Galindan | |
---|---|
Galindian | |
Region | Northeastern Poland |
Extinct | 14th century AD[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xgl |
xgl | |
Glottolog | None |
The term Galindian is sometimes ascribed to two separate Baltic languages, both of which were peripheral dialects:
There are three proposed etymologies for the denomination Galindian:[3]: 308–309
Based on the common name used for the two peoples by ancient authors, some scientists propose a common origin of the two peoples and languages.[3]: 309 [8] In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/West Galindian and East Galindian.[3]: 309–310
West Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Galindians previously spoken in what is today northeastern Poland and thought to have been a dialect of Old Prussian,[3]: 290 or a Western Baltic language similar to Old Prussian.[9] There are no extant writings in Galindian.
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | |||||
Nasal | m | n | nʲ | |||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʲ | k | |
voiced | b | d | dʲ | dʒ | ɡ | |
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | ||
voiced | z | ʒ | ||||
Trill | r | rʲ | ||||
Approximant | l | lʲ | j |
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
High | i | iː | u | uː | ||
Mid | eː | oː | ||||
Mid-low | ɔ | |||||
Low | a | aː |
East Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Balts living in the Protva Basin in present-day Russia.[3]: 307
Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva Basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:[3]: 311–312 [10]
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | |||||
Nasal | m | n | nʲ | |||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʲ | tʃ | k |
voiced | b | d | dʲ | ɡ | ||
Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | |||
voiced | v | z | ʒ | |||
Trill | r | rʲ | ||||
Approximant | l | lʲ | j |
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
High | i | iː | u | uː | ||
Mid | eː | oː | ||||
Mid-low | ɛ | |||||
Low | a | aː |
There are some Russian words from the Portva Basin region suspected to be Baltisms:[3]: 312
Russian | Transliteration | Translation | Proposed Baltic cognates |
---|---|---|---|
алáня | alánja | 'beer' | Lithuanian: alìnas 'special type of beer', Lithuanian: alùs, Latvian: aliņš |
кромсáть | kromsát' | 'to break something into pieces' | Lithuanian: kramseti, Latvian: kramstīt |
нóрот | nórot | 'fishing gear' | Lithuanian: nérti, Latvian: nērt 'to sink' |
пикýлька | pikúl'ka | 'type of weed' | Lithuanian: pìkulė 'sisymbrium' |