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SOFTWARE PRODUCT or STACK | Project Management (PM) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Inception | Feasibility Study | Approval / Rejection Process | Portfolio Management | Planning | Monitoring | Communication | Collaboration and Help Desk | Controling | Risk Management | Release Management and Maintenance | Traceability | ||||||||||||||||||||
Business Requirements | Scope and Vision | Technical, Operational, Resource, Financial, Market; and, Legal | Board of Directors, Managers and the such Decision-Making | Single‑project, multi‑project, local shared resource pool; or, non-local shared resource pool | Software Size Estimation | Software Effort and Cost Estimation | Resource Allocation | Scheduling (PERT, CPM, Gantt Chart, etc.) | Task Management (Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, Task board, etc.) | Forecasting | Pulse Meetings, Variance Reports and Change Logs; Reviews, etc. | Information System, Data-mining, Business Intelligence, etc. (Dashboard, Reports, etc.) | News and Announcements | Blog | Micro-blog (Twitter, Tumblr, etc.) | Electronic Mail | SMS | Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, etc.) | Content Management System | Wiki | Forum | Chat | Instant Messaging (WhatsApp, Line, etc.) | Problem Solving | Risk Assessment | Change Management (Contingency Planning, etc.) | Release Planning, Release Approval and Release Changelog | Issue or Bug Fixing Planning | Closure (En-of-Life) | End-to-end Traceability | |
XYZ | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
SOFTWARE PRODUCT or STACK | Requirement Engineering and Management (Req E&M) | |||||||||||
Elicitation and Analysis | Specification | Validation | Exchange | Traceability | Model-Based Requirements Engineering | |||||||
Observation Reports | Questionnaires (also used for Validation) | Brainstorming and Mind-Mapping | Use cases | User stories | Free structure | Standard (IEEE 29148:2011) | Prototyping (also used for Elicitation and Analysis) | ReqIF | Forward | Backward | SysML Requirements Diagram, etc. | |
XYZ | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Keyword | RP | GenAm | Example words |
---|---|---|---|
TRAP | æ | æ | tap, back, badge, scalp, hand, cancel |
PALM | ɑː | ɑ | psalm, father, bra, spa, lager |
BATH | ɑː | æ | staff, brass, ask, dance, sample, calf |
START | ɑː | ɑr | far, sharp, bark, carve, farm, heart |
STRUT | ʌ | ʌ | cup, suck, budge, pulse, trunk, blood |
THOUGHT | ɔː | ɔ | taught, sauce, hawk, jaw, broad |
NORTH | ɔː | ɔr | for, war, short, scorch, born, warm |
LOT | ɒ | ɑ | stop, sock, dodge, romp, possible, quality |
CLOTH | ɒ | ɔ | cough, broth, cross, long, Boston |
FOOT | ʊ | ʊ | put, bush, full, good, look, wolf |
GOOSE | uː | u | loop, shoot, tomb, mute, huge, view |
DRESS | e | ɛ | step, neck, edge, shelf, friend, ready |
NURSE | ɜː | ɜr | hurt, lurk, urge, burst, jerk, term |
KIT | ɪ | ɪ | ship, sick, bridge, milk, myth, busy |
FLEECE | iː | i | creep, speak, leave, feel, key, people |
commA | ə | ə | catalpa, quota, vodka |
lettER | ə | ər | paper, metre, calendar, stupor, succo(u)r, martyr, figure |
happY | ɪ | ɪ | copy, scampi, taxi, sortie, committee, hockey, Chelsea |
PRICE | aɪ | aɪ | ripe, write, arrive, high, try, buy |
FACE | eɪ | eɪ | tape, cake, raid, veil, steak, day |
CHOICE | ɔɪ | ɔɪ | adroit, noise, join, toy, royal |
SQUARE | ɛə | ɛr | care, fair, pear, where, scarce, vary |
NEAR | ɪə | ɪr | beer, sincere, fear, beard, serum |
MOUTH | aʊ | aʊ | out, house, loud, count, crowd, cow |
GOAT | əʊ | o | soap, joke, home, know, so, roll |
FORCE | ɔː | or | four, wore, sport, porch, borne, story |
CURE | ʊə | ʊr | poor, tourist, pure, plural, jury |
This chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.
This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
Dia- phoneme[1] |
Phones | Examples |
---|---|---|
p | pʰ, p | pen, spin, tip |
b | b, b̥ | but, web |
t | tʰ, t, ɾ, ʔ[2] | two, sting, bet |
d | d, d̥, ɾ[3] | do, daddy, odd |
tʃ | tʃʰ, tʃ | chair, nature, teach |
dʒ | dʒ, d̥ʒ̊ | gin, joy, edge |
k | kʰ, k | cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick |
ɡ | ɡ, ɡ̊ | go, get, beg |
f | f | fool, enough, leaf, off, photo |
v | v, v̥ | voice, have, of, verve |
θ | θ, t̪, f[4] | thing, teeth |
ð | ð, ð̥, d̪, v[5] | this, breathe, father |
s | s | see, city, pass |
z | z, z̥ | zoo, rose |
ʃ | ʃ | she, sure, session, emotion, leash |
ʒ | ʒ, ʒ̊ | genre, pleasure, beige, equation, seizure |
h | h, ɦ,[6] ç[7] | ham, hue |
m | m, ɱ[8] | man, ham |
n | n | no, tin |
ŋ | ŋ | ringer, sing,[9] finger, drink |
l | l, ɫ,[10] l̥, ɫ̥,[11] ɤ, o[12] [ɬ],[13] | left, bell, sable, please, Llangefni |
r | ɹʷ, ɹ, ɾ,[14] ɻ, ɹ̥ʷ, ɹ̥, ɾ̥, ɻ̊,[11] ʋ[15] | run, very, probably |
w | w, ʍ[11] | we, queen |
j | j | yes, nyala |
hw | ʍ, w[16] | what |
Marginal consonants | ||
x | x, χ, k, kʰ, h, ɦ, ç | loch (Scottish),[17] ugh[18] |
ʔ | ʔ | uh-oh |
Dia- phoneme[1] |
Keyword | Examples | AmE | AuE[19][20] | BahE | BarE | CaE[21] | CIE | EnE | FiE | InE[22] | IrE[23] | NZE[24][25] | PaE | ScE[26] | SIE | SAE[27][28] | SSE | WaE[29] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AAVE | Boston accent | Cajun English | General American[30][31][24] | Inland Northern American English | Mid-Atlantic American English | New York accent | Southern American English | Cockney | Geordie | RP[32][33] | Scouse | Ulster English | West & South-West Ireland English | Dublin English | Supraregional southern Irish English | Abercraf English | Port Talbot English | Cardiff English | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-Rhotic | Rhotic | Older | Younger | Non-Rhotic | Older | Rhotic | Non-Rhotic | Older | Rhotic | Cultivated | General | Broad | Conservative | Contemporary | Belfast | Mid-Ulster | traditional | Ulster Scots | Local Dublin English | New Dublin English | Cultivated | General | Broad | Cultivated | General | Broad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
æ | TRAP | ham, tan | ɛː~ɛə~eə | eə~ɛə[34] | æ | eə~ɛə~æ[34] | eə~ɪə | æə~ɛə~eə[34] | ɛə~eə~ɪə[34] | eə~æjə[34] | æː[35] | æː~ɛː[35] | æ~a | a | æ~ɛə[34] | æ | æ~ɛ, ɛɪ | a | æ | a | a | æ | æ~ɛ | äː~a | æ | a | æ~a | æ | ɛ | ɛ~e̞ | æ | ä | ɑ~æ | æ | a~æ | æ~ɛ~e̞ | ɛ[36] | a | aː[35] | aː~æː[35] | |||||||||||
bad | æ~ɛː~ɛə | æ~ɛə | æ~ɛə | æ | æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠ | æ~a | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lad, cat | æ | æ, ɛə~eə~ɪə[34] |
æ | æ~ɛ | a | a~æ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɑː / æ | BATH | pass, path, sample | ä~a | æə~ɛə~eə[34] | ɛə~eə~ɪə[34] | ɐː~äː | aː | ɑː | ɑː | a~ɑ | äː | æː~aː | aː | ɐː~äː | ɑ | ɑ̟ː | ɑː | ɒː~ɔː | ä[37] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɑː | PALM | father | a~ä~ɑ | a~ä | ɑ | ɑ~ä | a~ä | ɑ | ɑ~ä | ɑ | ɑ | ɒ~ɑ | ɒː~ɑː | aː~ɑː | aː | äː~ɑː | ɑː | ɑː | aː | aː~æː | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɒ | LOT | not, wasp | ɒ~ɑ | ɒ~ɔ | ɒ~ɑ | ɒ | ɒ~ɔ | ɒ | ɒ | ɔ | ɒ | ɔ | ɒ~ä | ɒ~ɑ~ä | ä | ɔ | ä | ɑ~ɒ~ɔ | ɑ | ɒ~ɔ | ɑ | ɔ | ɒ̈ | ɒ̈~ʌ̈ | ɒ̈ | ɔ | ɒ | ɑ̟ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
ɒ / ɔː | CLOTH | off, loss, cloth, gone[38] | ɒɔ, ɒ~ɔə | a | ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[39] | ɒ~ɑ | oə~o̝ə | ɔə~oə~ʊə | ɑɒ~ɑ | ɔo~ɑɒ | ɑɒ~ɑ | ɔ | ɒː | ɒː | o̞ː | ɒː | aː~ä | ɔː | ɒ | ɒ̈, o̞ː |
ɒ̈~ʌ̈, oː |
ɒ̈, oː | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɔː | THOUGHT | law, caught, all, halt, talk | oː | ɒː~ɑː | oː~ɔː | ɔː~ɔ̝ə~ɔuə, oː~oʊ~ɔo | ɔː | oː | o̞ː | ɒː | ɒː~ɔː~oː | ɒː | oː | o̞ː | oː | ɒː | ʌ̈ː | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ə | COMMA | about | ə | ə~ɐ | ə | ɐ~a | ə | ə | ə | ə~ɐ | ə | ə[40] | ə | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɪ | KIT | limb, dinner, limited, bit | ɪ~iə | ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ | ɪ | ɪ̞ | ɪ~ɪ̈ | ɪ~ɪjə~iə | ɪ~i | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ̞ | ɪ | ɪ̈~ë | ə~ɘ | ɛ | ɪ | ɪ̈ | ɪ | ɪ~ë̞~ə~ʌ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ̈ [40] | ɪ~i | ɪ | ɪ̞ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
kit, hit, inn, fish | ɪ[40] | i[40] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
i | HAPPY | city | i | ɪ~i | ɪi̯~i | i | ɪi̯~i | ɪ~i | ɪi̯~iː | əːi̯ | iː | i | iː~i | i | iː, ei̯ | ɪi̯ | iː, ɪ̈i̯ ~ ɪ̈ɪ̯ | i | iː | e | iː | ɪi̯~əi | i | e~ɪ~i | i | iː | i | iː | |||||||||||||||||||||||
iː | FLEECE | see, be, these, believe, ceiling, key, people | i | ɪi̯~i | ɪi̯~i | ɪi̯ | ɪi̯~iː | əi~ɐi | ɪi̯ | i | ɪi̯ | i | i | iː | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
meat, legal, receive, phoenix, quay | e~i | e~ɪi̯ | e~i | eː~iː | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
eɪ | FACE | date | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | eː | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | ɛi̯~æ̠i̯ | ɛɪ̯ | æɪ | ɐ̟ːɪ̯~a̠ːɪ̯ | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | eɪ̯~eː~ɛ | eɪ̯ | æɪ~aɪ | eː~eɪ̯~ɪə | e̞ɪ̯ | ɛɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | eː | e(ə)~ɪ(ə) | eː | eː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | æɪ̯ | æɪ | ɐɪ̯ | eɪ̯~eː | e | eɪ̯~eː | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯ | æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ | e[41] | eː | ei̯ | ||||||||||||||||
day, pain, whey, rein | eɪ̯ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɛ | DRESS | bed[42] | ɛ~eə | ɛ | ɛ~æ | ɛ | ɛ~ɜ | ɛ | ɛ~ɛjə | e | e̝ | ɛ | e, eɪ~eə~ɛɪ | ɛ | e̞ | ɛ | ɛ,ɛ̝ə | ɛ | e̞ | e~ɪ | e̝~ɪ | ɛ | e̞ | e~e̝ | ɛ, e[43] | ɛ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
pen | ɪ~iə | ɪ | ɪ~ɪjə~iə | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
length | i | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʌ | STRUT | run, won, flood | ʌ~ɜ | ʌ~ɐ | ʌ | ʌ~ɜ~ɐ | ʌ~ɔ | ʌ | ʌ̈ | ɜ | ɐ~ä | ʌ | ʌ~ɜ~ɐ | ʌ~ɔ | ɐ̟~a | ʊ̞~ɤ | ɐ | ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ[44] | ʊ | ʌ~ɐ | ə~ɜ | ɞ~ʌ̈ | ʌ̈~ʊ | ʊ | ɤ~ʊ | ʌ̈~ʊ | ɐ~ä | ʌ | ʌ~ɐ | ɐ~ä | ʌ~ɜ~ä | ə~ɜ | |||||||||||||||||||
ʊ | FOOT | put | ʊ~ɵ~ø̞ | ʊ | ʊ̞ | ʊ | ʊ̈~ʏ | u~ʊ | ʊ | ʊ, ʊ̈ | ʊ | ɵ | ʊ | ʉ | ʊ̈ | ʊ | ʊ | ʊ | ʉ | ʊ | ʊ~ʊ̈ | ʊ~u | ʊ | ɘ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
hood | uː~ʊ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
uː | GOOSE | through, you | ʊu̯~u | u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯ | u | u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯ | u~ɵu̯ | ʉu̯ | u~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯ | ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟ | ʊu̯ | ïɯ~ʊʉ̯~ʉː | əːʉ̯ | ʉː | uː | ʉu̯ | uː~ʉ | əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊː | u̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯ | ʊu̯ | ʉ̞ʉ̯ | ʉː, ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯ | u | uː | uː | ʉː | u | u | u̟ː | ʉː~yː | ʉː | u | uː | ||||||||||||||||||
threw, yew | ɪu̯[45] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
juː | cute, dew, ewe | (j)ʊu̯~(j)u | (j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯ | (j)u̟~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ʉu̯~(j)ɵu̯ | (j)u~(j)ɵu̯ | (j)ʉu̯ | (j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɤʊ̯~(j)ɤu̯ | (j)ʊu~(j)ɵu~(j)ʊ̈y~(j)ʏy~(j)ʉ̞u̟ | jʊu̯ | jïɯ~jʊʉ̯ | jəːʉ̯ | jʉː | juː | (j)ʉu̯ | juː~jʉ | jəʉ~jʉː~jɨː~jʊː | ju̟ː~jʉː,jɵʊ̯ | jʊu̯ | jʉ̞ʉ̯ | jʉː, jɪ̈u̯~jɪ̈ʊ̯ | ju | juː | jʉ | jʊ̈ | juː | jʉː | ju | jʉ | ju | ju̟ː | jʉː~jyː | jʉː | ju | ||||||||||||||||||
aɪ | PRICE | flight, mice | äɪ̯ | ɐi̯[46] | ɑɪ̯~aː | ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[46] | ɐɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | ɐi~äɪ~äɛ | a̠ɪ̞ | ɑɪ | ɒːɪ̞ | ɑɪ̯ | ʌɪ̯ | ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[46] | aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ | ɑɪ~ɒɪ~ɑ̟ə~ɑ̟ː | äi̯ | aɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯ | aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aː | ɐe̯ | äɪ̯ | ɐi̯~ɜi̯[46] | æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ | ɑe̯ | ɑe | ɒe̯~ɔe̯ | ɑɪ̯ | ɜi̯, äe̯ | ɑɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | äɪ̯~äː | ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː | ai̯ | ɐ̟ɪ̯ | ɜɪ̯ | ɜi̯ | ||||||||||
my, wise, high | äɪ̯~äe̯~aɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | aɪ̯~ae̯~æɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~äɪ̯ | äː~äɛ | ɑɪ̯ | äe̯~ɜi̯ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɔɪ | CHOICE | boy, hoist | oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | oi̯ | oɪ̯ | oɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ | oɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔ̝ɪ~oɪ | oe̯ | ɔɪ̯ | oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | əɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ | aɪ̯~äɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯ | oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | oi̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔi̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯ | ʌ̈i̯ | ||||||||||||||||
oʊ | GOAT | no, toe, soap | ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ | oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ | oː | oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯~o | ʌo̯~oʊ̯~o | ɘʊ̯~ɜʊ̯ | oʊ̯~ʌ̈ʊ̯ | ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ | o̽ʊ | ɐ̟ʉ̯ | ɐ̟ːʉ̯~a̠ːʉ̯ | oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯ | oː~oə | oʊ̯ | əʊ̯ | æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~ æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~ œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈ |
oː~ʊə~ɵː | əʊ̯ | əʊ̯ | ɛʉ̯~ɛʊ̯~eʉ̯~ eʊ̯~əʉ̯~əʊ̯ |
oː | o | oː | ʌo̯~ʌɔ̯ | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯~əʊ̯ | ɵʊ̯ | ɐʉ̯ | oː~oʊ̯ | o̝ | oː~oʊ̯ | ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯ | œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~œː | ʌʊ̯ | o[41] | oː | ɘu̯ | ||||||||||||
tow, dough, folk | ou̯ | oʊ̯ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
soul, roll, cold | ɔu̯ | ɔʊ̯ | ɒʊ~ɔo~aɤ | ɔʊ̯ | ɔʊ̯ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
aʊ | MOUTH | about, house | æɔ̯~æə̯ | ɐʊ̯[46] | aʊ̯~aː | aʊ̯~æʊ̯ | äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯ | æʊ̯~ɛɔ̯ | aʊ̯~æʊ̯ | æɒ~ɛjɔ | a̠ʊ | æo | ɛːo~ɛ̃ːɤ | ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ | ʌʊ̯ | ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯[46] | aʊ̯ | æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æi̯ə̯ | äu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uː | ɑʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | aɔ̯ | äʊ̯ | ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯ | ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯ | ɛʊ̯ | aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | æo̯ | e̝ə | ɑʊ̯ | ɜʉ̯ | ɑʊ̯ | äʊ̯ | äː | æʊ̯ | au̯ | ɐu̯ | ɜʊ̯ | ɑ̟u̯ | |||||||||||
now, proud | aʊ̯ | äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɑːr | START | arm, car | ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) | ɑɹ~ɒɹ | a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ) | ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) | ɑɹ | äɻ~ɐɻ | ɑɹ | ɒə̯(ɹ) | äə̯(ɹ) | ɑɹ~ɒɹ | ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) | ɑɹ~ɒɹ | ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | aːɹ | ɑɹ~ɐɹ | ɑː(ɾ) | ɑː(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | aː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɾ) | ɑː(ɹ) | äː(ɾ) | ɑɻ | æːɹ~aɹ | äːɹ~ɑɹ | ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ) | ɑɹ | äɾ | ɑː(ɾ) | ɑ̟ː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ)~ɔː(ɾ) | ä(ɹ) | aː(ɾ) | aː(ɹ)~æː(ɹ) | |||||||||||||
ɪər | NEAR | deer, here | iə̯(ɹ)~iɤ(ɹ) | iɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ) | i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ) | ɪɹ~iɹ | iɻ~iə̯ɻ | iɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) | ɪɹ~iɹ | iə̯(ɹ) | iɹ | iː(ɹ)~ iːə(ɹ) |
iə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ) | eːɹ | ɪɹ | iə̯(ɾ)~ɪə̯(ɾ) | iə(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~ɪi̯ɐ̯(ɹ) | iɐ̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪː(ɹ) | iɛ(ɾ) | ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɾ)~ iː(ɾ) |
iːɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ) | eə~ɪə | iə̯(ɹ)[47] | ɪɹ~iɹ | iə̯ɾ | ɪə̯(ɾ)~iə̯(ɾ) | ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɾ)~ ɪː(ɾ) |
iə̯(ɹ) | iːə(ɾ), jøː(ɾ) | iːə(ɹ), jøː(ɹ) | ||||||||||||||
ɛər | SQUARE | mare, there, bear | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛɹ | ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ) | ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ) | ɛɹ | eə̯ɻ~eɻ | eɹ | ɛə̯(ɹ)~ eə̯(ɹ) |
ɛɹ~ eɹ |
ɛ(j)ə(ɹ) | e̞ɹ~ɛ(j)əɹ | eː(ɹ)~ eːə(ɹ) |
e̝ː(ɹ)~ e̝ːə(ɹ) |
eə̯(ɹ) | ɛɹ | ɛə̯(ɾ) | ɛ̝ə(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɛi̯ə̯(ɹ) | ɛː(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛː(ɹ)[48] | ɪː(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)~ëː(ɾ)~ɛː(ɾ)~ ɛ̈ː(ɾ)~œː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)~ ɘː(ɾ)~ɜː(ɾ)~ɵː(ɾ) |
ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɾ)~ eː(ɾ) |
ɚː | ɛːɹ | eːɹ | e̞ə̯(ɹ) | ɛɹ | eə̯ɾ | ɛə̯(ɾ)~ɛɐ̯(ɾ) | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ eː(ɹ) |
eː(ɾ)~e̝ː(ɾ) | ɛ(ɹ) | ɛː(ɾ) | eː(ɹ) | |||||||||||||
ɜːr | NURSE | burn | ɚ | ɚ | əː(ɹ) | ɚ | ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ | ɚ | ɚ~əɻ | ɚ | ɚ | əɪ̯ | ɚ | ɚ~ɐɹ | ɜ(ɹ) | ɚ~ɐɹ | ɘː(ɹ)~ɵː(ɹ) | ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)~ɜi̯(ɹ) | ɤ | ɚ | əː(ɾ) | ɜː(ɹ)~ɜ̟ː(ɹ)~œ̈ː(ɹ) | øː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) | ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ | ɚː | ɚː[49] | ɚː | ʊːɹ[49] | ɚː | ɵː(ɹ) | ɚ | ʌɾ[49] | əː(ɾ)~ɐː(ɾ) | əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) | ø̈ː(ɹ)~ø̞̈ː(ɹ) | ø̈ː(ɾ)~ø̞̈ː(ɾ) | ə(ɹ) | əː(ɾ) | øː(ɾ) | øː(ɹ) | ||||||||
bird | ɪɾ~ʌɾ[49] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
herd, earth | əɹ | ɛːɹ[49] | ɛːɹ[49] | ɛɾ[49] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ər | LETTER | winner, massacre[50] | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ɚ | ə(ɹ) | œ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ) | ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | ɚ | ə(ɹ) | əɾ | ə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ) | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | ə(ɾ) | ə(ɹ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
donor | ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɔːr | NORTH | sort, warm | oə̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ) | oɹ | ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) | ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ | ɔɹ~oɹ | ɔɻ~oɻ | oɹ~ɔɹ | oɐ̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ) | oɹ~ɔɹ | o(u)ə(ɹ) | o(u)əɹ | oː(ɹ) | ɔə̯(ɹ) | ɒːɹ~ɑːɹ | ɔɹ | ɑː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ) | ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ) | ɔː(ɹ) | o̞ː(ɹ) | oː(ɹ) | o̞ː(ɾ) | oː(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ) | ɔːɹ | äːɹ~ɑːɹ | ɒːɹ~oːɹ | oː(ɹ) | oɹ | ɔɾ | oː(ɾ) | o̞ː(ɹ) | oː(ɹ) | oː(ɾ) | ɔ(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ) | ʌ̈ː(ɹ) | |||||||||||||
FORCE | tore, boar, port | ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ) | oə̯(ɹ) | oːɹ | oː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ) | oːɹ | ɔːɹ | ɒːɹ | oːɹ | o̝(ə̯)ɾ | oː(ɾ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʊər | CURE | tour, moor | ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ) | uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) | ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ | uɻ~oɻ | ʊu̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) | ïɯə(ɹ)~ʊʉ̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) | əːʉ̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) | uə̯(ɹ) | ʊɹ~ɔɹ | uə̯(ɾ) | ʊə(ɹ)~ʊː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ) | uɐ̯(ɹ) | ʊə̯(ɹ) | oə̯(ɹ) | ʊə̯(ɾ)~ uː(ɾ) |
uːɹ | ʉːə(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) |
oɚ | ʉɾ | oə̯(ɾ)~oɐ̯(ɾ) | ʊə̯(ɹ) | ʊə̯(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) |
uə̯(ɹ) | uːə(ɾ) | uːə(ɹ)~ʌ̈ː(ɹ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
jʊər | pure, Europe | juə̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ) | juɹ~jʊɹ | jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ) | jʊɹ~jɚ | jɚ | jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ | juɐ̯(ɹ)~juə̯(ɹ) | juɹ | juə̯(ɹ) | juɹ~jɚ | jʊu̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) | jïɯə(ɹ)~jʊʉ̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) | jəːʉ̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) | juə̯(ɹ) | joːɹ | jɚ~ jʊɹ~jɵɹ |
juə̯(ɾ) | jʊə(ɹ)~jʊː(ɹ)~jɔː(ɹ)~jɔ̝ə(ɹ)~jɔuə(ɹ) | juɐ̯(ɹ) | jʊə̯(ɹ) | joː(ɹ) | jo̞ː(ɾ) | joə̯(ɹ) | jʊə̯(ɾ)~ juː(ɾ) |
juːɹ | jʉːə(ɹ)~ joː(ɹ) |
joɚ | jʉɾ | joə̯(ɾ)~joɐ̯(ɾ) | jʊə̯(ɹ) | jʊə̯(ɹ), joː(ɹ) |
joː(ɾ) | jɔ(ɹ) | ɪuːə(ɾ) | juːə(ɹ)~jʌ̈ː(ɹ) | |||||||||||||||
Dia- phoneme[1] |
Keyword | Examples | AmE | AuE | BahE | BarE | CaE | CIE | EnE | FiE | InE | IrE | NZE | PaE | ScE | SIE | SAE | SSE | WaE |
IPA | Explanation | |
---|---|---|
ˈ | Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/ | |
ˌ | Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/ | |
. | Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/ | |
̩ | ̍ | Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] |
The top two placed teams from each of the eight groups will qualify for the knockout stage.[51]
Group | Winners | Runners-up |
---|---|---|
A | Netherlands | Ecuador |
B | England | United States/Wales/Scotland |
C | Argentina | Poland |
D | France | Denmark |
E | Germany | Spain |
F | Belgium | Croatia |
G | Brazil | Switzerland/Cameroon |
H | Portugal | Ghana/Uruguay |
regulations
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).