Sogdia, Sogdiana
Abad ke-6 SM hingga abad ke-11 Masihi
Anggaran keluasan Sogdia, antara Amu Darya dan Syr Darya.
Ibu negara	Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Kesh
Bahasa-bahasa	Sogdia
Agama	Majusi, Manikheisme, Buddhisme, Islam, Kristian Nestorian^[1]
Mata wang	Tiruan syiling Sasan dan syiling tunai Cina serta "hibrid" kedua-duanya.^[2]^[3]

Sogdia atau Sogdiana ialah sebuah tamadun Iran purba yang terletak di antara Amu Darya dan Syr Darya, kini di Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan dan Kyrgyzstan. Sogdiana juga dahulnya wilayah Empayar Hakhamaniyah, dan disenaraikan dalam Prasasti Behistun milik Darius yang Agung. Sogdiana mula-mula ditakluki oleh Cyrus yang Agung, pengasas Empayar Hakhamaniyah, dan kemudian diilhakkan oleh pemerintah Makedonia Alexander yang Agung pada 328 SM. Ia bertukar-tukar ke tangan Empayar Seleukia, Kerajaan Yunani-Baktria, Empayar Kushan, Empayar Sasan, Empayar Hephthalite, Kekhanan Turkik Barat dan Muslim Transoxiana.

Negara-negara kota Sogdia, walaupun tidak pernah bersatu dalam pentadbiran, berpusat di bandar Samarkand. Bahasa Sogdia, satu bahasa Iran Timur, sudah tidak lagi dituturkan. Walau bagaimanapun, keturunan salah satu dialeknya, Yaghnobi, masih dituturkan oleh orang Yaghnobi di Tajikistan. Ia digunakan secara meluas di Asia Tengah sebagai lingua franca dan berfungsi sebagai salah satu bahasa istana Kekhanan Turkik Pertama untuk menulis dokumen.

Orang Sogdia juga pernah tinggal di China zaman maharaja dan memegang jawatan-jawatan tinggi dalam tentera dan kerajaan dinasti Tang China (618–907 TM). Pedagang dan diplomat Sogdia mengembara sejauh barat ke Empayar Byzantium. Mereka menjadi orang tengah dalam perdagangan Jalan Sutera. Walaupun pada mulanya mengamalkan kepercayaan Majusi, Manikheisme, Buddhisme dan, sedikit sebanyak, Kristian Gereja Timur dari Asia Barat, orang Sogdia memeluk Islam secara beransur-ansur dan keturunan mereka bermula dengan penaklukan Muslim Transoxiana pada abad ke-8. Pemelukan Islam oleh orang Sogdia Islam hampir lengkap pada akhir Empayar Samaniyah pada tahun 999, bertepatan dengan kemerosotan bahasa Sogdia apabila sebahagian besarnya digantikan oleh bahasa Parsi Baru.

Rujukan

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Petikan

[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Jacques Gernet (31 Mei 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 286–. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7.
^ "Soghdian Kai Yuans (lectured at the Dutch 1994-ONS meeting)". T.D. Yih dan J. de Kreek (hosted on the Chinese Coinage Website). 1994. Dicapai pada 8 Jun 2018.
^ "Samarqand's Cast Coinage of the Early 7th–Mid-8th Centuries AD: Assessment based on Chinese sources and numismatic evidence". Andrew Reinhard (Pocket Change – The blog of the American Numismatic Society). 12 Ogos 2016. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 Jun 2018. Dicapai pada 9 Jun 2018.

Sumber

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Rencana ini menggabungkan dan menterjemah teks dari penerbitan sekarang di domain awam: Chisholm, Hugh, penyunting (1911). "Sogdiana". Encyclopædia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. ke-11). Cambridge University Press.
Adylov, Šuhrat T.; Mirzaahmedov, Jamal K. (2006). On the History of the Ancient Town of Vardāna and the Objavija Feud in Ērān ud Anērān. Studies Presented to B. I. Maršak (1st part). Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina.
Archaeological Researches in Uzbekistan. 2001. Tashkent. The edition is based on results of German-French-Uzbek co-expeditions in 2001 in Uzbekistan
Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshohocken: Infinity Publishing.
Alram, Michael (2008). "Ein Schatzfund Hephthalitischer Drachmen Aus Baktrien" [A treasure discovery of Hephthalite Drachms from Bactria] (PDF). Numismatische Zeitschrift (dalam bahasa Jerman). Jil. 116/117. m/s. 253–268. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 23 September 2010.
Baumer, Christoph (2012), The History of Central Asia: the Age of the Steppe Warriors, London, New York: I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-78076-060-5.
Belenitskii, A. M. and B. I. Marshak (1981), "Part One: the Paintings of Sogdiana" in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp 11–78, ISBN 0-520-03765-0.
Boulnois, Luce (2005), Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants, Odyssey Books, ISBN 962-217-721-2.
Boyce, Mary (1983). "Parthian Writings and Literature". Dalam Yarshater, Ehsan (penyunting). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 1151–1165. ISBN 0-521-24693-8. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (bantuan)
Briant, Pierre (2002), From Cyrus to Alexander: a History of the Persian Empire, trans. Peter T. Daniels, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, ISBN 1-57506-120-1.
Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)", in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, ISSN 2157-9687.
de Crespigny, Rafe (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD), Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
de la Vaissière, Étienne (2005). Sogdian Traders: A History. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-14252-5
Darmesteter, James (1880). The Zend-Avesta Part 1 The Vendidad. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
Dresden, Mark J. (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp. 1–10, ISBN 0-520-03765-0.
Dresden, Mark J. (1983). "Sogdian Language and Literature". Dalam Yarshater, Ehsan (penyunting). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 1216–1229. ISBN 0-521-24693-8. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (bantuan)
Emmerick, R. E. (1983). "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs". Dalam Yarshater, Ehsan (penyunting). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 263–275. ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (bantuan)
Enoki, Kazuo, (1998), "Yü-ni-ch'êng and the Site of Lou-Lan", and "The Location of the Capital of Lou-Lan and the Date of the Kharoshthi Inscriptions", in Rokuro Kono (ed.), Studia Asiatica: The Collected Papers in Western Languages of the Late Dr. Kazuo Enoki, Tokyo: Kyu-Shoin.
Frumkin, Grégoire (1970), Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia, Leiden, Koln: E. J. Brill.
Galambos, Imre (2015), "She Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in ed. Antje Richter A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture, Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 853–77.
Gasparini, Mariachiara. "A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin", in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds.), Transcultural Studies, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp. 134–163. ISSN 2191-6411.
- Gasparini, Mariachiara (3 January 2014). "A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interaction and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin | Transcultural Studies". . Transcultural Studies. 1 (2014). doi:10.11588/ts.2014.1.12313. Dicapai pada 25 July 2017.
Gershevitch, Ilya (1967). The Avestan Hymn to Mithra. Cambridge University Press.
Ghafurov, Babadjan, "Tajiks", published in USSR, Russia, Tajikistan
Peter B. Golden (2011), Central Asia in World History, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 47, ISBN 978-0-19-515947-9.
Grenet, Frantz (2005). "An Archaeologist's Approach to Avestan Geography". Dalam Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (penyunting). Birth of the Persian Empire Volume I. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-7556-2459-1.
Hanks, Reuel R. (2010), Global Security Watch: Central Asia, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: Praeger.
Hansen, Valerie (2012), The Silk Road: A New History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-993921-3.
Hansson, Anders, (1996), Chinese Outcasts: Discrimination and Emancipation in Late Imperial China, Leiden, New York, Koln: E.J. Brill, ISBN 90-04-10596-4.
Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, ISBN 90-04-08612-9.
Howard, Michael C. (2012), Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel, Jefferson: McFarland & Company.
Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0887-8.
Hulsewé, A.F.P. (1986). "Ch'in and Han law", in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, pp 520–544 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
Ibbotson, Sophie and Max Lovell-Hoare (2016), Uzbekistan, 2nd edition, Bradt Travel Guides Ltd, ISBN 978-1-78477-017-4.
Braja Bihārī Kumar (2007). "India and Central Asia: Links and Interactions", in J.N. Roy and B.B. Kumar (eds.), India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods, 3–33. New Delhi: Published for Astha Bharati Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 81-8069-457-7.
Litvinski, B. A., A. H. Jalilov, A. I. Kolesnikov (1999), "The Arab Conquest", in History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Volume III, the Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250–750, B. A. Litvinski, Zhang Guangda, and R. Shabani Samghabadi (eds.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, pp. 449–472.
Liu, Xinru, "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, ed. Michael Adas, American Historical Association, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001.
Lurje, Pavel (2017). "SOGDIANA ii. Historical Geography". Encyclopædia Iranica. Iranica Foundation.
Magill, Frank N. et al. (eds.) (1998). The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1. Pasadena; Chicago; London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Salem Press, ISBN 0-89356-313-7.
Michon, Daniel (2015). Archaeology and Religion in Early Northwest India: History, Theory, Practice, London, New York, New Delhi: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-138-82249-8.
Nguyen, Tai Thu (2008). The History of Buddhism in Vietnam. CRVP. m/s. 36–. ISBN 978-1-56518-098-7. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 31 January 2015.
Nourzhanov, Kirill, Christian Bleuer (2013), Tajikistan: a Political and Social History, Canberra: Australian National University Press, ISBN 978-1-925021-15-8.
Prevas, John (2004), Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey across Asia, Da Capo Press.
Ramirez-Faria, Carlos, (2007), Concise Encyclopedia of World History, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 81-269-0775-4.
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
Rong, Xinjiang, "The Sogdian Caravan as Depicted in the Relieves of the Stone Sarcophagus from Shi's Tomb of the Northern Zhou" in Chinese Archaeology. Volume 6, Issue 1, pp. 181–185, ISSN (Online) 2160–5068, ISSN (Print) 5004–4295, DOI: 10.1515/CHAR.2006.6.1.181, January 2006.
Rong, Xinjiang, "New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in Berichte und Abhandlungen (17 December 2009); 10, S. 147–160, urn:nbn:de:kobv:b4-opus-11068.
Rose, J., "The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries", Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 30, no. 3, (2010), p. 412.
Skjaervø, P. Oktor (1995). "The Avesta as source for the early history of the Iranians". Dalam Erdosy, George (penyunting). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110144475.
Smith, William eds et al. (1873), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume 1, London: John Murray.
Stark, Sören. "Die Alttürkenzeit in Mittel- und Zentralasien. Archäologische und historische Studien", Nomaden und Sesshafte, vol. 6. Reichert, 2008. ISBN 3-89500-532-0.
Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008), Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century, London: Sphinx Fine Art, ISBN 978-1-907200-02-1.
Szemerényi, Oswald (1980). Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka (PDF). Veröffentlichungen der iranischen Kommission Band 9. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; azargoshnap.net.
Taenzer, Gertraud (2016), "Changing Relations between Administration, Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia: a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang, 8th–11th Centuries", in Carmen Meinert, Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pp. 106–179, ISBN 978-90-04-30741-4.
Tafazzoli, A. (2003), "Iranian Languages", in C. E. Bosworth and M. S. Asimov, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, pp. 323–30.
de la Vaissière, Etienne (2003). "Is There a "Nationality of the Hephtalites"?". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 119–132. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049310.
Vogelsang, Willem (2000). "The sixteen lands of Videvdat – Airyanem Vaejah and the homeland of the Iranians". Persica. 16. doi:10.2143/PERS.16.0.511.
von Le Coq, Albert. (1913). Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, Tafel 19. (Accessed 3 September 2016).
Watson, Burton (1993). Records of the Great Historian, Han Dynasty II. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08167-7.
Wood, Francis (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24340-8.

Bacaan lanjut

[sunting | sunting sumber]

"The Sogdian Descendants in Mongol and post-Mongol Central Asia: The Tajiks and Sarts" (PDF). Joo Yup Lee. ACTA VIA SERICA Jil. 5, No. 1, Jun 2020: 187–198 doi: 10.22679/avs.2020.5.1.007. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 23 September 2020.
Muzik Sogdia oleh Institusi Smithson

40°24′N 69°24′E / 40.4°N 69.4°E / 40.4; 69.4