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Species: | Iris revoluta
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Iris revoluta |
Iris revoluta is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from a small area in Salento, Italy. It has (sword-shaped) or falcate (sickle-shaped) glaucous leaves, tall slender stem with several short branches and 2-4 fragrant flowers in dark violet, purple, violet and pale violet. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.
It has horizontal,[1] thick and knotted rhizomes.[2]
rhizome thick, nodose,[3]
The ensiform (sword-shaped) or falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves can grow up to between 30–40 cm (12–16 in) long,[1][2] and between 3cm wide.[2][3] They are green-yellow,[1] or glaucous,[2]
It has a sub-cylindrical,[2] slender stem,[4] or peduncle,[2] that can grow up to between 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tall.[5][6][7] The stem and flowers are taller than the leaves.[2] It has several, short and weak branches,[2][5][4] (or [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]s).[3]
The stem has 2-4,[1] green, long, inflated, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are 5–6 cm (2–2 in) long, and (scarious) or membranous at the ends.[2][3] The flowers appear after each spathe or bract.[2]
The stems (and the many branches) hold between 2-4 flowers,[2] usually 1-2 per branch,[3] in late March.[1]
The scented flowers,[2][6][7] come in shades of violet, from dark violet,[2][5] purple,[1][4] violet,[6] and pale violet.[3] Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[8]: 17 The velvet-like falls,[2][1] are obovate, and recurved,[7] revolute (or folded).[1][5] They can reach 7.6–7.8 cm (3–3 in) long and 4 - 4.8 wide.[2][3] In the middle of the falls, is a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is white,[1] or pale violet and has a yellow tip.[3] The paler standards,[3] are elliptical and narrow at the base, reaching 7.8 cm (3 in) long and 4cm wide.[2][3]
The 3 style arms are 3cm long.[3] The perianth tube is funnel shaped, have violet stripes and around 3.8cm long.[2][3][1] It has a 1.2cm long filament,1.5cm long anther and a 2cm long and oblong-subtrigonal shaped ovary.[2][3]
After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong-ovate shaped seed capsule, which is 8.6 cm (3 in) long and 3cm wide. The capsule has 6 slight grooves, along it. Inside the capsule, are oval or sub-oval seeds without arils.[2][3]
In 2012, a study was carried out on 4 diploid and 7 allopolyploid bearded Iris species. In central Italy, there are a number of Iris species of allopolyploid origin Their leaf flavonoid, isoflavonoid and xanthone constituents were investigated. It found that Iris revoluta had a chromosome number of 2n=40, similar to Iris lutescens Lam., Iris marsica I. Ricci and Colas. (Ricci and Colasante, 1973), Iris bicapitata Colas. (Colasante, 1996) and Iris setina Colas. (Colasante, 1989; 1992).[9]
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[8]: 18 It has a chromosome count of 2n=40.[1][6][7] Which is the same as Iris setina, Iris bicapitata, Iris lutescens, Iris relicta and Iris revoluta.[10]
It is sometimes called Iris Salento.[11]
The Latin specific epithet revoluta refers to being rolled back or rolled out,[12] which describes the curled blade of the falls (of the flower).[2][5]
It was originally discovered and collected by Prof. Peter Parenzan,[11] (of the Museum of Marine Biology[13]) on the islet of Mojuso near Porto Cesareo,[14] in the gulf of Taranto, within the Lecce in southern Italy.[2][11]
Specimens of the plant were then sent to Maretta Colasante (from Ricci Univerisity of Rome), who studied the plant,[11] and then first published and described it as Iris revoluta by in 'Annali Di Botanica', (published in Roma), Vol. 35-36 on pages 155-168 between 1976-77, (published in 1978).[2][15][16]
It is thought the species is of hybrid origin, with no parental species defined, it is also not found anywhere else in Apulia or southern Italy.[11][5] It is also very different to Iris pseudopumila (a yellow flowering iris,[4]) which is the only other iris species present from Central to Southern Apulia.[5][4]
It was also later published and described by Colasante in 'Bulletin of the American Iris Society' Vol.292 on pages 82-85 in January 1994.[2]
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 3 December 2004.[16]
It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[17] and in the Catalogue of Life.[18]
It is endemic species of the small islands in the bay of Porto Cesareo,[4] near Lecce,[3] on the peninsula of Salento,[1][19] within Puglia,[20] in Italy.[6][15][7]
It is also found on “Isola dei Conigli” (also known as Rabbit Island), the biggest island near Porto Cesareo.[21]
It is listed as an endemic of Salento with Centaurea japygica (Lacaita) Brullo, Centaurea leucadea Lacaita, Centaurea nobilis (Groves) Brullo, Dianthus japigicus White & Brullo, Limonium japygicum (Groves) Pign. ,Ophrys tardans O. & E. Danesch, Plantago grovesii Brullo and Vicia giacominiana Segelberg[11]
It is endemic to a small island in Southern Apulia, [5] endemic to one small islet off south Italian coast near Lecce[3]
It grows on the scrub lands of sandy soils.[1]Cite error: A <ref>
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(see the help page). It is also listed on the "Red Book of Plants of Italia" and the IUCN regional Red List of Italian flora.[11]
It is rare due to the fact that it does not seem to set seed in cultivation, but in the wild, instead it re-produces vegetatively,[5] (by division).[22]
It can grow very well in normal soil,[5] although it does not seem to grow well in Kew Gardens in London, UK.[3]
It has been cultivated for many years, in the Botanical Garden of the Di.S.Te.B.A., University of Lecce.[22][23] Also known as the University of Salento.[24] It has been studied at the Botanical Garden to investigate the reasons limiting its sexual reproduction,[22] as well as Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss, Linum tommasinii Rchb. and others.[23]
It is a plant not generally offered for sale,[1] except in specialist nurseries.[5]
Irises can generally be propagated by division.[22][25]
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[26]
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