Enterprise foundations are foundations that own companies.
Enterprise foundations are independent, self-governing entities with no owners. They are characterised by long time horizons, philanthropic goals and the absence of personal profit motives.[1] Enterprise foundations generally have philanthropic as well as business purposes, and often concentrate their investments in a single firm or a single business group. Many of the best known foundation-owned companies are publicly listed, while the enterprise foundation retains a controlling ownership position, commonly through voting rights via different share classes. Ownership can be full (100% ownership) or just a controlling influence. The companies owned by enterprise foundations may be active in any private business activity.
Other terms used to describe the same phenomenon are "industrial foundations", "corporate foundations", "commercial foundations", "business foundations", "commercial non-profits" and "foundations with corporate interests".
A defining feature of enterprise foundations is that the foundation controls the company which it owns, and not the other way around. Consequently, the majority of corporate foundations around the world, who do philanthropy on behalf of a company, are not enterprise foundations. Moreover, enterprise foundations are private entities not governmental or quasi-governmental institutions.
Several big international companies are owned by enterprise foundations, including the Indian Tata Group, the Swedish Wallenberg businesses, the Danish pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk, US Hershey, German Robert Bosch, Swiss Rolex and IKEA.[2] Enterprise foundations are most common in the Nordic country of Denmark, where enterprise foundations account for almost half of domestic stock market capitalisation.[2] In Denmark, enterprise foundations own three of the four largest Danish companies; A.P. Moller – Maersk (A.P. Moller Foundation), Novo Nordisk (Novo Nordisk Foundation) and Carlsberg (Carlsberg Foundation).[2]
Many enterprise foundations are non-profits without a personal profit motive, which sets them aside from other ownership structures. Instead, they are legally bound by their purpose, which typically is to secure the longevity and independence of the companies that they own and to contribute to society by philanthropy. As perpetuities which cannot be dissolved, they are long-term owners. However, not all enterprise foundations are equally idealistic. Some have strong ties to the founding family and continue to donate to its descendants. Others again have ties to government organisations, cooperatives or associations, which helped establish them.[1]
In most countries around the world, enterprise foundations are not a legal category and there is no unified body of enterprise foundation law.[2][3] The Nordic country of Denmark is an outlier due to its tax regime and enterprise foundation laws. Consequently, Denmark has a high number of enterprise foundations compared to other countries.[2]
Company | Country | Description and industry |
---|---|---|
Carlsberg | Denmark | Alcoholic beverages, beer and soft drinks |
Novo Nordisk | Denmark | Danish multinational pharmaceutical company |
Anheuser Busch Inbev | Belgium | Alcoholic beverages, beer and soft drinks |
A.P. Moller – Maersk | Denmark | Global transport and logistics company |
Bertelsmann | Germany | German multinational media, services and education company |
Lundbeck | Denmark | Danish multinational pharmaceutical company |
Robert Bosch | Germany | German conglomerate |
Leo Pharma | Denmark | Danish multinational pharmaceutical company |
CaixaBank | Spain | Spanish multinational financial services company |
Novozymes | Denmark | Danish multinational biotech company |
Carl Zeiss | Germany | German optics company |
The Hershey Co. | United States | American food company |
Inter IKEA Holding | Sweden | Swedish furniture manufacturer |
Wallenberg | Sweden | Swedish conglomerate and business dynasty |
Kavli | Norway | Norwegian food company |
Kuehne + Nagel | Switzerland | Global transport and logistics company |
Lloyds Register | United Kingdom | Technical and business services organisation |
Mahle | Germany | German automotive parts manufacturer |
DNV | Norway | Certification body and classification society |
Pierre Fabre | France | French multinational pharmaceutical and cosmetics company. |
Rolex | Switzerland | Swiss watch designer and manufacturer |
Tata Sons | India | Indian multinational conglomerate |
Wiliam Demant | Denmark | Danish multinational hearing healthcare company |
If a foundation has controlling influence in a business company, it is an enterprise foundation.[2]
Business ownership separates enterprise foundations from ordinary (purely charitable) foundations. Self-ownership means that it has no residual claimants. The foundation may choose to donate, but nobody has a claim on donations. By foundation ownership, foundations have controlling influence in a business company. To qualify as enterprise foundations, they have to have controlling influence – enterprise foundations do not have to own 100% of the companies. The controlling influence is focused on voting rights rather than capital shares or dividend rights.
Academic literature has identified the following key characteristics of enterprise foundations:[2]
Advantages and disadvantages to enterprise foundations and foundation ownership:
Advantages (benefits, strengths) | Disadvantages (costs, weaknesses) |
---|---|
Long-term horizon[4][2] | Muted incentives[5][2] |
Ownership commitment[4][2] | Risk aversion[6][2] |
Social responsibility[7][8][2] | Financial constraints[6][2] |
Philanthropy[9][2] | No market for corporate control[6][2] |
Succession[9][2] | Multiple objectives (business, philanthropy)[2][10] |
Company survival[4][2] | Company growth[6][2] |