Soviet Airborne Forces
Vozdushno-desantnye voyska SSSR
Воздушно-десантные войска СССР
Shoulder patch of the Soviet Airborne Forces, 1969–1991
Active4 September 1941 – 14 February 1992
Country Soviet Union (1941–1991)
 Commonwealth of Independent States (1991–1992)
Branch Soviet Armed Forces
TypeAirborne forces
RoleLight infantry
Airborne infantry
Airmobile infantry
Peacekeeping
SizeJanuary 1990 – 53,874
August 1991 – 77,036
Nickname(s)Войска дяди Васи
(Uncle Vasya's Troops)
Motto(s)Никто, кроме нас!
(Nobody, but us!)
EngagementsBattle of Lake Khasan
Battles of Khalkhin Gol
World War II
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Soviet–Afghan War
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Gen. Vasily Margelov
Insignia
Flag of the Airborne Forces

The Soviet Airborne Forces or VDV (from Vozdushno-desantnye voyska SSSR, Russian: Воздушно-десантные войска СССР, ВДВ; Air-landing Forces) was a separate troops branch of the Soviet Armed Forces. First formed before the Second World War, the force undertook two significant airborne operations and a number of smaller jumps during the war and for many years after 1945 was the largest airborne force in the world.[1] The force was split after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, with the core becoming the Russian Airborne Forces, losing divisions to Belarus and Ukraine.

Troops of the Soviet Airborne Forces traditionally wore a sky blue beret and blue-striped telnyashka and they were named desant (Russian: Десант) from the French Descente.[2]

The Soviet Airborne Forces were noted for their relatively large number of vehicles, specifically designed for airborne transport, as such, they traditionally had a larger complement of heavy weaponry than most contemporary airborne forces.[3]

Interwar and World War II

A group of parachutists Ya.D. Moshkovsky (far left) before the landing on August 2, 1930
Soviet paratroopers deploy from a Tupolev TB-3 in 1930

The first airborne forces parachute jump is dated to 2 August 1930, taking place in the Moscow Military District. Airborne landing detachments were established after the initial 1930 experimental jump, but creation of larger units had to wait until 1932–33. On 11 December 1932, a Revolutionary Military Council order established an airborne brigade from the existing detachment in the Leningrad Military District.[4] To implement the order, a directive of the Commissariat of Military and Naval Affairs transformed the Leningrad Military District's 3rd Motorised Airborne Landing Detachment into the 3rd Airborne Brigade (Special Purpose) [ru] commanded by M.V. Boytsov. In addition, the 13th and 47th Airborne Brigades plus three airborne regiments (the 1st, 2nd, and 5th, all in the Far East) were created in 1936.[5] In March and April 1941, five Airborne Corps (divisions) were established on the basis of the existing 201st, 204th, 211th, 212th, and 214th Airborne Brigades.[6] The number of Airborne Corps rose from five to ten in late 1941, but then all the airborne corps were converted into "Guards" Rifle Divisions in the northern hemisphere summer of 1942.[7]

Kiev maneuvers in 1935. Collecting paratroopers after landing

The Soviet airborne forces were mostly used as 'foot' infantry during the war. Only a few small airborne drops were carried out in the first desperate days of Operation Barbarossa, in the vicinity of Kiev, Odessa, and the Kerch peninsula.[8] The two significant airborne operations of the war were the Vyazma operation of February–March 1942, involving 4th Airborne Corps, and the Dnepr/Kiev operation of September 1943, involving a temporary corps formation consisting of 1st, 3rd, and 5th Airborne Brigades.[9] Glantz wrote:[10]

"After the extensive airborne activity during the winter campaign of 1941–42, [the] airborne forces underwent another major reorganization the following summer. Responding to events in southern Russia, where German troops had opened a major offensive that would culminate in the Stalingrad battles, the ten airborne corps, as part of the Stavka strategic reserves, deployed southward. Furthermore, the Stavka converted all ten airborne corps into guards rifle divisions to bolster Soviet forces in the south. Nine of these divisions participated in the battles around Stalingrad, and one took part in the defense of the northern Caucasus region."

The Stavka still foresaw the necessity of conducting actual airborne operations later during the war. To have such a force, the Stavka created eight new airborne corps (1st, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th) in the fall of 1942. Beginning in December 1942, these corps became ten guards airborne divisions (numbered 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th (formed from 9th Airborne Corps (2nd formation)), 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, two formed from the 1st Airborne Corps and the three existing separate maneuver airborne brigades). The new guards airborne divisions trained in airborne techniques, and all personnel jumped three to ten times during training, though many were from jump towers.[11]

After the defeat of German forces in the Battle of Kursk, the bulk of the airborne divisions joined in the pursuit of German forces to the Dnieper River which formed part of the German Panther–Wotan line which they defended. Even as ten guards airborne divisions fought at the front, new airborne brigades formed in the rear areas. In April and May 1943, twenty brigades formed and trained for future airborne operations. Most of these brigades had become six new guards airborne divisions (11th through 16th) by September 1943.[12]

Dnieper

Main article: Battle of the Dnieper § Dnieper airborne operation

The Stavka earmarked three airborne brigades for use in an airborne operation as part of the crossing of the Dnieper River.

The 1st, 3rd and 5th Guards Airborne Brigades were intended to secure the far side of the Dnieper between Kaniv and Rzhishchev. The drop was poorly executed and instead of the intended 10 by 14 km (6.2 by 8.7 mi) area, troops were dispersed over 30 by 90 km (19 by 56 mi) and unable to concentrate their forces. The majority were killed or captured; some survivors joined partisan groups.[13]

David Glantz wrote in 1984:[14]

In August [1944], the Stavka formed the 37th, 38th, and 39th Guards Airborne Corps. By October, the newly formed corps had combined into a separate airborne army under Maj. Gen. I. I. Zatevakhin. However, because of the growing need for well-trained ground units, the new army did not endure long as an airborne unit. In December, the Stavka reorganized the separate airborne army into the 9th Guards Army of Col. Gen. V. V. Glagolev, and all divisions were renumbered as guards rifle divisions. As testimony to the elite nature of airborne-trained units, the Stavka held the 9th Guards Army out of defensive actions, using it only for exploitation during offensives.

Reconstitution

From 1944 the airborne divisions were reconstituted as Guards Rifle Divisions.[13]

During the invasion of Manchuria and the South Sakhalin Operation, airborne units were used to seize airfields and city centers in advance of the land forces, and to ferry fuel to those units that had outrun their supply lines.[citation needed]

Postwar

Shoulder sleeve insignia of the Soviet Airborne Forces
Soviet paratroopers on a BMD-1 vehicle in Afghanistan, March 25th, 1986

The HQ 9th Guards Army was redesignated Headquarters Airborne Forces in June 1946 after the war ended.[16] The units of the army were removed from the order of battle of the Air Forces of the USSR and assigned directly to the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

In 1946 the force consisted of five corps (the 8th and 15th had been added) and ten divisions:[17]

In the summer of 1948, five more Guards Airborne Divisions were created. The 7th (Lithuania, 8th Airborne Corps), the 11th (activated 1 October 1948 in Ryazan, Moscow Oblast, from the 347th Guards Air Landing Regiment, 38th Airborne Corps),[19] the 13th Guards (at Galenki, Primorskiy Kray, with the 37th Airborne Corps), the 21st Guards (Estonia, Valga, with the 15th Airborne Corps), and the 31st Guards (Carpathians, 39th Airborne Corps). At the end of 1955 and the beginning of 1956 the 11th Guards, 21st, 100th and 114th Guards Airborne Divisions were disbanded as well as all the airborne corps headquarters.[17] The number of divisions, thus, decreased to 11. In April 1955 the transport aircraft were separated from the VDV and the Air Force Military Transport Aviation was created. In 1959 the 31st and 107th Guards Airborne Divisions were disbanded, but in October 1960 the 44th Training Airborne Division was formed. In 1964 the Soviet Airborne Forces were directly subordinated to the Ministry of Defence.

The creation of the post-war Soviet Airborne Forces owe much to the efforts of one man, Army General Vasily Margelov, so much so that the abbreviation of VDV in the Airborne Forces is sometimes waggishly interpreted as Войска дяди Васи or "Uncle Vasya's Forces".

Airborne units of two divisions (7th and 31st Guards) were used during Soviet operations in Hungary during 1956, and the 7th Guards division was used again during the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia.

Parade tunic of a private of the Soviet Airborne Forces

The first experimental air assault brigade – the 1st Airborne Brigade – was apparently activated in 1967/1968 from parts of the 51st Guards Parachute Landing Regiment (PDP) (Tula), after the Soviets had been impressed by the American experiences in Vietnam War.[20][21] In 1973 the 13th and 99th Airborne Divisions were reorganised as air assault brigades, and thus the number of divisions dropped to eight.[17] There were also independent regiments and battalions. However, even by the 1980s only two divisions were capable of being deployed for combat operations in the first wave against NATO using Air Force Military Transport Aviation and Aeroflot aircraft.[22]

Airborne Forces Commander-in-Chief Vasily Margelov had the idea to introduce the Telnyashka blue-and-white striped shirt as a sign of elite status of the airborne troops. In 1970, the telnyashka became an official part of the uniform.[23]

In accordance with a directive of the General Staff, from August 3, 1979, to December 1, 1979, the 105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division was disbanded.[24] From the division remained in the city of Fergana the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment (much stronger than the usual regimental size) with the separate 115th military-transport aviation squadron. The rest of the personnel of the division were reassigned to fill out other incomplete airborne units and formations and to the newly formed air assault brigades. Based on the division's 351st Guards Parachute Regiment, the 56th Guards Separate Air Assault Brigade was formed in Azadbash, (Chirchiq district) Tashkent Oblast, Uzbek SSR. Meanwhile, the 111th Guards Parachute Regiment became the 35th Separate Guards Air Assault Brigade.

An Ilyushin Il-76 "Candid" loading VDV personnel in 1984

However, there was also a mistaken Western belief, either intentional Soviet deception or stemming from confusion in the West, that an Airborne Division, reported as the 6th, was being maintained at Belogorsk in the Far East in the 1980s.[25] This maskirovka division was then 'disbanded' later in the 1980s, causing comment within Western professional journals that another division was likely to be reformed so that the Far East had an airborne presence.[26] The division was not listed in V.I. Feskov et al.'s The Soviet Army during the period of the Cold War, (2004) and the division at Belogorsk, the 98th Guards Airborne Svirskaya Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Division moved to Bolgrad in Ukraine in late 1969.[27]

The 103rd Guards Airborne Division, 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment and the 56th Air Assault Brigade fought in the Soviet–Afghan War.

Units

The Airborne Forces (Воздушно-десантные войска (ВДВ), literal translation: Air-Landing Troops) of the Soviet Union and their present-day Russian Federation successor are a separate combat service directly subordinated to the General Staff. Their combat doctrine establishes their role as a highly mobile operational reserve of the armed forces, the last remaining Reserve of the Supreme High Command (Резерв главного командования (РГК)).

In 1989 a Soviet Air-Landing Division (Воздушно-десантная дивизия (вдд)) was organized into a division headquarters, three Parachute Landing Regiments (sing. Парашютно-десантный полк (пдп)) and various combat and service support units. V. I. Shaykin's historic study of the Airborne Forces lists the following force structure in 1989 (Military Detachment number (в/ч) given in brackets):[28]

Directorate of the Commander of the Airborne Troops (Управление командующего ВДВ)(25953), Moscow, RSFSR

As a high readiness and long range main operational reserve of the General Staff the Airborne Troops could rely on the support of the whole Military Transport Aviation and Aeroflot aircraft mobilized for military service. The Airborne Troops also had their own organic aviation assets, but these had very limited airlift capabilities (Antonov An-2s and Mil Mi-8s) and were used for parachute training and liaison flights between the various units.

Landing Assault units of the Soviet Ground Forces

Around the time of the strategic Exercise Dnepr-67 (ru:Днепр (учения)) came the organization of the first Soviet air assault formation. Shortly before it the 51st Guards Parachute-Landing Regiment (51-й гв. пдп) was transformed into the 1st Separate Air Assault Brigade (1-я отдельная Воздушно-штурмовая бригада (1-я овшбр)) and this experimental formation was put under the command of Major General Kobzar', Chief of the Combat Training Department of the Airborne Forces HQ.[32] The task of the brigade in the massive exercise was to land with helicopters on the riverside of the River Dnieper and secure a beachhead for the forcing of the river by the main forces. This was executed successfully and the lessons learned were used for the formation of regular air assault brigades. A General Staff Directive from May 22, 1968, ordered the formation of the first brigades. They were under the Soviet Ground Forces and by August 1970 the first two active brigades were:

These brigades had organic aviation units and had the following structure:

Each aviation base consisted of an airfield support battalion and a signals and radio-technical support battalion. The brigade was tasked with executing tactical heliborne landings up to 100 km behind enemy lines. In the beginning of the 1970s the designation was changed from Separate Air Assault Brigade (отдельная воздушно-штурмовая бригада (овшбр)) to Separate Landing Assault Brigade (отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада (одшбр)). In 1973 a third brigade was formed:

The experimental 1st Separate Air Assault Brigade was fully staffed by Airborne Troops personnel due to its background, but the regular air assault brigades formed afterwards lacked any airborne parachute training and the majority of their officers came from the higher schools of the Ground Forces. The brigades carried the uniform of the motor rifle branch. In 1973 the landing assault brigades received a new table of organization:

The new air assault brigades were deemed successful and by the end of the 1970s several more brigades were formed under the military districts. In addition several separate landing assault battalions were formed as assets of combined arms and tank armies. In 1983 these forces started receiving parachute training and this put them under the training oversight of the Airborne Troops.[33] The rapid expansion of the landing assault troops led to the disbanding of one airborne division in 1979. This was the 105th Guards Venskaya, awarded the Order of the Red Banner Airborne Landing Division (105-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная Венская Краснознаменная дивизия) with HQ in Fergana in the Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan SSR and command of the 111th, 345th, 351st and the 383rd Parachute Landing Regiments and additional support units. The division was specialized in warfare in mountain and arid regions and the decision to disband it proved to be a seriously misguided one in the coming Soviet–Afghan War. The division gave birth to the following formations:

From the late 1970s to the 1980s, 13 separate landing assault brigades were activated. These brigades provided air-mobile capability for military districts and groups of forces. In 1989, these brigades transferred to control of the VDV. During the same period, 19 separate landing assault battalions were activated. These battalions originally provided air-mobile capability to armies and other formations but were mostly disbanded in 1989.[34]

In 1979, the 58th Air Assault Brigade was activated as a mobilization unit in Kremenchug. It was co-located with the 23rd Air Assault Brigade from 1986 and disbanded in 1989.[35] The 128th Air Assault Brigade existed between 1986 and 1989 as a mobilization unit in Stavropol.[36] The 130th Air Assault Brigade existed between 1986 and 1989 as a mobilization unit in Abakan.[37]

Experimental Landing Assault units of the Ground Forces

In addition to the Landing Assault units of the Ground Forces' military districts and armies, the Soviet General Staff also experimented with the inclusion of landing assault units in experimental combined arms corps. Two such corps were formed in the mid-1980s with the task to exploit and widen the operational breakthrough in offensive operations.

Each corps consisted of a corps HQ, two tank brigades, two mechanised brigades, a landing assault regiment of two battalions and support units and a helicopter regiment (organized into an HQ, a Mi-24 attack squadron, a Mi-8 assault squadron and a Mi-26 heavy transport squadron of 20 aircraft each). The combat and service support units were similar to those found in a tank or motor rifle division. The 5th Corps had the 1318th Separate Landing Assault Regiment and 276th Separate Helicopter Regiment, while the 48th Corps had the 1319th Separate Landing Assault Regiment and 373rd Separate Helicopter Regiment. Around 1987-88 the two corps were disbanded and reverted to divisions, losing their landing troops and helicopters.

Force Structure of the Soviet Airborne Forces in 1989

V. I. Shaykin lists the following force structure of the Soviet airborne forces in 1989 in his study:[39]

note: HH is not an official designation, but denotes Helicopter-Heavy - The original three Air Assault Brigades - the 11th, 13th and 21st had their organic helicopter regiments and they have retained them until 1988~89. The brigades, which were formed later lacked own helicopter assets and relied on the helicopter regiments of their higher echelon commands.

note: The 36th Army with its 906th Separate Assault Landing Battalion and the 86th Army Corps with its 1154th Separate Assault Landing Battalion need further investigation, as the 86th Army Corps was expanded into the 36th Combined Arms Army on June 1, 1976, and could not exist simultaneously around 1989, as the Army was itself reduced into the 55th Army Corps on June 1, 1989.

Training establishments

Commanders of the Soviet Airborne Forces

Army general Vasily Margelov, the longest-serving Commander of the Soviet Airborne Forces
Name Rank Period of command
Vasily Glazunov Major general September 1941 – June 1943
Alexander Kapitokhin Lieutenant general June 1943 – August 1944
Ivan Zatevakhin Lieutenant general August 1944 – January 1946
Vasily Glagolev Colonel general January 1946 – October 1947
Alexander Kazankin Lieutenant general October 1947 – December 1948
Sergei Rudenko Colonel general of the Air Force December 1948 – January 1950
Alexander Kazankin Lieutenant general January – March 1950
Alexander Gorbatov Colonel general March 1950 – May 1954
Vasily Margelov Lieutenant general May 1954 – March 1959
Ivan Tutarinov Colonel general March 1959 – July 1961
Vasily Margelov Army general July 1961 – January 1979
Dmitri Sukhorukov Army general January 1979 – July 1987
Nikolai Kalinin Colonel general August 1987 – January 1989
Vladislav Achalov Colonel general January 1989 – December 1990
Pavel Grachev Major general[a] December 1990 – August 1991
Yevgeny Podkolzin Colonel general August 1991 – February 1992

Traditions

Main article: Culture of the Russian Armed Forces

The service march of the airborne forces is We Need One Victory, also known as Our 10th Parachute Battalion.[40] It was made by poet Bulat Okudzhava, written for the feature film Belorussian Station by Andrei Smirnov (1970). It was later adapted by Alfred Schnittke to be performed as a march to be played at the Moscow Victory Day Parade on Victory Day (9 May).

Paratroopers' Day celebrations

Main article: Paratroopers' Day

On Airborne Forces Day in many Russian cities, it is customary to turn off the fountains and hold veteran reunions near those fountains.[41]

Bands

The combined band

Main article: Russian military bands

The Combined Military Band of the Airborne Forces is an integral part of all the solemn events of the Airborne Forces. Every year, the band's personnel take part in the Victory Parade on Red Square, as well as the opening ceremony of the International Army Games. In the ranks of the combined band are musicians of the military bands of the airborne and assault formations of the Airborne Forces. There are six other military bands in the airborne forces.[42] The Song and Dance Ensemble of the Airborne Forces is the theatrical troupe of the VDV. It began its creative activity in 1937, as the Red Army Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kiev Military District, numbering only 18 people. On 3 May 1945, three days after the signing of the German armistice, the ensemble gave a concert on the steps of the destroyed Reichstag. During the Cold War, the unit was known as the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. During this time, it had participated in concerts in the cities of East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. It gained its current status in 1994. The Song and Dance Ensemble also contains the Blue Berets musical group.[43]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lieutenant general until 6 January 1991.

References

  1. ^ p.386, Isby
  2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-08-09.((cite web)): CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ "A look into the modern Russian Airborne Forces | the Vineyard of the Saker". Archived from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
  4. ^ Glantz, The Soviet Airborne Experience, 1984, 8, 164, citing Sukhorukov, Sovetskie vozdushno; 34; Lisov, Desantniki, 22.
  5. ^ Glantz 1984, p. 16.
  6. ^ Glantz 1984, p. 22.
  7. ^ Glantz 1984, p. 28–31.
  8. ^ p. 387, Bonn
  9. ^ pp. 172–182, Staskov
  10. ^ Glantz, The Soviet Airborne Experience, 1984, 29–31.
  11. ^ Zaloga, Steven (1995). Inside the Blue Berets: A Combat History of Soviet and Russian Airborne Forces, 1930–1995. Novato, CA: Presidio. P. 94, 100. ISBN 0-891-41399-5
  12. ^ D. Sukhorukov, "Vozdushno-desantnye voiska" [Airlanding forces], VIZh [Military-Historical Journal], January 1982:40, cited in Glantz, 1984, p32.
  13. ^ a b Glantz, David M. (1994). The History of Soviet Airborne Forces. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7146-4120-1. Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2016-02-01 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ Glantz, The Soviet Airborne Experience, 1984, 33, 167, citing Sukhorukov, Sovetskie vozdushno, 238–239.
  15. ^ Holm, Michael. "99th Guards Airborne Division". ww2.dk. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  16. ^ Holm, Michael. "9th Guards Combined Arms Army". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  17. ^ a b c Состав и дислокация Воздушно-десантных войск [Composition and Deployment of the Airborne Forces] (in Russian). vad777. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  18. ^ Feskov et al 2013, p. 238 and Holm, Michael. "114th Guards Airborne Division". .ww2.dk. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  19. ^ Holm, Michael. "11th Guards Airborne Division". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  20. ^ "Альманах Войны,История,Факты. Almanac Wars,History,Facts". Archived from the original on 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
  21. ^ "Cable TV and High Speed Internet | Orbat.com". Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  22. ^ pp.190–191, Simpkin
  23. ^ Carey Schofield, The Russian Elite, Greenhill Books, 1993, 34.
  24. ^ Micheal Holm, 105th Guards Airborne Division Archived 2014-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, accessed December 2013. Note that Holm says the disbandment process began on 1 October 1979.
  25. ^ IISS Military Balance 1985–86 p.29; Isby, Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army, p.36; Myles L. C. Robertson, Soviet Policy Towards Japan: An Analysis of Trends in the 1970s and 1980s, 115, via Google Books.
  26. ^ Jane's Military Review, 1984, 85, or 1986
  27. ^ Holm, Michael. "98th Guards Airborne Division". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  28. ^ Шайкин, В. И. (2013). ИСТОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ И ПУТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВОЗДУШНО-ДЕСАНТНЫХ ВОЙСК (ОТ РОЖДЕНИЯ ДО ПОЧТЕННОГО ВОЗРАСТА). Ryazan, Russian Federation: Ryazan Higher School of the Airborne Forces. pp. 268–270.
  29. ^ "Форум на "Десантуре" > 242 УЦ ВДВ". Archived from the original on 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  30. ^ "www.army.lv :: Просмотр темы - Военные базы Советского союза на территории Латвии!". Archived from the original on 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  31. ^ Feskov et al. 2013, p. 240.
  32. ^ Шайкин, В. И. (2013). ИСТОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ И ПУТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВОЗДУШНО-ДЕСАНТНЫХ ВОЙСК (ОТ РОЖДЕНИЯ ДО ПОЧТЕННОГО ВОЗРАСТА). Ryazan, Russian Federation: Ryazan Higher School of the Airborne Forces. p. 167.
  33. ^ Шайкин, В. И. Шайкин (2013). ИСТОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ И ПУТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВОЗДУШНО-ДЕСАНТНЫХ ВОЙСК (ОТ РОЖДЕНИЯ ДО ПОЧТЕННОГО ВОЗРАСТА). Ryazan: Ryazan Higher School of Airborne Troops. p. 169.
  34. ^ Holm, Michael. "906th independent Landing-Assault Battalion". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  35. ^ Holm, Michael. "58th independent Landing-Assault Brigade". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
  36. ^ Holm, Michael. "128th independent Landing-Assault Brigade". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
  37. ^ Holm, Michael. "130th independent Landing-Assault Brigade". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
  38. ^ Feskov et al. 2013, p. 244.
  39. ^ Шайкин, В. И. (2013). ИСТОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ И ПУТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВОЗДУШНО-ДЕСАНТНЫХ ВОЙСК (ОТ РОЖДЕНИЯ ДО ПОЧТЕННОГО ВОЗРАСТА). Ryazan, Russian Federation: Ryazan Higher School of the Airborne Forces. pp. 268–272.
  40. ^ mk.nso.ru https://mk.nso.ru/page/2058. Retrieved 2020-09-13. ((cite web)): Missing or empty |title= (help)
  41. ^ "Власти Кемерова не дают десантникам искупаться в фонтане". sib.fm.
  42. ^ "Сводный оркестр Воздушно-десантных войск — Спасская башня". spasstower.ru. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
  43. ^ sc.mil.ru http://sc.mil.ru/social/culture/ensembles/more.htm?id=9814@morfOrgCulture. Retrieved 2020-09-07. ((cite web)): Missing or empty |title= (help)

Bibliography

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