Qurabiya
obere ụdị nkeshortbread, cookie, pastry Dezie
Akụkụ nkeTurkish cuisine Dezie
Bisikiiti Ghoriba

Qurabiya (nke a na-akpọkwa ghraybe, ghorayeba, ghoriba (Arabic), ghribia, ghraïba, ma ọ bụ ghriyyaba na ọtụtụ okwu ndị ọzọ) bụ ụdị bisikiit, nke a na-ejikarị alimondu. A na-ahụ nsụgharị n'ọtụtụ mba nke ụwa Arab, na ụdị na ntụziaka dị iche iche.[1][2]

Na Maghreb na Ijipt, a na-ejikarị tii Libya, kọfị Arabic ma ọ bụ tii mint Maghrebi. Ghoriba anọwo na mpaghara Nnukwu Syria, Iraq na mba ndị Arab ndị ọzọ kemgbe oge ochie.[3] Ha yiri polvorones si Andalusia.[4][5][6]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

A na-enye usoro nri maka kuki achịcha dị mkpirikpi yiri ghorayebah ma na-enweghị almond, nke a na-akpọ na Arabic khushkanānaj gharib ( kuki dị iche iche), n'akwụkwọ nri ndị Arab mbụ a maara, Kitab al-Ṭabīīīī nke narị afọ nke 10.[7] Kurabiye pụtara na nri Ottoman na narị afọ nke iri na ise. [dubious [8]

E nwere arụmụka ụfọdụ banyere mmalite nke okwu ndị ahụ. Ụfọdụ enyeghị mmalite ọzọ maka okwu Turkish kurabiye karịa Turkish, ebe ndị ọzọ enyewo Arabic ma ọ bụ Persian.[8] N'etiti ndị ọzọ, onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Sevan Nişanyan enyewo mmalite Arabic, n'akwụkwọ ya nke 2009 nke Turkish etymology, site na ġurayb ma ọ bụ ğarîb (nke dị iche).[9][10] Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule 2019, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'ịntanetị nke Nişanyan ugbu a na-enye ihe ndekọ mbụ a maara na Turkish dị ka ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asaa, nke sitere na gulābiya nke Persian, kuki e ji mmiri rose mee, site na gulāb, nke metụtara okooko osisi. Ọ na-ekwu na okwu Arabic nke Siria nwere ike isite na mbaTurkey.[11]

Mgbanwe mpaghara

Algeria

Ghribia (Algerian Arabic)[12][13][14]

Armenia

Khourabia (Armenian) bụ nsụgharị Armenian mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka kuki bọta Armenia ma ọ bụ kuki achịcha mkpụmkpụ Armenia.[15][16] A na-eji ihe atọ eme Khourabia: bọta, shuga, na ntụ ọka ma na-adịkarị ka achịcha, ntị ọka wit, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ ịnyịnya nke na-egosi ahụike, akụ na ụba, na ọganihu. A na-erikarị ya n'oge emume Ista, Krismas, na Afọ Ọhụrụ. Ka oge na-aga, a gbakwunyere ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka àkwá, sinamọn, na ukpa.

Bulgaria

Kurabii aha nke nri ndị Bulgaria na ọtụtụ ụdị kuki, ụdị dị ụtọ a ma ama. Karịsịa n'oge ezumike, a na-akpọ ụdị jam dịgasị iche iche a na-emepụta site na afọ ọhụrụ na kuki shuga na-acha ntụ ntụ nke e ji ọdịdị mara mma chọọ mma maslenki. [Isiokwu dị mkpa]

Saịprọs na Gris

Kourabiedes
Ụdị dị iche iche nke Kourabiedes na Gris

Nsụgharị Grik, nke a na-akpọ kourabiedes ma ọ bụ kourabiethes (Grik: κουρα 97/έδες; otutu nke kourabies κουρα 97/ti) yiri achịcha dị mkpirikpi, nke a-ejikarị almond eme.[1][2] A na-eji brandy eme Kourabiedes mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-abụkarị Metaxa, maka ịnụ ụtọ, ọ bụ ezie na vanilla, mastika ma ọ bụ mmiri rose na-ewu ewu. N'ógbè ụfọdụ nke Gris, a na-eji otu clove zuru oke nke na-etinye na biskit ọ bụla chọọ kourabiedes Krismas mma.[17] A na-eme Kourabiedes ma ọ bụ na crescents ma ọ bụ bọọlụ, mgbe ahụ na-eme ya ruo mgbe ọ dịtụ ọla edo. A na-agbakarị ha na shuga ice mgbe ha ka na-ekpo ọkụ, na-emepụta ihe na-ekpuchi shuga na bọta.[18] Kourabiedes na-ewu ewu karịsịa maka oge pụrụ iche, dị ka Krismas ma ọ bụ baptizim. ọ bụ ezie na ha na-ewu eto n'afọ niile.[19]

Okwu Grik kourabiedes sitere na okwu Turkish kurabiye, nke nwere njikọ na qurabiya, ezinụlọ kuki nke Middle East.[20]

Iran

Qurbiye nke Iran si Tabriz

Na Tabriz, a na-eji ntụ ọka almọnd, shuga, ọcha àkwá, vanilla, margarine na pistachio eme ha. A na-enye ya tii, nke a na-etinye n'elu tii iji mee ka ọ dị nro tupu a rie ya. [citation needed]

Igbe Qurabiya nke Nobari Confectionary (Tehran, Iran)

Kuwait

Ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere:[21][22]

Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ

Libya

Ghraïba Libyan ntuari arabic

Morocco

Ghoriba (Moroccan Arabic: غْرِيبَة) na Morocco na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Maghreb, kuki ndị a ma ama na-ejikarị semolina kama ntụ ọka ọcha, na-enye ihe pụrụ iche.[1][2]

A na-eji ntụ ọka eme Ghriba mbụ ma tinye ya na oroma ma ọ bụ oroma zest na sinamọn, a na-ejikarị ihe ụtọ a eme oriri, tinyere tii mint ma ọ bụ kọfị.[23]

Turkiye

Acıbadem kurabiyesi

A na-eji okwu kurabiye eme ihe iji zoo aka na biskit dịgasị iche iche na Turkiye, ọ bụghị nke obodo, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ụdị kurabiye dị iche iche; gụnyere necessitatbadem kurabiyesi na un kurabiyesi.

Tunisia

Ghraïba (Tunisian Arabic)

Hụkwa

 

Ebensidee

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Davidson (21 August 2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191040726. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Marks (17 November 2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. HMH. ISBN 9780544186316. 
  3. ↑ Salloum (Feb 28, 2012). The Arabian Nights Cookbook: From Lamb Kebabs to Baba Ghanouj, Delicious Homestyle Arabian Cooking. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462905249. 
  4. ↑ Williams (5 August 2012). Lost and loving it in Morocco. Herald Sun. Retrieved on 1 April 2015.
  5. ↑ Kragen (19 March 2013). Cookbook a love letter to Morocco. U-T San Diego. Retrieved on 1 April 2015.
  6. ↑ Catherine Hanger (2000). Morocco: World Food. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-86450-024-7. 
  7. ↑ Nasrallah (26 November 2007). Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook. BRILL, 418, 569. ISBN 9789047423058. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Muhammed bin Mahmûd-ı Şirvânî (2005). 15. yüzyıl Osmanlı mutfağı. Gökkubbe. ISBN 978-975-6223-84-0. 
  9. ↑ Nişanyan (2009). Sözlerin soyağacı: çağdaş Türkçenin etimolojik sözlüğü. Everest Yayınları. ISBN 9789752896369. 
  10. ↑ Salloum (25 June 2013). Sweet Delights from a Thousand and One Nights: The Story of Traditional Arab Sweets. I.B.Tauris, 128. ISBN 9780857733412. 
  11. ↑ Nişanyan. Kurabiye. Nişanyan Sözlük. Retrieved on 2019-01-04.
  12. ↑ Labourdette (2012). Alger 2012-2013 (in fr). Petit Futé. ISBN 9782746963771. Retrieved on 1 April 2015. 
  13. ↑ Bellahsen (2005). Délices de Tunisie (in fr). Paris: EDL. ISBN 2-84690-243-7. 
  14. ↑ Talhouas (2010). Douceurs du Maghreb; Beyrouth : Albouraq (in fr). ISBN 978-2-84161-485-1. 
  15. ↑ Rinsky (2008-02-28). The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional (in en). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-00955-0. 
  16. ↑ (1977) Armenians in America (in en). Armenian General Benevolent Union of America, Incorporated. 
  17. ↑ Sam Sotiropoulos (2009-12-23). Greek Food Recipes and Reflections, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Greekgourmand.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2014-03-16.
  18. ↑ Irene's Kourabiedes (Kourabiethes) (Greek Butter Cookies). Thursdayfordinner.com. Retrieved on 2015-02-27.
  19. ↑ Sourligas (22 October 2019). My Big Fat Greek Cookbook: Classic Mediterranean Soul Food Recipes. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781510749849. 
  20. ↑ Georgios Babiniotis, Dictionary of Modern Greek, s.v.
  21. ↑ Jacob (2014). The World Cookbook: The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe, 2nd, 738. ISBN 9781610694698. 
  22. ↑ "حوليات الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية". مجلس النشر العلمي، جامعة الكويت Issues 317-321: 118. 
  23. ↑ 15 favorite Moroccan culinary specialties (en-US). Retrieved on 2022-04-19.

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