes (5 stations/80 bicycles), Santarém (4 stations/40 bicycles), Serpa (2 stations/30 bicycles), Torres Vedras (11 stations/260 bicycles), Vilamoura (32 stations/200 bicycles), and Vila do Conde (12 stations/60 bicycles).
Romania
Timișoara is the first Romanian city to introduce a public rent-a-bike system. The scheme is called VeloTM and has 25 stations and 300 bikes. The rent-a-bike system works with the RATT card, renting a bike is free, however, the card costs.[43]
The Russian Federation
VeloBike bicycles in Moscow, September 2013
Automated public bicycle sharing services in Russia operate in Moscow, in Sankt-Petersburg and in Kazan. On 1 July 2013, the Bank of Moscow started the system called Velobike, which was replaced on 9 June 2014[44][45] The VeloBike program has 2500 bicycles and 150 stations. It is sponsored by the Bank of Moscow and Sberbank of Russia. It is compatible with Troika, the Moscow public transportation system and accessible to occasional users as well.[46]
Slovakia
There is a community-run bike-sharing program in Bratislava called Whitebikes.[47] It uses the open source Open Source Bike Share system[48] based on an SMS and a web app. It started in 2013 by BikeKitchen initiative and NGO Cyklokoalicia.
The mayor of Bratislava Ivan Nesrovnal has also announced plans for a public bike-sharing programme.[49]
Spain
The Ayuntamiento de Burgos[50] runs a bike-sharing program in the city called BiciBur,[51] with 23 locations, most with positions for ten bikes. Membership is €15 per year.[52]
Sweden
The Stockholm City Bikes system has more than 80 stands and 1,000 bikes, functioning from April to October.[53]
In Gothenburg, the bike sharing system is known as Styr & ställ, it was launched in August 2010. The system has 60 stations and 1,000 bikes. Styr & Ställ is a complement to the public transportation in Gothenburg.[54]
Switzerland possesses several bicycle sharing systems including Publibike, Smide, and most recently oBike which has been launched in Zurich on July 5, 2017.[55]
The Publibike network consists of one hundred stations throughout the country.[56] It includes nine stations on the Lausanne campus.[57] oBike is said to have deployed 350 bikes in the city of Zurich with bike hire being CHF 1.50 for 30 minutes, with a CHF 129 deposit being required.[58] The city of Zürich also has a free bike-rental program, "Züri rollt", with several pick-up and drop-off locations.[59]
Following the failure of the University of Portsmouth's Bikeabout programme in 1998[60] (it had been launched in 1996),[61][62] the introduction of new bicycle share systems proceeded more slowly in the United Kingdom than in the rest of Europe. Outside of London (see below), the largest is the hire-a-bike operation in Blackpool, operated by Hourbike,[63] with 60 stations and 500 bikes in the scheme. This scheme uses both RFID membership cards and instant point of sale memberships to cater for both residential users and the very many visitors that go to the resort every year. Hourbike also has schemes in Lincoln, Reading, Liverpool, Nottingham and Southport in England as well as Dumfries, Scotland.
In May 2017, Bristol became the first European city to have a hire-a-bike system operated by YoBike.[64][65]
Some bike-sharing schemes use mobile phone apps to reserve or sign out bikes. In the UK, OYBike is delivered small-scale operations at 2 Universities, 3 Business Parks, 3 London Boroughs, and a private hotel chain in London until 2011. Like Munich's Call-a-Bike, OYBike used mobile phone technology to log use and charge for hires and can set up hire points in as little as 10 minutes.
Brompton Bike Hire has 40 docks across 25 major locations in the UK, starting at £2.50 for 24 hours and is using the same hardware as Bixi Montréal, members can rent a folding Brompton bike. The locations of the docks include London, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol, Reading, Southampton and Oxford.[66]
in 2007,[67] (another source gives early 2008) London mayor Ken Livingstone promised that an extensive bicycle sharing system modelled on the Paris Vélib' system would be introduced in London during his final term in office.[68] The scheme was not completed until Boris Johnson was in office, and consequently became known informally as "Boris Bikes".[69] The system, provided by PBSC Urban Solutions, was initially sponsored by Barclays Bank and subsequently by Santander UK, and is now known as Santander Cycles.
In 2018 the Singaporean-based company oBike launched in London, with 400 dockless bikes and is anticipated to soon spread to other cities in the UK.[70][71] In the UK, oBike's bike hire is 50p for 30 minutes, with a £49 deposit being required.[70][72]
Northern Ireland
Belfast launched a public bike hire scheme on 27 April 2015. The scheme was sponsored by Coca-Cola HBC Northern Ireland and is called Coca-Cola Zero Belfast Bikes. The Department for Regional Development (DRD) is providing initial capital funding for the scheme as part of their Active Travel Demonstration Projects budget. NSL is looking after the daily operation of the scheme, while Nextbike is responsible for the bikes.[73]
There are 33 docking stations with options for expansion depending on securing additional resources and council approval[74][75]
Scotland
Recent expansions to cities in Scotland piggy-backing on the Commonwealth Games 2014 in Glasgow included Glasgow and Stirling.[76][77][78] Stirling's scheme was named "Pedalforth" following a competition in the community and comprises 100 bikes and 11 stations. Glasgow provided 400 bikes across 31 stations in 2014.[79] A system operated by JCDecaux is proposed for Edinburgh.[80]
The first widely deployed bicycle sharing system in Canada was BIXI Montréal and was created by PBSC Urban Solutions, one of the largest bike-share provider in the world. The BIXI technology was then used in numerous bike sharing systems in North America, Europe and Australia. The Montreal system was ranked by Time Magazine as the 19th best invention of 2008.[81]
Hamilton, ON:Sobi Hamilton launched in March 2015 with 750 bicycles at over 100 stations.[82]
Montreal, QC:BIXI Montréal began in fall 2008 as a limited-scale pilot project.[83] It has since expanded to 5000 bicycles at 400 stations, making it by far the largest bicycle sharing system in Canada. Although initial program costs were $15 million for planning and implementation of the Bixi project, subsequent additional costs incurred in expanding the program have driven costs upwards of $23 million.[84][85][86]
Ottawa, ON:Capital Bixi launched in 2009 as a pilot program with 100 bicycles and 10 stations. In 2012, it was expanded to 250 bicycles and 25 stations. Its owner, the NCC, sold it to US-based CycleHop in April 2014 when its operator, Montreal-based Public Bike System Company, filed for bankruptcy protection in January 2014.[87][88] CycleHop renamed the service to VeloGo and replaced the fleet with all-new 'smart' bicycles, where intelligence (i.e. GPS tracking, etc.) is built into each bicycle, instead of relying on base stations, as with Bixi system. VeloGo began its service in the summer of 2015.[89]
Toronto, ON:Bixi Toronto launched in 2011 with 800 bicycles at 80 stations.[90] In 2013, when Public Bike System Company acknowledged that it could not repay its $3.9 million loan to the city, the system was taken over by the Toronto Parking Authority and renamed Bike Share Toronto.[91] In 2016, the city of Toronto signed a contract with PBSC to expand their system. Its network hosts 2,750 bicycles spread among 270 stations.[92][93]
Vancouver, BC: launched Mobi (bike share) in July 2016 with 1500 bicycles at 150 stations.[94]
Mexico City: In February 2010, the government of Mexico City inaugurated a new bicycle sharing network called EcoBici.[96] With distinctive red and white liveried bicycles, the network as of February 2015 consists of 444 stations with 6,500 bicycles.[97] With more than 240,000 registered users, it has been argued that Ecobici is the largest bicycle-sharing program in North America.[98]
The system is run by a private company, Clear Channel México, but[99] funded by the government with an initial investment of 75 million pesos. Users of the system are required to purchase an RFID card at a cost of 400 pesos which will provide them with access to the bicycles for one year. Use of a bicycle is free for the first 45 minutes; extra charges are applied for use beyond this time limit.
Guadalajara: In December 2014, the government of the State of Jalisco implemented a bicycle sharing system called MiBici with 86 stations and 860 bicycles.[100] As of October 2016, it has 236 stations with 2 thousand bicycles.[101] This system uses the technology and the hardware of PBSC.[102]
Toluca: In November 2015, the Municipality of Toluca inaugurated a bicycle sharing system called Huitzi with 26 stations and 300 bicycles, using PBSC as a provider.[103][104]
Pachuca: In February 2016, the Municipality of Pachuca inaugurated a bicycle sharing system called Bici Capital with 6 stations and 140 bicycles.[105]
Puebla: From January 2017, the Puebla will have a system called Bici Puebla with 139 stations and 2,100 bicycles.[106]
United States
In the United States, public bicycle share programs have largely centered around major cities and universities.[107] Some corporate campuses have private systems.[108] The following is an incomplete list.
Aspen/Basalt, CO: The system was launched in 2013 with 16 stations and 200 bikes, with provider PBSC.[109][110]
Albany, NY: In Fall of 2012, the University at Albany (SUNY) launched a campus bike share which allows students, faculty and staff to take out bike from one of three residential hall locations on campus. With over 30 bikes in the program and still growing the program experienced rapid growth with 381 sign out in Fall 2013 and 1620 sign outs in Fall 2014. The University is currently looking to expand its program by adding more bikes and locations.[111]
Alpharetta, GA offers a bike share program operated by Zagster. Trips under 3 hours are free, and annual memberships are $20. Bikes can be rented from 4 stations throughout Alpharetta.[112] Bikes can be taken anywhere, including Alpharetta's Big Creek Greenway – a 12 foot wide concrete path that stretches 8 scenic miles terminating in Big Creek park.[113]
Atlanta, GA In June 2016, Relay Bike Share launched as the bike share system for the City of Atlanta. The program—operated by Cyclehop, LLC and Social Bicycles, LLC—launched with 100 bicycles at 10 stations throughout the downtown area. The program aims to offer 500 bicycles across the city by the end of 2016.[114]
Austin, TX: In December 2013, Austin B-cycle launched as the bike share system for the City of Austin with 11 stations.[115] It is operated as a public-private partnership between the City of Austin and the non-profit Bike Share of Austin. The current system operates 46 bike share stations 24/7 in the downtown Austin area. Austin B-cycle set a national bike share record for the most checkouts per bicycle in a single day, 10.1 checkouts per bike, on 14 March 2015 during the SXSW festival.[116]
Birmingham, AL launched Zyp Bikeshare in October, 2015. Annual memberships are $75, with weekly passes for $20 and daily passes for $4. Zyp operates 400 bikes over 40 kiosks, with plans to expand over the next few years[117] Bikes can be ridden anywhere in the downtown Birmingham area to Homewood. Once a bike is unlocked, riders have 45 minutes to ride before incurring additional fees if they have not redocked. If a bike is not returned, riders are charged a $1500 fee. As well as traditional bikes, Zyp's fleet also has electric pedal-assist bikes to help rider cover distances or mount hills faster.[118]
Boston, MA: On 28 July 2011, Boston launched its 60-station, 600-bike Hubway system, sponsored by the shoe manufacturer New Balance and funded in part by a $3 million grant from the Federal Transit Administration. The contract to operate was awarded to Alta Bicycle Share. Bicycle-sharing was greeted with a mix of excitement and skepticism. In its first 2 1/2 months, Hubway recorded 100,000 station-to-station rides, significantly eclipsing the pace of similar systems in Minneapolis (where Nice Ride needed six months to reach that mark) and Denver (where B-cycle needed 7 1/2 months).[119]
Boulder, CO: In May 2011, Boulder, Colorado launched a bicycle sharing system, Boulder B-Cycle, with 100 bicycles and 15 stations. This system, like many in northern latitude cities, closes down during winter months to help preserve the life of the equipment.[120]
Broward County, FL: Broward B-Cycle launched in December 2011 as the country's first county-wide bike share program, with 200 bikes and 20 stations located in several cities within Broward County, including Fort Lauderdale. This system was funded through a public-private partnership with the Florida Department of Transportation providing a $311,000 grant through Broward County, and B-Cycle's sponsors providing the remainder of the initial capital and operating costs.[121]
Buffalo, NY: Reddy Bikeshare launched in 2016 with 200 bicycles at 35 stations around the city.[122]
California: In California, many cities have launched or have stated plans to launch their own bike-sharing programs, including the cities of Anaheim (currently 10 bikes at 1 station, with plans for 100 bikes at 10 stations),[123] Los Angeles (plans for 4000 bikes at 400 stations),[124] Santa Monica (plans for 250 bikes at 25 locations),[125] and San Diego[126] The San Francisco Bay Area's Bay Area Air Quality Management District, in partnership with Alta Bike Share, city governments, and transportation authorities, have announced plans for a pilot regional sharing program in 2013 for the San Francisco Peninsula and San Jose.[127][128]
In the Fall of 2009, the University of California, Irvine introduced its Zotwheels automated bike share program. Students and university employees may sign up for a Zotwheels membership card at an annual cost of $40, which enables the user to check out a bike from any bike station located throughout campus for a maximum of three hours and drop it off at any other station. A$200 charge is imposed for a lost, stolen, or severely damaged bike. Bicycle availability and station operational status may be determined using an interactive map. Revenues from membership fees are sufficient to offset only a small fraction of the total operating costs of the program; all remaining manufacture, installation, maintenance, and implementation costs of the Zotwheels systems and the bicycles themselves are borne by UCI.[129] Zotwheels was developed as a collaboration between the UCI Parking and Transportation Services, The Collegiate Bicycle Company, CSL Ltd, and Miles Data Technologies.[130]
Charleston, SC: In August 2013, the College of Charleston's Office of Sustainability began a bike sharing program.[131] This program's 16 bicycles are free to use for all full-time students, faculty, and staff members.[132]
Charlotte, NC: A system of B-Cycle stands are installed downtown and a few places nearby.[133]
Chattanooga, TN: In July 2012, the Bike Chattanooga Bicycle Transit System launched in Chattanooga, Tennessee with 300 bikes and 28 solar-powered stations by PBSC.[134] It was the first large scale bicycle transit system in the Southeast. The system has expanded to 33 stations and had recorded over 78,000 trips by its second anniversary.[135]
Chicago, IL: On 28 June 2013, Chicago launched Divvy, a bike share system with 750 bikes at 75 stations.[136] As of December 2016, the system operates over 5800 bikes at 580 stations,[137] using both PBSC's hardware and software.[138]
Cincinnati, OH: In September 2014, Cincinnati Red Bike started operation. It opened with 35 docking stations in downtown, Over the Rhine, University of Cincinnati's main campus and surrounding areas. In 2015 Red Bike expanded to 50 stations with over 300 bikes and has a ridership of 100,000+ per year.[139]
Cleveland, OH: On 21 September 2016, Cleveland launched its UH Bike system, with 250 bicycles and 22 stations distributed around the city.[140][141]
Columbus, OH: On 30 July 2013, CoGo Bike Share started. It opened with 300 bikes and 30 docking stations in downtown and surrounding areas,[142] all provided by PBSC.
Denver, CO: On 22 April 2010, Denver became the first U.S. city with a large-scale smart-technology enabled bicycle sharing system with the launch of Denver B-cycle. The system launched with 45 stations and 450 bicycles throughout downtown, downtown-adjacent neighborhoods, and on higher-education campuses. Denver B-cycle's roots came from the "Freewheelin" bikesharing program which operated for 6 days during the 2008 DNC convention in Denver. In Denver, several B-cycle rental stations are located at RTD Light Rail Platforms. The Denver B-cycle program varies in cost depending on use. Fees range from $8 per day to $80 per year.[143]
Detroit, MI: Mogo, a nonprofit affiliate of the Downtown Detroit Partnership launched MoGo Bike Share in the Greater Downtown area with 430 bicycles across 43 stations on May 23, 2017.[144]
Fargo, ND: In March 2015, bicycle advocacy nonprofit Great Rides Fargo launched Great Rides Bike Share, a system with 101 bicycles at 11 stations.[145] The system was launched in partnership with North Dakota State University, where students are enrolled at no additional cost. It was the first system to include integrated card access for enrolled students.[146][147][148]
Fort Wayne, IN: In April 2016, The city of Fort Wayne announced a small system in its downtown area.[149]
Honolulu, HI: The City and County of Honolulu passed Bikeshare Resolution 14–35 on 14 March 2014. Bikeshare Hawaii, which will operate as Biki, chose PBSC as the system provider. The extensive bikeshare program envisioned for Honolulu includes a network installation of 200 bicycle docking stations containing a total of at 2,000 program-owned bikes. The stations will extend from Chinatown to Diamond Head. Additionally, there is currently a small pilot program in Kailua (Honolulu County) with 2 stations.[150]
Houston, TX: In May 2012, Houston launched Houston B-cycle owned and operated by Houston Bike Share a non-profit organization. The bike share system started with 18 bikes at 3 stations, currently 225 bikes at 29 stations located Downtown, Midtown, Montrose, East End, Heights and Museum District. The program is aimed to expand to 1,000 bikes at 100 stations by the end of 2017.[151]
Indianapolis, IN: In May 2014, Indianapolis launched the bike share program called Indiana Pacers Bikeshare with 25 stations and 250 bikes.[152]
Zotwheels Bike Share at the University of California Irvine
Jersey City, NJ On September 21, 2015, the Citi Bike system that started in New York City in 2013 expanded across the Hudson River to Jersey City, New Jersey with 35 stations and 350 bikes. Even though Citi Bike Jersey City is independent of Citi Bike New York, one membership works for both systems.[153] The system experienced its first wave of expansion in July 2016 with 15 new stations and 150 additional bikes. The system currently boasts 50 stations with 500 bicycles throughout Jersey City.[154]
Kansas City, MO: In 2012, Kansas City, Missouri launched Kansas City B-cycle in partnership with Blue Cross Blue Shield.[155] The system currently has 30 stations and over 200 bicycles reaching downtown, Union Hill, Westport, Plaza and as of Summer 2015, Brookside Trolley Trail. North Kansas City will be adding 3 more stations in spring 2017 as well as several more coming to Midtown KCMO.[156]
Los Angeles, CA: On 7 July 2016, Los Angeles County launched Metro Bikes,[157] a 1,000-bike system with equipment by B-Cycle, operated by Bicycle Transit Systems. It was the first North American system to be both branded as part of the public transit agency and accessible using the regional TAP card, though at the time of launch users were required to maintain separate accounts for each transit mode and pay separate fares.[158]
Miami & Miami Beach, FL: In March 2011, DecoBike launched in Miami Beach, Florida.[159] The initial rollout of the program included "approximately 100 solar-powered stations and 1,000 custom-designed bikes available to residents and visitors."[160] This public bicycle sharing and rental program is owned and operated by DecoBike, LLC, a Miami-based company, and operates under a long-term agreement with the City of Miami Beach. The service is available to both residents and visitors: any adult with a major credit card can check out a bike to pedal to their next location. An iPhone app and an interactive map on the DecoBike website allows one to locate the nearest "station" and displays the number of bikes available and the number of free docking spaces in real-time.[161]
Milwaukee, WI – In August 2014, the City of Milwaukee in partnership with a local non-profit organization, Midwest Bike Share, launched Bublr Bikes [162] with 10 stations in downtown Milwaukee.[163] The system grew to 17 stations by Fall 2015, and now there are 50 stations in the City of Milwaukee [164] plus another 7 stations in the adjacent suburb of Wauwatosa [165](as of December 2016). Planning for additional stations within the City of Milwaukee is underway. Additionally, the adjacent communities of Shorewood and West Allis are expected to add around 7 stations each to the system in 2017.[166]
Minneapolis, MN: In June 2010, Minneapolis initiated operation of Nice Ride, one of the first examples of a large-scale municipal bike sharing program in the United States. Phase 1 included 700 bikes and 65 stations throughout Minneapolis[167] Due to popularity, the system was aggressively expanded into neighboring Saint Paul in 2011. As of 29 April 2012, Nice Ride had recorded a total of 330,000 trips, and a systemwide total of 1,330 bikes at 146 stations.[168] The system is provided by PBSC.[169]
New York, NY: On Memorial Day, 27 May 2013, New York City started its privately funded Citi Bike program. It was the nation's largest when it began operation, but Washington, D.C.'s system has grown faster. It began with 6,000 bikes at 330 docking stations in Manhattan and parts of Brooklyn. According to the city vision OneNYC the city wants to expand it to 12,000 bikes and 750 docking stations from PBSC in Manhattan, all of Brooklyn and Queens. By 29 May, in its third day of operation, the program had 21,300 individuals signed on as annual members.[171]
Oklahoma City, OK On 18 May 2012, the City of Oklahoma City launched its bike share program known as Spokies. On 1 August 2014, Spokies became part of EMBARK, Oklahoma City's transit agency. The system has eight docking stations and 145 bikes throughout downtown Oklahoma City.[172]
Philadelphia, PA On 23 April 2015 the City of Philadelphia launched its privately funded Indego bike share program with 60 docking stations and 600 bikes, located in Center City, South Philadelphia, Northern Liberties, and University City.[173] It used equipment by B-Cycle and was operated by Bicycle Transit Systems with a naming sponsorship from locally based health insurer Independence.[174]
Phoenix, AZ: On 25 November 2014, Phoenix launched Grid Bike Share with 100 bikes at 27 stations.[175] It has since expanded to nearly 500 bikes at 48 stations, and has plans to add another 200 bikes and 20 stations.[176]Mesa, AZ, joined the system in March 2016, with 100 bikes at 14 stations, with plans to add another 200 bikes and 10–14 stations. Tempe, AZ, intends to join the three-city system in early 2017 with 300 bikes at 31 stations.[177]
Portland, OR: On 19 July 2016 Portland launched Biketown,[180] a system with 1,000 GPS-enabled smart bikes sold by Social Bicycles and operated by Motivate with a $10 million, five-year naming sponsorship by Nike.[181] It was the continent's largest smart-bike system at the time of launch. The 100 stations covered 8.1 square miles but were concentrated most densely in downtown Portland and the Pearl and Northwest Districts.[182] Funding came entirely from a $2 million allocation of federal dollars approved by the Metro regional government, from Nike, and from ongoing user fees and smaller sponsorships.[183]
Salem, MA: In 2011, the city of Salem, Massachusetts launched a bike share program called Salem Spins offering use of bicycles free of charge, for use around the city. The seasonal program was financed in part with a $25,000 grant for a fleet of 20 bicycles.[184] The program is offered from April to October.
Salt Lake City, UT: On 8 April 2013, Salt Lake City launched GREENbike as the region's Bike Share brand. The program launched in downtown Salt Lake City with 10 stations and added two new stations less than four months later. The program will be expanding to 20 stations by 2014 with the goal of 100 stations in downtown Salt Lake City. Satellite GREENbike systems in cities such as Ogden are in the works and will be connected by the state transit authority's Frontrunner light rail train.[185]
Seattle, WA: On 13 October 2014, Pronto Cycle Share launched with 500 bicycles and 50 stations. Pronto uses Motivate of New York City as the operator.[186] In January 2017, Seattle's mayor announced the system would be permanently shut down at the end of March 2017 due to funding shortfalls.[187] Dockless systems by LimeBike and Spin were introduced in July 2017 as their first large-city systems in the US.
Topeka, KS: On 15 April 2015, Topeka Metro Bikes launched with 100 smart bikes and 10 stations.[188] An additional 100 bikes were added to the system in April 2016.[189]
Tulsa, OK: The Tulsa Townies bicycle project was launched in August 2007 by Saint Francis Health System to promote an active and healthy lifestyle in the community. This project is the first bicycle program of its kind in northeastern Oklahoma. The bicycle rental stations are located at the Tulsa River Parks trail along Riverside Drive at 19th and 41st streets and in Jenks at the 96th street Arkansas River pedestrian bridge.[190]
Washington, D.C.: In September 2010, the District of Columbia introduced its replacement for SmartBike DC, called Capital Bikeshare (CaBi). Unlike SmartBike, CaBi is a public taxpayer-supported bicycle sharing program involving both the District of Columbia and Arlington County. The initial scheme involved some 1,100 bicycles at 100 stations located throughout the District of Columbia and parts of Arlington County, Virginia. The cost of planning, implementation and administration for Capital Bikeshare totaled US$5.0 million, with first-year operating costs of US$2.3 million for 100 stations.[191] For a time, Capital Bike Share was the largest bike sharing system in the United States. Upon opening in May 2013, New York city's Citi Bike program was far larger, however Capital Bike Share expanded to become the largest bike sharing system in the United States again with 344 stations. In August 2015, Citi Bike once again became the largest system in the United States with 400 stations.[192]
Buenos Aires: The bike sharing system, EcoBici, is free upon registration and has 1800 bicycles available at 150 rental stations throughout Buenos Aires, with 181 km of lanes, as of 2017. The system was deployed by the City of Buenos Aires and is owned by the city and implemented by Bike In Baires Consortium, with technology from Serttel Brasil in partnership with Argentina's local company.[193] Upon completion, it will have 3,000 bicycles and 200 stations with 200 km of lanes.[194]
Rosario: On 2 December 2015 Rosario launched Mi bici tu bici and has 200 bicycles available at 18 rental stations in the downtown.[195]
San Lorenzo: On November 2016 San Lorenzo launched Biciudad, a free-to-use Bike Sharing System of the city of San Lorenzo, which encourages the use of the bicycle as an efficient and healthy means of transport. It is a simple, practical and sustainable service that can be use to go wherever and whenever you want, without smoke or noise.
This is a system of Free Public Transport launched by the San Lorenzo Government to achieve the reduction of the use of motor vehicles and enhance other means of non-motorized transport such as walking, or the bike itself.
The Biciudad Bike Sharing System is constantly expanding along with the construction of a circuit of exclusive lanes for bicycles across the city.[196]
Brazil
Bike Rio opened to the public in October 2011. The bike sharing system has 2600 bicycles available at 260 rental stations located in 20 neighbourhoods throughout Rio de Janeiro. The system was deployed by the municipal government of Rio de Janeiro in partnership with Banco Itaú, and operated by Serttel, a private concessionaire.[197]
A similar scheme was implemented in the city of São Paulo on 24 May 2012, called Bike Sampa. It is free up to the first hour of use, after which users are charged R$5 every 30 minutes.[198] There are about 140,000 registered users and, as of 6 May 2013, there had been 220,000 bicycle trips in the city. Serttel is also the concessionaire for this scheme, and the website of Bike Sampa is hosted by Mobilicidade.
Other cities with similar bike sharing systems are operated by Serttel (www.serttel.com.br): Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Porto Alegre, Santos, Recife, Belém, Manaus, Fortaleza, Vitória and Aracaju. Fortaleza deserves a highlight because its bike sharing system, named Bicicletar, has the highest relative use in Brazil. With 800 bikes and 80 stations the system register 6,4 trips per bike in workdays.[199]
Chile
There are two working bike-share systems in the metropolitan area of Santiago, capital city of Chile, Bikesantiago and Bici Las Condes.[200]
History
The commune of Providencia, part of the Santiago de Chile metropolitan area, implemented a public bike-share system in Latin America, named B'easy and starting services in August 2008 with a monthly membership of 1000 Chilean Pesos (USD 2) and 4 stations.[201]
Santiago Metropolitan Area
Bikesantiago started its services in October 2013 in the metropolitan commune of Vitacura with 30 stations, 300 bicycles and a monthly membership of 4990 Chilean pesos (USD 8). By November 2015, it had 25000 subscribers, 132 stations and 1882 bicycles on the communes of Lo Barnechea, Vitacura, Providencia (Replacing the original B'easy system), Santiago, Ñuñoa, Recoleta and Independencia and has contracts for a programmed expansion in a total of 14 communes, 200 stations and 2100 bikes in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago.[202][203]
Las Condes
Bici Las Condes is the communal bike-share system of Las Condes, part of the Metropolitan Area of Santiago. It started services in March 2015 with a total of 50 stations and 500 bikes and has a planned expansion to a total of 100 stations and 1000 bikes.[204] The decision of the Las Condes municipal council of not joining the Metropolitan area tender for an bike-sharing metropolitan interconected system was very controversial.[205]
Colombia
The EnCicla Bike Share System in Medellín is operated by the metropolitan area of Aburrá Valley. EnCicla is integrated with the city's existing infrastructure of cycle routes, mass transit and public transport systems.[206]
Ecuador
In August 2012 the Municipality of Quito government established a municipal bicycle sharing system called Bici Q.[207][208][209] The Municipality of Cuenca implemented a public bicycle sharing system in 2013.[210][211] Bici Q is completely free and is available for anyone to users with membership cards, which can be obtained online or in person.[212][213]
Uruguay
The Movete Bike Share System in Montevideo. Montevideo is integrated with the city's existing infrastructure of cycle routes, mass transit and public transport systems.[214]
Asia
China
Beijing
Shared bike rack in Beijing
A municipal scheme in Beijing launched in 2012 with the stationing of 2,000 bikes in Chaoyang district.[215] The scheme is scheduled to consist of 20,000 rental bikes and 500 kiosks, according to the Beijing Municipal Commission of Development and Reform. The main operating area will be in business districts and near subway stations and major public venues. By 2015, authorities intend to have 50,000 bikes available, similar to the Hangzhou scheme that is their model.[216][217] This follows the failure of a scheme launched in 2005–2006 (ahead of Velib) and in the light of a 2011 announcement by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport that it expects to raise the bike share of urban commuter journeys from 20 to 23 per cent by 2015.[216]
Guilin
In 2014, Guilin City opened docked bike share with 3,000 bikes spread out over 100 stations.[218]
Hangzhou
The Hangzhou Public Bicycle bike-sharing system has 60,600 bikes and started in 2008. Bike-sharing stations can be found in Hangzhou every 100 metres. The first hour of use is free, followed by 1 yuan ($0.15) for the first hour, 2 yuan the second hour, and 3 yuan each subsequent hour.[219] In 2013 USA Today called the Hangzhou bike-sharing system the 'best in the world'.[220] From a March 2010 survey of Hangzhou Public Bicycle members and non-members it was found that 30% of Hangzhou Bike-Sharing users incorporated bicycle sharing into their most common commute. Furthermore, the bicycle sharing system captured modal share from bus transit, walking, autos and taxis. Another key finding in this study suggests that car ownership may not reduce the likelihood of bikesharing use. In fact, members of the Hangzhou system exhibited a higher rate of auto ownership in comparison to non-members.[221]
Nanning
Since December 2013, Nanning has a bicycle sharing system with 1000 bicycles and 50 stations. The first hour of usage is free, after it costs 2RMB/h.[222] By 2014, it was expanded to about 25,000 bikes and 896 stations.[223]
Ningbo
A municipal docked bike share program opened in 2013 with 7,500 bikes and 300 stations.[224] By 2015, it has been expanded to 30,000 bikes spread over 1,240 stations across the city.[225]
Quanzhou
A municipal docked bike share program, operated by Taiwan-based YouBike, opened in 2016 with over 200 stations and a fleet of 6,000 bikes.[226] In 2017, it is being expanded to 410 stations with over 18,000 bikes.[227][228]
Shanghai
In preparation for the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, China, Shanghai launched a limited bike share programme which are accessible by RFID cards. Users could purchase 100-ride credits for about $30. Short rides are rewarded credits and longer rides subtract credits once the bikes have been re-docked. Shanghai planned to expand to 3,500 Bicycle Hot Spots throughout the entire city by 2010. Two years after the World Expo, Shanghai's bicycle sharing programme has been mostly limited to the Minhang District.[229][230]
Shaoxing
In 2011, a 1,500 bike, 26 station bike share opened in Shaoxing.[231] In 2012, it was expanded by 2,000 bikes and 50 stations.[232]
Suzhou
The Suzhou Industrial Park has a bicycle sharing system (苏州工业园区公共自行车) with 1,880 bicycles and 72 stations, which launched in January 2012.[233]
Xi'an
Since 2011, Xi'an has a bicycle sharing system with 8,000 bicycles and 375 stations.[234] By 2016, it was expanded to 52,000 public bicycles and 1,800 stations.[235]
Lanzhou
In 2014, a bike sharing system was created around downtown Lanzhou with 377 stations.[236][237]
Kunming
A municipal docked bike share program opened in 2015 with 5,000 bikes and over 700 stations.[238][239] In 2017, the system will consist of 2,500 bike stations as far south as Chenggong District and approximately 45,000 bicycles. Kunming expects to expand its bicycle-sharing system to 6,500 stations by 2019. Bicycles are free for the first hour, cost 0.5 yuan for each additional half hour and 15 yuan for an entire day.[240]
Hong Kong
"Gobee.bike" launched in April 2017, becoming the first dockless bike sharing provider in Hong Kong[241]. Another Hong Kong local Dockless bike company is called HobaBike.com[242] which was founded by a British educated Hong Kong engineer, Joseph Sung who formally was a Ford of Europe and Jaguar LandRover UK HQ Product engineer.[citation needed] Meanwhile, plans have been announced by Cleantech Solutions to enable users to rent bikes from multiple providers, by providing an app with a centralised list of available bicycles across all providers.[243]
Iran
In July 2016, first Iranian modern public bike system was designed and established in Urmia city with 250 bikes in 20 stations by ASI company by the brand name of "U Bike" .[244]
India
Mumbai
Mumbai operates two schemes,[245] and the Ministry of Urban Development is preparing to launch a 10-city public bike scheme as part of its "Mission for Sustainable Habitat".[246]
Ahmedabad
MyByk cycle sharing program in Ahmedabad started with eight stations within the city in 2013. Subscribers can keep bicycles as long as required without having to return them to the stations.[247][248]
Mysuru (Mysore)
Mysore is the first Indian city to initiate cycle sharing in 2009[249] with 28 locations as of 2009 and 52 planned locations.[250][251]
New Delhi
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) launched the first software based ‘Public Bicycle Sharing scheme (PBS)’ as per which commuters can rent cycles from a residential area and travel to the nearest Metro station and then again rent a cycle from a departing Metro station to the nearby localities.[252]
Pune
A lot of IT companies in Pune has been taking the initiative of promoting cycle to work.[253] There are lot of bicycle sharing system started in Pune itself. One of the bicycle renting system has been initiated by PedalSaddle in Pune providing cycles on rent for cost cheaper than public transportation.[254]Pune has India's first and biggest bicycle mall ever with a total investment of Rs 5 crore.[255]
The trend is catching on in some other cities including Rajkot,[256]Bhubaneswar.[257] and Vadodara (Baroda)[258]
Tel-O-Fun, started in 2011, is a bicycle sharing program in Tel-Aviv with 2,000 bicycles and 200 stations throughout the city and in some surrounding towns.[259]
In March 2017, the Kota Kinabalu City Hall begin to implemented its bicycles sharing service with 20 bicycles made available for the first stage. Those who want to use the service need to have the City Hall 'touch and go' card with RM200 (U$45) as deposit to use the bicycle for 24 hours with the money is refundable when the bicycle is returned. Its stations available in major hotels in the city as well as in Tanjung Lipat and in front of the Grace Court apartment in Sembulan with another 150 bicycles available in stores.[272]
The Subang Jaya LRT/KTM station has been selected as the first pioneer for bicycle sharing system brought by Singaporean company into Malaysia. oBike rider will be charged RM1.00 per 15 minutes usage.[273][274]
Singapore
Mobike.
Ofo
OBike
These 3 are main leaders. There's are other small competitors.
Following trials, a bike-sharing system named Ddareungi was introduced in Seoul in October 2015 in select areas of the right bank of the Han River.[275] After a few months, the number of stations reached 150 and 1500 bikes were made available.[276] In 2016, the number of stations has increased steadily to cover new districts.[277] As of July 2016, there were about 300 stations and 3000 bikes available, and Seoul mayor Park Won-sun has confirmed his intention to increase the number of bikes available to 20,000.[278]
Taipei City launched a public bicycle rental program in 2009, and expanded by working with leading Taiwanese bike manufacturer Giant. The system saw 22 million rentals in 2014, double the 11 million rentals in the previous year.[279]
Initially, an unexpectedly small number of daily users in the trial district of Xinyi (信義) prompted the city's Department of Transportation (zh) to install the "YouBike" system along Taipei Metro lines and to offer the service in several more districts.[280] The slow initial adoption of YouBike rentals was overcome through adapting the model, such as lowering rates (currently NT$5 for 30 minutes and progressing from NT$10 afterwards, without other fee such as membership fee, or periodic pass ), and increasing ways to open an account (online via the YouBike website or at the kiosks).[281][282]
YouBike also serves the New Taipei City, Taoyuan City, Hsinchu City, Taichung City and Chunghua County.[283]
Turkey
Public bike sharing services in Turkey use Baksi system.[284] In Istanbul, the system called İsbike started in 2012 with 10 stations and 100 bikes along the Marmara coast on the Asian side of the city.[285]
8D Technologies bike station for ADBC Bikeshare in Abu Dhabi.
ADCB Bikeshare is the first and only bike sharing scheme in the United Arab Emirates. The scheme operates in the nation's capital city of Abu Dhabi, and is sponsored by Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank. ADCB Bikeshare launched December 2015. Run by Cyacle, the programme operates on Yas Island and Al Raha Beach, where there are 11 stations with 75 bicycles available for hire. In the first eight months of operation, 5,641 people became members of the scheme and rode 78,689 kilometres (48,895 miles) on 8,536 trips.[286]
Australasia
Australia
A number of Australian cities have had docking shared bike systems since 2010. In 2017 dockless bike sharing commenced in all the capital cities. The dockless systems experienced a higher degree of vandalism, including bikes dumped in rivers, than has been seen in other countries.[287]. The dockless services all provided helmets with the bikes.
Adelaide
Ofo launched distributed 50 bikes through North Adelaide in October 2017.[288]
Sydney
In 2017 three dockless services have launched in Sydney
oBike has placed 1,000 bikes since July 2017.[287]
Reddy Go started with 1,500 bikes, also in July and has expanded to over 2,000 bikes.[287]
The first municipal bicycle share system in Australia, Melbourne Bike Share (MBS), was launched in Melbourne in June 2010. It started with 10 stations. Usage has been lower than expected and has required ongoing public subsidy. Take up has been affected by the location of docking stations and the legal requirement for riders wear helmets, which are not provided with the bikes. Ridership doubled when $5 helmets were offered for sale from vending machines. Currently the MBS uses 500 cycles at about 50 stations around Melbourne's central business district.[291]
Dockless bikes
Dockless service oBike placed 1,250 bikes in Melbourne since July 2017. There has been notable vandalism of the bikes in the first few months, including their dumping in the Yarra River.[287]
Subscriptions for CityCycle, a Vélib-style community bike hire scheme by JCDecaux for Brisbane started on 1 September 2010 and has grown to include 2000 bikes in 150 stations from the University of Queensland to Tenerife.[291][292] Its operation has depended on public subsidy. Initially helmets were not provided with the bikes but this was later changed. After only achieving 80,000 trips in its first twelve months, by 2016-17 this had increase to 522,388.[293]
The bikes were linked to the public transport go card – a single card covering all buses, trains, ferries and the Gold Coast light rail system. In 2017 it was announced new bank card facilities would be added to the stations.[292]
New Zealand
In both Auckland and Christchurch, Nextbike provide some limited cycle sharing facilities; plans are in hand to expand these. The New Zealand Transport Agency is working with Auckland Transport and the Christchurch City Council respectively to investigate cycle sharing schemes for each city, and independently a private consortium proposes to have a scheme in place in Auckland during 2017.[294]
Several cycle hire schemes in UK towns and cities overlap their university areas, e.g. the one at Stirling.[299] Others, e.g. Leeds,[300] offer longer-term cycle hire. Kingston University are reported to have a scheme called KU Bikes due to begin in early 2018,[301] while Derby anticipates that Hourbike will run a scheme in Derby operating electric bikes, around the same time.[302]
The following table lists more than 330 active bicycle sharing systems across the world. Most systems listed allow users to pick up and drop off bicycles at any of the automated stations within the network.
^Erb, Chris (31 January 2009). "Sneak peek at a Bixi bike". Spacing Montreal. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^CBC News, Montreal's Bixi rental bikes are rolling, 12 May 2009
^Bixi System, BIXI: Phase II To Begin This Summer, 3 July 2009
^"Time". Time. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
^"EcoBici" (in Spanish). EcoBici. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^"Meet Mexico City's First Bike Mayor". CityLab. Retrieved 2 August 2017. Ecobici now has around 6,500 bikes and over 240,000 registered users (which, they argue, is the largest in North America).
^"Public bike". publicbike.net. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^"Public bike". publicbike.net. Archived from the original on 1 September 2014. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^"-中国公交信息网". www.bus-info.cn. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
^"Namma Cycle". Namma Cycle. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
^"Desi Wheels". Desi Wheels. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^"SoBi Hamilton". Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^Kansas City B-Cycle – "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Transport for London, Windsor House, 42–50 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, enquire@tfl.gov.uk. "Barclays Cycle Hire". tfl.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Jesús de León Torres (September 2013). "Nuevas estaciones de" [New stations]. km0 (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
