Crvena zastava, simbol pokreta ljevice i lijevog centraCrvena ruža, simbol demokratije i anti-autoritarizma u načinu djelovanja protiv društvenih nepravdi[1][2][3]
Lijevi centar ili umjerena ljevica, u političkoj teoriji, je naziv za poziciju na političkom spektru.
Označava političke ideje, političke stranke i političke pokrete koji po svojim temeljnim programskim određenjima pripadaju političkoj ljevici, ali u svojoj praktičnoj platformi imaju dosta kompromisnih sadržaja što ih približava političkom centru, te ih se zbog toga ne može nazvati političkom ljevicom u klasičnom smislu.
Političke stranke i organizacije koje se smatraju lijevim centrom najčešće nastoje pronaći kompromis između socijalno-odgovornih i pragmatičnih sadržaja u svojim programima. Od njih su najpoznatije stranke, organizacije i pokreti socijaldemokratske orijentacije, koji se najčešće nazivaju lijevim centrom.
Pojam lijevog centra se često koristi i za opis koalicije koju čine stranke ljevice i centra.
Lijevi centar na političkom spektru predstavlja ljevicu okrenutu političkom pragmatizmu.[4][5] Pragmatična politika lijevog centra se usmjerava samo na minimalni program, kojim u okviru ustanova predstavničke, parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije nastoji sprovesti djelimičnu promjenu putem aktivne ekonomske uloge javnog sektora, javnih institucija i servisa koji bi trebalo da rade na ublažavanju nepravdi koje nanosi neregulirani, liberalni model kapitalizma.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Praktično ostvarenje takve djelimične promjene u okviru ustanova parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije uobičajeno se naziva socijalno odgovornom državom ili državom blagostanja.[8][12][13][14][15] Lijevi centar se smatra umjerenom strujom u suvremenom ljevičarskom pokretu.[16][17][18][19]
ostvarenje, poštivanje, zaštita i unapređenje temeljnih ljudskih prava i sloboda, bez diskriminacije na bilo kojoj osnovi, kao što su: rasa, boja kože, društveno podrijetlo, nacionalno podrijetlo, etnička pripadnost, veza sa manjinskim narodom ili manjinskom zajednicom, jezik, vjera ili uvjerenje, političko ili drugo mišljenje, članstvo u političkoj, sindikalnoj ili drugoj organizaciji, spol, rodni identitet, seksualna orijentacija, spolne karakteristike, bračni ili obiteljski status, rođenje, starosna dob, društveni status, imovinsko stanje, genetičke karakteristike, zdravstveno stanje, invaliditet ili drugo osobno svojstvo;
unapređenje uravnoteženosti lokalnog i regionalnog razvoja;
zaštita kulturnog i prirodnog nasljeđa, te okoliša i životinja;
promoviranje mirnog i diplomatskog načina rješavanja sporova i sukoba;
korištenje demokratskih i nenasilnih parlamentarnih i izvanparlamentarnih oblika djelovanja i opiranje svim nedemokratskim, autoritarnim i totalitarnim oblicima djelovanja.
Umjerena progresivna stranka u matičnom toku zemlje koja je zasnovana na parlamentarnoj demokratiji i tržišnoj kapitalističkoj ekonomiji, sa glasačkim tijelom kako u nižoj klasi tako i u srednjoj klasi, mogla bi biti opisana kao politička stranka lijevog centra.[22][23] Dok bi stranka sa većim zahtjevima i ciljevima, koja ima glasačko tijelo među onim dijelom malobrojnije, ali svjesnije srednje i niže klase, fizičke i intelektualne, te sa historijom podrške i učešća u emancipacijskim i progresivnim pokretima, mogla biti opisana kao stranka radikalnije, nove ljevice.[24][25][26][27]
Političke stranke lijevog centra, kao i druge suvremene ljevičarske stranke, uobičajeno ističu sljedeće vrijednosti:[28]
sloboda — ne samo ljudske slobode, nego i sloboda od diskriminacije, sloboda demokratskog sudjelovanja i sloboda od zavisnosti, ekstremnog siromaštva, straha i zlouporabe političke, ekonomske i druge moći i položaja;
jednakost — ne samo pred zakonom, nego i jednake šanse i mogućnosti za sve ljude u raznim oblastima života, bez obzira na identitetske različitosti, uključujući i one osobe sa poteškoćama bilo koje vrste;
solidarnost — pokazivanje razumijevanja i saosjećanja prema osobama koje su žrtve nekog oblika diskriminacije, nepravde, neravnopravnosti ili nezgodnog sticaja okolnosti, te osobna spremnost zajedničkog djelovanja sa drugima na pronalaženju načina za umanjivanje i sprječavanje takvih pojava. Ovo načelo podrazumijeva i razvijanje institucionalnih oblika solidarnosti, te internacionalne solidarnosti.
Clement Attlee, umjereni ljevičar i premijer Velike Britanije (1945-1951)Vili Brant, umjereni ljevičar i kancelar Nemačke (1969-1974)Ulof Palme, umjereni ljevičar i premijer Švedske (1969-1976 i 1982-1986)Helen Klark, umjerena ljevičarka i premijerka Novog Zelanda (1999-2008)
Lijevi centar se opire svakom obliku autoritarizma i jednopartizma.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Stoga, lijevi centar se opire konceptima jednopartijske vladavine takozvanih komunističkih partija 20. stoljeća.[37][38][39]
Popis političkih stranaka lijevog centra i umjerene ljevice
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^"Metropolitan. v.38 1913". HathiTrust. p. 63. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
^"Most's Meeting". Indianapolis Indiana State Sentinel. September 21, 1887. p. 1 Column 1.
^Blaazer, David (2002) [1992]. The Popular Front and the Progressive Tradition: Socialists, Liberals, and the Quest for Unity, 1884–1939. Cambridge University Press. Lijevi centar
^Understanding Social Democracy (PDF). What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University. Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2016.
^Notermans, Ton (2000). Money, Markets, and the State: Social Democratic Economic Policies since 1918. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. Lijevi centar
^Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind; Thorsen, Dag Einar (2013). The Nordic Model of Social Democracy. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Lijevi centar
^ abSejersted, Francis (2011). Adams, Madeleine B., ur. The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century. Prevod: Daly, Richard. Princeton University Press. Lijevi centar
^Berman, Sheri (1998). The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Lijevi centar
^Aspalter, Christian (2001). Importance of Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria and Sweden. Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers. Lijevi centar
^ abBadie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, ur. (2011). „Social Democracy”. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. 8. Sage Publications. Lijevi centar
^Thorsen, Dag Einar; Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind (2013). „Utopia Sustained: The Nordic Model of Social Democracy”. London: Fabian Society. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2016.
^Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2006). „The Social Welfare State, beyond Ideology”. Scientific American. sv. 295 br. 5. New York. str. 42. ISSN 0036-8733. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 12. 10. 2007. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2016.
^Upchurch, Martin; Taylor, Graham; Mathers, Andrew (2009). The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives. Contemporary Employment Relations. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. Lijevi centar
^Fitzpatrick, Tony (2003). After the New Social Democracy: Social Welfare for the Twenty-First Century. Manchester University Press. Lijevi centar
^Bardhan, Pranab; Roemer, John E. (1992). „Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation”. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 6 (3): 101—116. ISSN 0895-3309
^Britain, Ian (2005) [1982]. Fabianism and Culture: A Study in British Socialism and the Arts, c. 1884–1918. Cambridge University Press. Lijevi centar
^Hinnfors, Jonas (2006). Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party. Critical Labour Movement Studies. Manchester University Press. Lijevi centar
^Janowsky, Oscar Isaiah (1959). Foundations of Israel: Emergence of a Welfare State. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand.
^Meyer, Thomas; Hinchman, Lewis P. (2007). The Theory of Social Democracy. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. Lijevi centar
^• Hoefer, Richard (2013). „Social Welfare Policy and Politics”. Colby, Ira C.; Dolmus, Catherine N.; Sowers, Karen M. Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Lijevi centar
^Jackson, Ben (2008). „Social Democracy”. Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 7 (2nd edition). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Lijevi centar
^Ishay, Michelle R. (2008) [2005]. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkeley: University of California Press. Lijevi centar
^Hudson, Kate (2012). The New European Left: A Socialism for the Twenty-First Century?. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Lijevi centar
^Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. Lijevi centar
^Harrington, Michael (2011) [1989]. Socialism: Past and Future. New York: Arcade Publishing. Lijevi centar
^Schweickart, David (2007). „Democratic Socialism”. Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. 1. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Lijevi centar
^Tansey, Stephen D.; Jackson, Nigel (2008). Politics: The Basics. London: Routledge. Lijevi centar
^(2006). The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. Lijevi centar
^Evans, Bryan; Schmidt, Ingo, ur. (2012). Social Democracy After the Cold War. Edmonton, Alberta: Athabasca University Press. Lijevi centar
^Kenworthy, Lane (2014). Social Democratic America. New York: Oxford University Press. Lijevi centar
^Cronin, James E.; Ross, George W.; Shoch, James (2011). What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. Lijevi centar
^Rubinstein, David (2006). The Labour Party and British Society: 1880–2005. Brighton, England: Sussex University Press. Lijevi centar
^Corfe, Robert (2010). The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System. Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. Lijevi centar
^Orlow, Dietrich (2000). Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969. New York: Berghahn Books. Lijevi centar
^Edinger, Lewis Joachim (1956). German Exile Politics: The Social Democratic Executive Committee in the Nazi Era. Berkeley: University of California Press.
^Childs, David (2000). The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy and Soviet Communism since 1945. London: Routledge. Lijevi centar
^Bogdanor, Vernon (1985). „The Social Democratic Party and the Alliance”. Ur.: Burch, Martin; Jaenicke, Douglas; Gardner, John. Three Political Systems: A Reader in British, Soviet and American Politics. Manchester University Press. Lijevi centar
^Van Oudenaren, John (1991). Détente in Europe: The Soviet Union and the West since 1953. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. Lijevi centar
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