Carbocatalysis is a form of catalysis that uses heterogeneous carbon materials for the transformation or synthesis of organic or inorganic substrates. The catalysts are characterized by their high surface areas, surface functionality, and large, aromaticbasal planes. Carbocatalysis can be distinguishable from supported catalysis (such as palladium on carbon) in that no metal is present, or if metals are present they are not the active species.
As of 2010, the mechanisms of reactivity are not well understood.[citation needed]
One of the most common examples of carbocatalysis is the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene discovered in the 1970s.[1] Also in the industrial process of (non-oxidative) dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, the potassium-promoted iron oxide catalyst is coated with a carbon layer as the active phase. In another early example,[2] a variety of substituted nitrobenzenes were reduced to the corresponding aniline using hydrazine and graphite as the catalyst.
^Alkhazov, T. G.; Lisovskii, A. E.; Gulakhmedova, T. Kh. (1979). "Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene over a charcoal catalyst". React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 12 (2): 189–193. doi:10.1007/BF02071909.
^Byung, H. H.; Dae, H. S.; Sung, Y. C. (1985). "Graphite catalyzed reduction of aromatic and aliphatic nitro compounds with hydrazine hydrate". Tetrahedron Lett. 26 (50): 6233–6234. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)95060-3.
^Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. (1985). "C60: Buckminsterfullerene". Nature. 318 (6042): 162–163. Bibcode:1985Natur.318..162K. doi:10.1038/318162a0.
^Li, B.; Xu, Z. (2009). "A Nonmetal Catalyst for Molecular Hydrogen Activation with Comparable Catalytic Hydrogenation Capability to Noble Metal Catalyst". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (45): 16380–16382. doi:10.1021/ja9061097. PMID19845383.
^Dreyer, D. R.; Jia, H.-P.; Bielawski, C. W. (2010). "Graphene Oxide: A Convenient Carbocatalyst for Facilitating Oxidation and Hydration Reactions". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 (38): 6813–6816. doi:10.1002/anie.201002160.