- § = regent or co-regent
- ∞ = empress consort
- + = junior co-emperor
- — = usurper or rebel
- * = Disputed legitimacy
- Augustus (27 BC – AD 14)
- Tiberius I (14–37)
- Caligula (37–41)
- Claudius I (41–54)
- Nero (54–68)
- Galba (68–69)
- Otho (69)
- Vitellius (69)
- Vespasian (69–79)
- Titus (79–81)
- Domitian (81–96)
- Nerva (96–98)
- Trajan (98–117)
- Hadrian (117–138)
- Antoninus (138–161)
- Marcus (161–180)
- Verus (161–169)
- Commodus (180–192)
- Pertinax (193)
- Julianus I (193)
- Severus I (193–211)
- Caracalla (211–217)
- Geta (211)
- Macrinus (217–218)
- Elagabalus (218–222)
- Alexander I (218–222)
- Maximinus I (235–238)
- Gordian I (238)
- Gordian II (238)
- Pupienus (238)
- Balbinus (238)
- Gordian III (238–244)
- Philip (244–249)
- Decius (249–251)
- Gallus (251–253)
- Aemilian (253)
- Valerian (253–260)
- Gallienus (253–268)
- Claudius II (268–270)
- Quintillus (270)
- Aurelian (270–275)
- Tacitus (275–276)
- Probus (276–282)
- Carus (282–283)
- Numerian (283–284)
- Carinus (283–285), defeated by Diocletian (284–286)
- Diocletian (286–305) East
- Maximian (286–305) West
- Galerius (305–311) East
- Constantius I (305–306), West
- Severus II (306–307) West
- Maxentius (306–312) West*
- Maximinus II (311–313) East
- Licinius (308–324) East
- Valens I (317) West
- Martinian (324) West
- Constantine I (306–337)
- Constantine II (337–340 W
- Constans I (337–350) W
- Constantius II (337–361)
- Magnentius (350–353) W*
- Nepotianus (350) W*
- Julianus II (361–363)
- Jovianus (363–364)
- Valentinian I (364–375) W
- Valens II (364–378) E
- Procopius (365–366) E*
- Gratian (375–383) W
- Theodosius I (379–395)
- Maximus I (383–388) W
- Valentinian II (388–392) W
- Eugenius (392–394) W
Eastern Theodosians
[edit]- Arcadius (395–408)
- Theodosius II (408–450)
- Marcian (450–457)
Western Theodosians
[edit]- Honorius (395–423)
- Constantine iii (407–411)
- Attalus (409–410)*
- Constantius III (421)
- Johannes (423–425)*
- Valentinian III (425–455)
- Maximus II (455)*
- Avitus (455–456)
- Majorian (457–461)
- Severus III (461–465)*
- Anthemius (467–472)
- Olybrius (472)*
- Glycerius (473–474)*
- Nepos (474–475)
- Romulus (475–476)*
- Leo I (457–474)
- Leo II (474)
- Zeno (474–491)
- Basiliscus (475–476)*
- Anastasius I (491–518)
- Justin I (518–527)
- Justinian I (527–565)
- Justin II (565–574)
- Tiberius II (574–582)
- Mauricius (582–602)
- Phocas (602–610)
- Heraclius (610–641)
- Constantine III (641)
- Heraclonas (641)
- Constans II (641–668)
- Constantine IV (668–681)
- Justinian II (681–695, 705–711)
- Leontius (695–698)
- Tiberius III (698–705)
- Philippicus (711–713)
- Anastasius II (713–715)
- Theodosius III (715–717)
- Leo III (717–741)
- Constantine V (741–775)
- Artabasdos (741–775)*
- Leo IV (775–780)
- Constantine VI (780–797)
- Irene (797–802)
- Nikephoros I (802–811)
- Staurakios (811)
- Michael I (811–813)
- Leo V (813–820)
- Michael II (820–829)
- Theophilos (829–842)
- Michael III (842–867)
- Basil I (867–886)
- Leo VI (886–912)
- Alexander II (912–913)
- Constantine VII (913–920, 945–959)
- Romanos I (920–944)
- Romanos II (959–963)
- Nikephoros II (963–969)
- John I (969–976)
- Basil II (976–1025)
- Constantine VIII (1025–1028)
- Zoe (1028–1050)
- Romanos III (1028–1034)
- Michael IV (1034–1041)
- Michael V (1041–1042)
- Theodora III (1042, 1055–1056)
- Constantine IX (1042–1055)
- Michael VI (1056–1057)
- Isaac I (1057–1059)
- Constantine X (1059–1067)
- Romanos IV (1068–1071)
- Michael VII (1071–1078)
- Nikephoros III (1078–1081)
- Alexios I (1081–1118)
- John II (1118–1143)
- Manuel I (1143–1180)
- Alexios II (1180–1183)
- Andronikos I (1183–1185)
- Isaac II (1185–1195)
- Alexios III (1195–1203)
- Alexios IV (1203–1204)
- Alexios V (1204)
- Theodore I (1205–1221)
- John III (1221–1254)
- Theodore II (1254–1258)
- John IV (1258–1261)
- Michael VIII (1261–1282)
- Andronikos II (1282–1328)
- Andronikos III (1328–1341)
- John V (1341–1347, 1354–1376, 1379–1390, 1390–91)
- John VI (1347–1354)
- Andronikos IV (1376–1379)*
- John VII (1390, 1403–1408)*
- Manuel II (1391–1425)
- John VIII (1425–1448)
- Constantine XI (1449–1453)
- Alexios I (1204–1222)
- Andronikos I (1222–1235)
- John I (1235–1238)
- Manuel I (1238–1263)
- Andronikos II (1263–1266)
- George (1266–1280)
- John II (1280–1297, vassal since 1282)
- Theodora (1297–1298)
- Alexios II (1298–1330)
- Andronikos III (1330–1332)
- Manuel II (1332)
- Andronikos III (1330–1332)
- Basil (1332–1340)
- Irene (1340–1341)
- Anna (1341–1342)
- John III (1342–1344)
- Michael (1344–1349)
- Alexios III (1349–1390)
- Manuel III (1390–1417)
- Alexios IV (1417–1429)
- John IV (1429–1460)
- Alexios V (1460) (?
- David (1460–1461)
- Theodore (1224–1230)
- Manuel (1230–1237)
- John (1237–1242)
- John I, sebastokrator under Michael VIII
- Constantine (1289–1303), sebastokrator
- Theodore (1289–1303), sebastokrator
- John II (1303–1318), sebastokrator