Zuniceratops Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 93–91 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Reconstructed skeleton
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	†Ornithischia
Suborder:	†Ceratopsia
Parvorder:	†Coronosauria
Superfamily:	†Ceratopsoidea
Genus:	†Zuniceratops Wolfe & Kirkland, 1998
Species:	†Z. christopheri
Binomial name
†Zuniceratops christopheri Wolfe & Kirkland, 1998

Zuniceratops ('Zuni-horned face') is a genus of ceratopsian dinosaurs from the mid Turonian of the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now New Mexico, United States. The genus itself is composed of one known species, Zuniceratops christopheri. It lived about 10 million years earlier than the more familiar horned Ceratopsidae and provides an important window on their ancestry.

Description

Zuniceratops measured about 2.2 meters (7.2 ft) long.^[1] It probably weighed about 175 kilograms (386 lb),^[1] making it substantially smaller than most ceratopsids. The skull bears a well-developed pair of brow horns, similar to those of chasmosaurs and primitive centrosaurs, but the nose horn is absent. The brow horns are thought to have grown much larger with age. The snout is long and low, like that of chasmosaurines. The frill was a thin, broad, shield-like structure. It bore a pair of large holes but lacked epoccipital bones, as in Protoceratops. Overall, the anatomy is much more primitive than that of the ceratopsids, but more advanced than in protoceratopsids.

Discovery and species

Zuniceratops was discovered in 1996, by eight-year-old Christopher James Wolfe, son of paleontologist Douglas G. Wolfe, in the Moreno Hill Formation in west-central New Mexico. One skull and the bones from several individuals have been found. More recently, one bone, believed to be a squamosal, has since been found to be an ischium of a Nothronychus.

Classification

Zuniceratops is an example of the evolutionary transition between early ceratopsians and the later, larger ceratopsids that had very large horns and frills. This supports the theory that the lineage of ceratopsian dinosaurs may have been North American in origin.

Although the first specimen discovered had single-rooted teeth (unusual for ceratopsians), later fossils had double-rooted teeth. This is evidence that the teeth became double-rooted with age. Zuniceratops was a herbivore like other ceratopsians and was probably a herd animal as well.