Thinking: Sleep, Circadian (and other) rhythms, Eye (and brain)
Various [citations needed] needing fixing
- Sleep: Older people are more easily awoken by disturbances in the environment[54] and may to some degree lose the ability to consolidate sleep. They need the same amount per day as they've always needed, but may need to take some of their sleep as daytime naps.[citation needed]
- Sleep: August 2008, a fact was removed with this edit summary: One seemingly wrong statement removed (nothing comparably found, the german article on rem-sleep states the opposite), one sourced.) Diff is here, need to find ref(s) and rewrite.
- DSPS: People with the disorder also show delays in other circadian markers, such as melatonin-secretion and the core body temperature minimum, that correspond to the delay in the sleep/wake cycle. The timing of sleepiness, spontaneous awakening, and these internal markers are all delayed by the same number of hours. (Removed from physiology as uncited.)
- NREM: After sleep deprivation there is usually a sharp rebound of SWS, suggesting there is a "need" for this stage. The major factor determining how much slow-wave sleep is observed in a given sleep period is the duration of preceding wakefulness.[citation needed]
- [Chronobiology] needing perhaps a Request for Comments? Someone (user:Zanze123) has added long paragraphs about Astrobiology, Heliobiology, Alexander Chizhevsky, Solar Storms, "periodic 7th and 8th order fundamental harmonic cyclical changes in solar luminosity" etc. This stuff seems out-of-place here, to me, but what do I know?
who -- what -- when -- where -- why -- how
There's new knowledge all the time, and just as often random edits to pertinent articles. In some cases, the articles overlap too much, and some are totally redundant. How to organize an attack?
CHRONOBIOLOGY: Founded about 1960. Ultradian (nose, sleep stages), infradian (tidal, monthly, seasonal, annual) and circadian rhythms. Human, mammal and other. Social. Neurological, physiological, biochemical. Photoperiodocity. Entrainment: phase response curves (PRC) and phase-shifting. Daylight saving time. Chronotype.
SLEEP: Human, mammal and other. Circadian & homeostatic organization/phase/timing. Ultradian cycles/stages. Purposes. Deprivation, sleep debt and rebound sleep. Disorders.
PINEAL GLAND etc.: Melatonin. Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Photosensitive ganglion cells.
Evolution
THE EYE (and optic nerve), photosensitivity; evolution, probably in this order:
- photosynthesis,
- (from [Photosynthesis] Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean (>2500 Ma) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma, but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered.
- .....the ancestors of cyanobacteria, a huge phylum of filamentous bacteria found all over the world - Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old.
- (from [Oxygen catastrophe]) When evolving lifeforms developed oxyphotosynthesis about 2.7 billion years ago,...
- ...oxygenic photosynthesis, such as that in cyanobacteria, became important during the Paleoproterozoic era around 2 billion years ago.
- light attraction and avoidance, then
- periodocity, and finally
- vision. (Sources for this? Possibly #3 before #2?)
RHT: Retinohypothalamic tract
- Three light sensitive cell types! Non-imaging ipRGC, intrinsincally photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells, Berson and Dacey. Melanopsin (in retina). ipRGC aka mRGC, melanopsin-expressing Retinal Ganglion Cells
The articles associated with SLEEP
The many articles on sleep on English Wikipedia are, in large part, a mess. Many of them are marked with large boxes requesting major cleanup. Here, I'm just trying for a somewhat systematic list for personal use.
Articles which need a lot of work
Sleep is a mess. I've moved some sections and rewritten some. Much more work is needed, particularly:
- simplify section 'Memory processing'
rewrite section non-humans --Done.get rid of ref lifehack.org and replace it with a better one about the 90-min sleep cycle and its distribution of REM and SWS. Someone must have done this. Cite is now to Healthcommunities.com.
Polyphasic sleep has been hijacked by a 5-year-old fad. The lead is OK; the rest shouldn't even be on Wikipedia IMO. Ditto for Uberman's sleep schedule and Everyman sleep schedule, both now deleted. They were entirely about the same fad and thus didn't affect serious sleep articles. / Shortened some. Removed trivia. Added quotes to show that NASA, the military and Dr. Mednick conclude the opposite of what previously was claimed intimated.
Non-rapid eye movement sleep has no references, and in fact the subject matter is better covered elsewhere. It has been suggested that Slow-wave sleep be merged into this article. I've moved a bit here from SWS. However, as a commenter pointed out, SWS is only nos. 3 and 4 of the 4 stages of NREM.
Sleep deprivation, Sleep debt and Excessive daytime sleepiness are not well coordinated with each other, and hardly innbyrdes heller. Did some work on them plus hypersomnia September 2009. The first-mentioned needs more.
Photoperiodism has unreasonably been taken over by the botanists.
Insomnia needs major work, probably not by me.
Free-running sleep Much improved February 2008. First section still needs refs.
Sleep hygiene
Sleep disorder
Shift work sleep disorder, a medical stub, & not a very good one.
Cryptochrome Is this stuff current, correct? IIRC, there was uncertainty if the phase-setting stuff was cryptochrome or melanopsin until just a couple of years ago, and melanopsin won. Search for info!
Pineal gland --Compare Arendt & reference her.
Sleep and learning --Incomplete and outdated.
Chronobiotic --As yet nonexistent.
Sleep research --As yet nonexistent. The fascinating and fast-moving field is alluded to and partly described in many existing articles including biographies. An overview is needed. It must cover non-human sleep at least as much as human.
Lighting indoors --As yet nonexistent. We have now Light in school buildings about the need for bright light / daylight / early in the day. We have Lighting in libraries. Haven't seen one for hospitals & old folks' homes, but the topics need to be covered. We have Light effects on circadian rhythm which largely duplicates information in Circadian rhythm and Entrainment. Lighting indoors should include all of the above as well as the history of electric and pre-electric lighting (windows, fireplace, oil lamps [seal, whale, other oils], candles, etc.).
Relevant articles which aren't all that bad
- May 2008: Wow, Nitramus has been working on dygnsrytm (Swedish), and much of her/his work must be added here! Presently as a draft at Nitramus' sandbox.
- Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
- Daylight saving time
- Delayed sleep phase syndrome
- Dyssomnia
- Giant retinal ganglion cells
- Homeostasis and Human homeostasis overlap.
- Jet lag --Needs fact-checking. German version is now (Aug.08) a Good Article; many of its references are in English. Sept.08: removed much wordiness; still needs more work.
- Light effects on circadian rhythm --could well be merged into Circadian rhythms or somewhere...
- Light therapy --Very little about CRD.
- Melanopsin
- Melatonin - Tagged for 'citation needed' for 3 mos, this statement has been removed by someone. Need to find ref and replace: "[Exogenous] melatonin normally does not affect [endogenous] secretion of melatonin.[citation needed] If taken several hours before bedtime according to the phase response curve (PRC) for melatonin, ..."
- Multiple Sleep Latency Test --Needs disambig for MSLT, which gets you somewhere else. --Has been fixed by someone.
- Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome
- Parasomnia
- Phase response curves
- Photoreceptor cell -- may have already been redundant, but over half of Photosensitive ganglion cell was copy-pasted here, and I am not going to clean the same stuff up again!
- Photosensitive ganglion cell --Greatly expanded and improved by someone mid-May 2008, with a history of recent research. (I've worked on it a bit since.) Hope its enthusiasm doesn't get dampened by editors...
- Polysomnogram and Polysomnography should possibly be merged?
- Rapid eye movement sleep --needs sources (and improvement).
- Siesta Biological section improved 25 Feb 08. Still much nonsense in this article. A rest or short sleep after the midday meal is and has been common everywhere, perhaps more common than not. It's only the word which is Spanish. Definitive sourcing could probably be found...
- Sleep (non-human) (A pet project. Now also in Norwegian.) Need to steal some more pics from Swedish & recheck content.
- Sleep diary has now incorporated Sleep log. Someone should turn Sleep log into a redirect; I don't know how to do that and still keep history & talk.
- Sleep inertia --probably needs improvement.
- Sleep medicine - new, summer 2008
- Sleep onset latency, a new article, made Sleep latency (which had no talk page) redundant, so I've combined them, 17 May 2008.
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People, important researchers
- A: Josephine Arendt (the expert on the pineal gland) Still active (rapid response) in 2006.
- See also: http://www.surrey.ac.uk/SBMS/ACADEMICS_homepage/arendt_jo/
- Her CV: http://www.surrey.ac.uk/SBMS/ACADEMICS_homepage/_cv/Arendt,%20Prof%20Jo.pdf
- Her company: http://www.stockgrand.co.uk/staff.html
- Rather junky .pdf but with some info: http://www.ebab.eu.com/papers/ebabsample.pdf Quote: "Professor Josephine Arendt, retired recently from Surrey University, has been studying melatonin since 1975 when she developed the first radio immunoassay (RIA) for it, and in the 1980's reported its efficacy in combating jet lag (Arendt, Aldous et al., 1986, 1987)."
- She added her own name to Chronobiology: 23:57, 28 April 2009 86.169.188.122 (talk) (13,551 bytes) (→History: added my name) ==> REDLINKED in Chronobiology
- More at Google; searched on "Professor Josephine Arendt".
- PDF incl. photo of Lewy
- Meet our staff, incl. photo
and maybe: Paul Shaw (sleep researcher), Ralph Greenspan, Satchin Panda, Philip Low (sleep researcher), Allan Pack, Luis de Lecea, Daniel F. Kripke M.D.
Articles outside my (present) area of interest
- Alarm clock, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Bruxism, Dream, Excessive daytime sleepiness, Fatal familial insomnia, Hibernation, International Classification of Sleep Disorders, K-complex, MeSH, Microsleep, Narcolepsy, Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD), also called Nocturnal myoclonus, Power nap, Restless legs syndrome, Sleep and breathing, Sleep and creativity, Sleep apnea, Sleep inertia, Snoring, Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep, Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome,
Articles which are (largely) irrelevant
- Dark Therapy is not great, but peripheral to sleep, with emphasis on depression. Darkness therapy has no relevance to sleep (and apparently it's gone).
- Night owl (person) --well, except that it's a title many may search on...Should perhaps redirect to chronotype?
- Biorhythm "This article is about the pseudoscientific theory of biorhythms."
- Ultradian, mostly about bipolar!
Sources - probably useful:
ipRGC
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002451
Inducible Ablation of Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cells Reveals Their Central Role in Non-Image Forming Visual Responses
Citation: Hatori M, Le H, Vollmers C, Keding SR, Tanaka N, et al. (2008) Inducible Ablation of Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cells Reveals Their Central Role in Non-Image Forming Visual Responses. PLoS ONE 3(6): e2451. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002451
Quotes (rather repetitive): Rod/cone photoreceptors of the outer retina and the melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) of the inner retina mediate non-image forming visual responses including
- entrainment of the circadian clock to the ambient light,
- the pupillary light reflex (PLR), and
- light modulation of activity.
Targeted deletion of the melanopsin gene attenuates these adaptive responses with no apparent change in the development and morphology of the mRGCs.
The mRGC-ablated mice exhibited normal outer retinal function. However, they completely lacked non-image forming visual responses such as
- circadian photoentrainment,
- light modulation of activity, and
- PLR. These results point to the mRGCs as the site of functional integration of the rod/cone and melanopsin phototransduction pathways and as the primary anatomical site for the divergence of image-forming and non-image forming photoresponses in mammals.
A small subset of RGCs exclusively expresses the functional photopigment melanopsin (OPN4) and is intrinsically photosensitive, but also receives rod/cone inputs. These mRGCs, along with the rod/cone photoreceptors, mediate several non-image forming, or adaptive ocular photoresponses (AOPs), which help organisms optimize their physiological performance in variable ambient light conditions. These AOPs include
- rapid adjustment of pupil size,
- modulation of general activity and endocrine function, and
- tuning of the phase and period length of the circadian clock to adapt to the light environment
Another, abstract only
http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v8/n12/fig_tab/nrn2283_F4.html
The opsins of the vertebrate retina: insights from structural, biochemical, and evolutionary studies. -- a review, 2007
RGC, abstract
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03344.html
Very decent blog post on eye-evolution
http://www.freshbrainz.com/2007/12/evolution-of-eye-recent-review.html
- About: "...a recent review article from Nature Reviews Neuroscience (Lamb et. al 2007) about the evolution of the vertebrate eye...", incl some of the illustrations.
- Lamb is referenced at Evolution of the eye: Lamb, T. D., Collin, S. P., & Pugh, E. N., "Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup", Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, v. 8 no. 12 (December 2007) pp. 960-976 doi:10.1038/nrn2283,
sciencemag, 2007, sleep prob --> mental illness
http://www.ohsu.edu/ohsuedu/academic/som/images/Al-Lewy-Science.pdf
A.Lewy m.fl.
"Some researchers believe that misalignments between certain circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle may be a driver of mental illnesses.
J Pineal Res 1997
"...a dose-dependent relationship between beta1-receptor blockade and suppression of nocturnal plasma melatonin ..." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9406983?dopt=Abstract