The BBC broadcast what appeared to be a speech by Adolf Hitler, in which the Führer reminded the audience that Columbus had discovered America with the help of German science and technology, and therefore Germany had a right "to have some part in the achievement which this voyage of discovery was to result in." This meant that all Americans of Czech and Polish descent were entitled to come under the protection of Germany and that Hitler would "enforce that right, not only theoretically but practically." Once the German Protectorate was extended to the United States, the Statue of Liberty would be removed to alleviate traffic congestion and the White House would be renamed the Brown House. CBS contacted the BBC in something of a panic trying to learn more about the origin of the broadcast, not realizing that it was an April Fools' Day hoax. The voice of Hitler had been impersonated by the actor Martin Miller.[1][2]
The soap opera Portia Faces Life premiered in syndication on American radio.
Born:Wangari Maathai, environmental and political activist and Nobel laureate, in Ihithe, Tetu, Kenya (d. 2011)
Died:John A. Hobson, 81, English economist and social scientist
The British cabinet approved Operation Wilfred, Winston Churchill's plan to mine the sea routes between Norway, Sweden and Germany and for Anglo-French landings in Norway to forestall a German invasion there, which British intelligence believed was imminent. However, the British government still dithered about implementing the plan due to Norway's neutrality.[9]
British intelligence advised of a German military buildup in northern German ports, suggesting that an invasion somewhere in Scandinavia was imminent.[10]
Neville Chamberlain gave a speech to the Conservative Party in London stating he was confident of victory and that Hitler had "missed the bus" by not taking advantage of Germany's military superiority over Britain at the beginning of the war.[11]
34 French communists convicted of illegally attempting to reorganize the Communist Party were sentenced to five years in prison. Eight others received suspended sentences of four years.[12]
The Norwegian ambassador in Berlin warned Oslo and Copenhagen of a possible German invasion, as did the British.[15] Britain and France also advised Norway that they had the right to act to deprive Germany of access to Norwegian raw materials.[10]
British reconnaissance aircraft spotted a large German naval force heading northward. RAF bombers were dispatched to attack the group but this attack was not successful.[15]
Norway protested the British naval mining of its territorial waters.[5]
The German cruiser Admiral Hipper sank the British destroyer Glowworm in the Norwegian Sea. Despite being hopelessly outgunned, Glowworm managed to ram Admiral Hipper, inflicting considerable damage, before sinking. Captain Gerard Broadmead Roope earned the first Victoria Cross of the war for his conduct, but it was bestowed only after the war when the Admiral Hipper's log describing the battle was read by the Royal Navy.[16]
At 5:20 a.m. in Norway (4:20 a.m. in Denmark), the German envoys in Oslo and Copenhagen presented the Norwegian and Danish governments with a German ultimatum demanding that they immediately accept the "protection of the Reich." Denmark capitulated so as to not provoke mass bloodshed at the hands of the Germans, and the country was invaded in six hours. Norwegian Foreign Affairs MinisterHalvdan Koht, however, responded with the defiant words "Vi gir oss ikke frivillig, kampen er allerede i gang" ("We will not submit voluntarily; the struggle is already underway"). The entire Norwegian government including King Haakon VII fled the capital that morning for the mountains in the north.[17][18]
With Denmark occupied by the Nazis, Iceland effectively declared independence when the Althing granted full powers of government to the Icelandic cabinet.[4]
The German pocket battleship Lützow was knocked out of action for a year after being hit by a torpedo from the British submarine HMS Spearfish in the Kattegat.[4]
First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill made a speech to the House of Commons announcing that the strategically important Faroe Islands belonging to Denmark were now being occupied by Britain. "We shall shield the Faroe Islands from all the severities of war and establish ourselves there conveniently by sea and air until the moment comes when they will be handed back to the Crown and people of a Denmark liberated from the foul thraldom in which they have been plunged by the German aggression," Churchill said.[21]
During a press conference at the White House, reporters asked President Roosevelt whether a violation of the integrity of Greenland, such as a German invasion, would raise the question of applying the Monroe Doctrine. The president called the reporters "very, very premature" and "awfully hypothetical," explaining that the U.S.'s primary interest in Greenland was currently in providing relief for its 17,000 inhabitants if their supply ships from Denmark were cut off. The president also took a question about television. He said that while it had "a great future", the FCC still needed to work out the matter of monopoly prevention to ensure that no single company would control it.[22]
RAF Bomber Command mounted aerial minelaying operations for the first time when fifteen Handley Page Hampdens were deployed to lay sea mines off Denmark. There would be a total of 19,917 RAF minelaying sorties over the course of the war.[24]
The New York Rangers defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs 3–2 in overtime to win hockey's Stanley Cup, four games to two. The Rangers did not win the Cup again until 1994. In the intervening 54 years a superstitious phenomenon known as the Curse of 1940 developed.
Norway's King Haakon VII made a radio address telling his people that British soldiers were on their way and should be given any assistance possible.[25]
Depth charges from British destroyers sank the German submarine U-49 off Narvik. The British recovered a bag from the debris containing secret operational documents including grid charts and a map of the locations of other U-boats in the area.[10][26]
Japanese Foreign Minister Arita Hachiro declared that all of Southeast Asia was "economically bound" to Japan and that the Japanese government would be "deeply concerned over any development accompanying an aggravation of the war in Europe that may affect the status quo of the Netherlands East Indies."[27]
The British cruiser HMS Suffolk shelled a German held-airfield at Stavanger, but was attacked by aircraft in return, heavily damaged and put out of action for almost a year.[4]
U.S. Secretary of StateCordell Hull issued a statement in response to the Japanese declaration of two days earlier. Hull's statement declared, "Any change in the status of the Netherlands Indies would directly affect the interests of many countries. The Netherlands Indies are very important in the international relationships of the whole Pacific Ocean ... They are also an important factor in the commerce of the whole world. They produce considerable portions of the world's supplies of important essential commodities such as rubber, tin, quinine, copra, etc. Many countries, including the United States, depend substantially upon them for some of these commodities." The statement went on to recite a list of international treaties that agreed to respect the rights of the Netherlands in the region.[29]
The British ocean liner Queen Mary arrived in Sydney to be refitted as a troopship.[4]
Died:H. A. L. Fisher, 75, English historian and politician; Florrie Forde, 64, Australian popular singer and entertainer; Kid McCoy, 67, American boxer
The British 148th Infantry Brigade arrived at Lillehammer and began moving south. The British supply base at Namsos came under bombing from German forces, but there was little the British could do to fight back as they were short on anti-aircraft weaponry.[4]
On his 51st birthday, Hitler ordered the creation of the first Scandinavian SS unit, named SS-Verfügungstruppe Standarte Nordland.[33]
German troops landed at Verdal and Kirknessvag, threatening to encircle the British 146th Infantry Brigade near Trondheim.[4]
Take It or Leave It, the forerunner to the popular quiz show The $64,000 Question, premiered on CBS radio.
Died:Walter J. Kohler, Sr., 65, American businessman and politician; Robert M. Losey, 31, American aeronautical meteorologist considered to be the first U.S. military casualty of World War II (killed in the German bombardment of Norway)
The British 148th Brigade tried to make a stand at the strategic village of Tretten, but was too tired and underequipped to hold back the German onslaught. By the end of the day the Brigade was in full retreat.[35]
On Budget Day in the United Kingdom, Chancellor of the ExchequerSir John Simon announced that the government was seeking an all-time record £1.234 billion in revenue to meet the cost of the war through March 1941. Taxes and duties were increased on income, alcohol, tobacco, telephone calls, telegrams of "ordinary priority" and postage.[36]
The Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo was visited by a German officer who expressed his intention to take over the building, but was told that it belonged to the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm and was therefore Swedish property. Nevertheless, the wartime situation made the Nobel Committee's regular activities difficult to conduct and so there would be not be any Nobel Prizes awarded for 1940, 1941 or 1942, and no ceremony until 1944 when a special one was held in New York City.[37][38][39]
Issue #1 of the comic book Batman was published, starring the character of the same name who was already popular from his appearances in other comics over the previous year. This first issue marked the debut of the Joker and Catwoman (initially called The Cat).[41]
The British 15th Infantry Brigade repulsed an assault of the 196th Division of the Wehrmacht at Kvam.[4]
U.S. President Roosevelt recognized the state of war between Germany and Norway and reaffirmed American neutrality in the conflict. Norwegian submarines were added to the list of belligerent ships forbidden from entering American territorial waters.[4]
The Norwegian torpedo boat Trygg was sunk by German bomber planes. The Germans later salvaged it and put it back into service as the Zick.
The British 15th Brigade fell back 3 kilometers to Kjorem after their supplies were destroyed by a full day of bombing from the Germans, who had complete air superiority. London began seriously considering a complete withdrawal from Norway.[15][43]
The Norwegian destroyer Garm was sunk by German bomber planes.
Germany finally declared war on Norway. Joachim von Ribbentrop took to the airwaves shortly afterward and claimed that the Germans had captured documents from the Lillehammer sector revealing a British and French plan to occupy Norway with Norwegian complicity. That same day Samuel Hoare made a radio address of his own in which he called Ribbentrop's assertion "despicable."[44][45]
The Luftwaffe bombed Namsos. The order was given to evacuate the port.[10]
The British 15th Brigade fell back another 15 kilometers to Otta while the Germans captured the valley of Østerdalen.[15]
U.S. President Roosevelt sent Benito Mussolini a telegram that said, "I earnestly hope that the powerful influence of Italy and of the United States — an influence which is very strong so long as they remain at peace — may yet be exercised, when the appropriate opportunity is presented in behalf of the negotiation of a just and stable peace which will permit of the reconstruction of a gravely stricken world."[48]
The German 196th Division captured Dombås as the British retreated to Åndalsnes.[15]
The British sloop HMS Bittern was severely damaged off Namsos by German dive-bombers. Allied ships rescued the survivors and then scuttled the ship with a torpedo from the destroyer HMS Janus.
^Rohwer, Jürgen (2015). Critical Convoy Battles of WWII: Crisis in the North Atlantic, March 1943. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 17. ISBN978-0-8117-1655-0.
^Lemmel, Birgitta. "The Nobel Foundation: A Century of Growth and Change." The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. Ed. Agneta Wallin Levinovitz, Nils Ringertz. London: Imperial College Press, 2001. p. 22–23. ISBN978-981-02-4665-5.
^ abGarbarini, Alexandra (2011). Jewish Responses to Persecution: Volume II, 1938–1940. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press. p. 554. ISBN978-0-7591-2039-6.
^Collins, Sandra. "Tokyo/Helsinki 1940." Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Ed. John E. Findling and Kimberley D. Pelle. Greenwood Publishing, 2004. p. 121. ISBN978-0-313-32278-5.