Bahasa Hungari Bahasa Majar | |
---|---|
magyar, magyar nyelv | |
Sebutan | [ˈmɒɟɒr] |
Asli kepada | Hungary dan kawasan Austria timur, Croatia, Poland, Romania, utara Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, barat Ukraine. |
Etnik | Orang Hungary |
Penutur bahasa | 13 juta (2002–2012)e18 |
Ural
| |
Rumi (Abjad Hungary) Braille Hungary Abjad Hungary Lama | |
Status rasmi | |
Bahasa rasmi di | ![]() ![]() |
Bahasa minoriti dikenali di | |
Dikawal selia oleh | Institut Penyelidikan untuk Linguistik Akademi Hungary Sains |
Kod bahasa | |
ISO 639-1 | hu |
ISO 639-2 | hun |
ISO 639-3 | Salah satu:hun – Hungary Modenohu – Hungary Lama |
Linguist List | ohu Hungary Lama |
Glottolog | hung1274 |
Linguasphere | 41-BAA-a |
Wilayah Eropah Tengah yang bahasa ibundanya bahasa Hungary mewakili majoriti (biru tua) dan minoriti (biru muda). Berdasarkan banci terkini dan Buku Fakta Dunia CIA 2014[1] | |
Bahasa Hungary, Bahasa Majar atau Bahasa Magyar (magyar nyelv (bantuan·maklumat)) merupakan bahasa dalam rumpun bahasa Finni-Yugra, lagi khususnya cabang Yugra yang tiada pertalian darah dengan bahasa-bahasa Eropah Tengah lain. Sebagai salah satu daripada sebilangan kecil bahasa Eropah moden yang tidak tergolong dalam rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropah, bahasa Hungary/Majar banyak meraih minat para pakar bahasa. Bahasa ini ditutur di negara Hungary serta kaum minoriti Hungary di tujuh buah negara yang berjiran dengan Hungary. Nama tempatan bahasa ini disebut magyar [ˈmɒɟɒr̪].
Terdapat kira-kira 13 juta orang yang menutur bahasa Hungary sebagai bahasa ibunda, termasuk 9.5-10 juta orang yang tinggal di Hungary zaman sekarang. Terdapat dua juta orang penutur yang tinggal di kawasan yang dahulunya merupakan sebahagian Kerajaan Hungary sebelum Perang Dunia Pertama, termasuklah kumpulan terbesar yang tinggal Romania, di mana terdapat kira-kira 1.4 juta orang berbangsa Hungary. Penutur bahasa Hungary juga didapati di Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Austria, dan Slovenia, serta kira-kira sejuta orang yang tinggal merata tempat di seluruh dunia.
Bahasa ini mempunyai abjad tersendiri yang digunakan untuk menulis dan mewakilkan bunyi-bunyi khas ia:
Letter | Name | Phoneme (IPA) | Complementary allophones (IPA)[2] | Padanan sebutan terhampir (baik dalam bahasa Melayu, Inggeris dsb) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | a | /ɒ/![]() |
similar to British English cot | [ɑ̝̹] might describe it better (raised, more rounded; sign rendered probably incorrectly, containing two diacritical marks below). Still definitely not [ɔ], but more like [ɒ] (the o in traditional Received Pronunciation hot) | |
Á | á | /aː/![]() |
segar | Not nearly as open as the a in American English hat, but closer to it than Hungarian a (without the accent mark) | |
B | bé | /b/![]() |
bayi | ||
C | cé | /ts/![]() |
like pots | ||
Cs | csé | /tʃ/ | cacing | ||
D | dé | /d/![]() |
dadu | ||
Dz | dzé | /dz/![]() |
kids | rare. does not occur at the beginning of words. When neither post- nor preconsonantic, always realised as a geminate. | |
Dzs | dzsé | /dʒ/ | jari, jaja, George, bridge | rare, mostly in loanwords. when final or intervocalic, usually realised as a geminate: maharadzsa /mɑhɑrɑdʒɑ/ [mɑhɑrɑd͡ʒːɑ] 'maharajah', bridzs /bridʒ/ [brid͡ʒː] 'bridge (card game)', but dzsungel /dʒuŋɡɛl/ [d͡ʒuŋɡɛl] 'jungle', fridzsider /fridʒidɛr/ [frid͡ʒidɛr] coll. 'refrigerator' | |
E | e | /ɛ/![]() |
lewat (é); edge atau bed | about 40-50% of speakers also have a phoneme /e/ (see below at Ë). /e/ is not considered part of standard Hungarian, wherein /ɛ/ takes the place of /e/. | |
É | é | /eː/![]() |
é [lewat] panjang | ||
F | ef | /f/![]() |
fikir, euforia | ||
G | gé | /ɡ/![]() |
gigi | ||
Gy | gyé | /ɟ/![]() |
(not used in English; soft form of /d/. Mostly similar to during, as pronounced in Received Pronunciation) | denoting /ɟ/ by <gy> is a remnant of (probably) Italian scribes who tried to render the Hungarian sound. <dy> would be a more consistent notation in scope of <ty>, <ny>, <ly> (see there), as the <y> part of digraphs show palatalisation in the Hungarian writing system. | |
H | há | /h/ | 1. [ɦ]![]() 3. [x] 4. [ç] |
Pada mula:
Antara dua vokal:
Pada hujung:
| |
I | i | /i/ | diri - lebih pendek daripada í | ||
Í | í | /iː/![]() |
I panjang | Vowel length is phonemically distinctive in Hungarian: irt = 'to exterminate' and írt = 'to write (past tense)' | |
J | jé | /j/![]() |
[ç], [ʝ] | iya, yoyo | allophones occur when /j/ occurs after a consonant; (voiceless after voiceless, voiced after voiced consonants). e.g. férj 'husband', kapj 'get! (imperative)' |
K | ká | /k/![]() |
kaki | ||
L | el | /l/![]() |
laluan | ||
Ly | elly, el-ipszilon | /j/![]() ![]() |
play, pray | ||
M | em | /m/![]() |
mind, assume, might, | ||
N | en | /n/ | [ŋ]![]() ![]() |
nasib, bahan (kecuali sebelum huruf 'k' dan 'g' di mana - nganga, barang) | allophone before /k/, /ɡ/ |
Ny | eny | /ɲ/![]() |
nyanyi | ||
O | o | /o/ | bohong | A shorter, more open variant of Ó. Unlike with short e, which is opened to /ɛ/ in standard speech, short o remains /o/, rather than opening to /ɔ/ where it would come close to clashing with short a. | |
Ó | ó | /oː/![]() |
'O' panjang | Same as /o/ except longer. It is important to pay attention to. (eg.: kor = 'age' and kór = 'disease') | |
Ö | ö | /ø/![]() |
Sebutan "E pepet" (ĕ / berat) dengan bibir lebih membundar | A shorter, more open variant of Ő | |
Ő | ő | /øː/ | 'Ö' panjang | Minimal pair to /ø/: öt = 'five' and őt = 'him/her (Hungarian pronouns do not specify gender)' | |
P | pé | /p/![]() |
pisau, aprikot, tutup | ||
(Q) | kú | Q occurs only as part of the digraph qu in foreign words, realised as /kv/: Aquincum [ɑkviŋkum] (name of an old Roman settlement on the area of present-day Óbuda). Words originally spelled with qu are today usually spelled with kv, as in akvarell 'watercolor painting'. | |||
R | er | /r/![]() |
rambut | also called apical trill as pronounced by trilling the tip of your tongue (the apex) and not the uvula. | |
S | es | /ʃ/![]() |
syahwat, syor | This notation is unusual for European writing systems where <s> stands for /s/ virtually everywhere. In Hungarian, /s/ is represented by <sz>. | |
Sz | esz | /s/![]() |
susu | ||
T | té | /t/![]() |
tarik, lewat, bintik | ||
Ty | tyé | /c/![]() |
tube | ||
U | u | /u/ | dahulu | ||
Ú | ú | /uː/![]() |
'u' panjang | minimal pair to /u/: hurok 'loop' ∼ húrok 'cords' | |
Ü | ü | /y/ | (not used in English, corresponds to German Ü) | A shorter, more open variant of ű | |
Ű | ű | /yː/![]() |
'Ü' panjang | ||
V | vé | /v/![]() |
video, revolusi, vakum | ||
(W) | dupla vé | /v/![]() |
only occurs in foreign words and in Hungarian aristocratic surnames | ||
(X) | iksz | occurs only in loanwords, and there only when denoting /ks/; [ɡz] is transcribed: extra, Alexandra, but egzakt 'exact'. | |||
(Y) | ipszilon | /i/ | happy | Usually combined with another letter to form a new sound (see ly, ny, gy, ty). In loanwords, usually rendered as /i/ or /j/. Occurs very often in old Hungarian aristocratic surnames where it stands for /i/ or /ʲi/: 'Báthory' [baːtori], 'Batthyány' [bɑcːaːɲi] or [bɑcːaːni] (<n>+<y> ∼ /ɲi/) | |
Z | zé | /z/![]() |
desert, roses | ||
Zs | zsé | /ʒ/![]() |
pleasure, leisure |
Wiktionary: Senarai Swadesh bagi bahasa-bahasa Uralik
Hungary | Finland | Estonia | Erzya | Komi-Permyak | Makna
Melayu |
# mengikut senarai Swadesh |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
én | minä | mina | мон mon | ме me | saya | 1 |
te | sinä | sina | тон ton | тэ te | kamu | 2 |
ő | hän (dia)
se (ia) |
tema | сон son | сійö | dia, ia | 3 |
mi | me | meie, me | минь miń | ми mi | kami/kita | 4 |
ti | te | teie, te | тынь tyń | ти ti | kalian | 5 |
ez/itt | tämä/täällä | see | те te | тайö tajö | ini/sini | 7 |
az/ott | tuo/tuolla | too | што što | сійö sijö | itu/situ | 8 |
ki? | kuka? | kes? | кие? kije? | коді? kodi? | siapa? | 11 |
mi? | mitä? mikä? | mis? | мезе? meze? | мый? myj? | apa? | 12 |
egy | yksi | üks | вейке vejke | öтік ötik | satu | 22 |
kettő | kaksi | kaks | кавто kavto | кык kyk | dua | 23 |
három | kolme | kolm | колмо kolmo | куим kuim | tiga | 24 |
négy | neljä | neli | ниле nile | нёль ńol | empat | 25 |
öt | viisi | viis | вете vete | вит vit | lima | 26 |
nej | nainen 'woman' | naine | ни ni | гöтыр götyr | isteri | 40 |
anya | äiti | ema | (тиринь) ава (tiriń) ava | мам mam | ibu | 42 |
fa | puu | puu | чувто čuvto | пу pu | pokok | 51 |
vér | veri | veri | верь veŕ | вир vir | darah | 64 |
haj | hius, hiukset | juuksed | черь čeŕ | юрси jursi | rambut | 71 |
fej | pää | pea | пря pŕa | юр jur | kepala | 72 |
fül | korva | kõrv | пиле pile | пель peĺ | telinga | 73 |
szem | silmä | silm | сельме seĺme | син sin | mata | 74 |
orr | nenä | nina | судо sudo | ныр nyr | hidung | 75 |
száj | suu | suu | курго kurgo | вом vom | mulut | 76 |
fog | hammas | hammas | пей pej | пинь piń | gigi | 77 |
láb | jalka | jalg | пильге piĺge | кок kok | kaki | 80 |
kéz | käsi | käsi | кедь ked́ | ки ki | tangan | 83 |
szív/szűny | sydän | süda | седей sedej | сьöлöм śölöm | jantung | 90 |
inni | juoda | jooma | симемс simems | юны juny | minum | 92 |
tudni | tietää | teadma | содамс sodams | тöдны tödny | tahu | 103 |
élni | elää | elama | эрямс eŕams | овны ovny | hidup | 108 |
víz | vesi | vesi | ведь ved́ | ва va | air | 150 |
kő | kivi | kivi | кев kev | из iz | batu | 156 |
ég/menny | taivas | taevas | менель meneĺ | енэж jenezh | langit | 162 |
szél | tuuli | tuul | варма varma | тöв töv | angin | 163 |
tűz | tuli | tuli | тол tol | би bi | api | 167 |
éj | yö | öö | ве ve | вой voj | malam | 177 |
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Wikibuku mempunyai sebuah buku berkenaan topik: Bahasa Hungary |
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Wikipedia Bahasa Hungary, ensiklopedia bebas |
Templat:Wiktionary category
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Bahasa Hungary |
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Wikikembara memiliki a phrasebook bagi Hungarian. |