In this section, the geographical boundaries of the continents are used to divide the world into continents, where differences from the previous list according to the United Nations geoscheme are noted.

Boundaries of Africa

For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries of Africa, see Borders of the continents: Africa.

Suez Canal

Considering the Suez Canal as a boundary between Africa and Asia, the following change from the previous list occurs:

•  Egypt: Africa, west of the Suez Canal; to the east, Asia.

Continental shelf of Africa

Considering the continental shelf of Africa, the following changes from the previous list occur:

•  French Southern and Antarctic Lands: subantarctic territory; the Îles Éparses (Bassas da India, Europa Island, the Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island) in Africa.
•  Italy: Europe; Pantelleria and the Pelagie Islands in Africa.
•  Malta: Africa.
•  Portugal: Europe; Madeira (including the Desertas Islands and the Savage Islands) in Africa.
•  Spain: Europe; the Canary Islands and the plazas de soberanía in Africa (some of the plazas de soberanía, including Ceuta and Melilla, are on mainland Africa).
•  Yemen: Asia; Socotra in Africa.

Boundaries between Asia and Europe

For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries between Asia and Europe, see Borders of the continents: Europe and Asia.

Sea of Marmara and Turkish Straits

Considering the Sea of Marmara and the Turkish Straits (the Bosporus and the Dardanelles) as a boundary between Asia and Europe, the following change from the previous list occurs:

•  Turkey: Asia, east and south of the Sea of Marmara and the Turkish Straits; to the west and north, Europe.

Ural definitions

Considering the Ural definition that follows the watershed of the Ural Mountains, and then the Ural River until the Caspian Sea, as a boundary between Asia and Europe, the following changes from the previous list occur:

•  Kazakhstan: Asia, east of the Ural River; to the west, Europe.
•  Russia: Europe, west and north of the Ural Mountains watershed and the Ural River; to the east and south, Asia.

Considering the Ural definition that follows the watershed of the Ural Mountains, and then the Ural River until it reaches Kazakhstan's border for the first time, and then the Or River and the Emba River, as a boundary between Asia and Europe, the following changes from the previous list occur:

•  Kazakhstan: Asia, east of the Or River and the Emba River; to the west, Europe.
•  Russia: Europe, west of the Ural Mountains watershed and the Ural River (until it reaches Kazakhstan's border for the first time); to the east, Asia.

Caucasus definitions

Considering the Caucasus definition that follows the watershed of the Greater Caucasus of the Caucasus Mountains as a boundary between Asia and Europe, the following changes from the previous list occur:

•  Azerbaijan: Asia, south of the Greater Caucasus watershed; to the north, Europe (very small area).
•  Georgia: Asia, south of the Greater Caucasus watershed; to the north, Europe (very small area).
•  Russia: Europe, north of the Greater Caucasus watershed; to the south, Asia (very small area).

Considering the Caucasus definition that follows the Kuma-Manych Depression, marked by the Kuma River and the Manych River, as a boundary between Asia and Europe, the following change from the previous list occurs:

•  Russia: Europe, north of the Kuma River and the Manych River; to the south, Asia.

Continental shelves of Asia and Europe

Considering the continental shelves of Asia and Europe, the following change from the previous list occurs:

•  Greece: Europe (including Crete, the Ionian Islands, the Cyclades, and near mainland Greek islands); the North Aegean Islands, the Dodecanese, and nearby islands in Asia.

Boundaries between Asia and North America

For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries between Asia and North America, see Borders of the continents: Asia and North America.

Continental shelves of Asia and North America

Considering the continental shelves of Asia and North America, the following change from the previous list occurs:

•  United States: North America; the Near Islands and St. Lawrence Island in Asia.

Boundaries between Europe and North America

For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries between Europe and North America, see Borders of the continents: Europe and North America.

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Though very rare, considering the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as a boundary between Europe and North America, the following change from the previous list occurs:

•  Iceland: Europe, east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; to the west, North America.
•  Portugal: Europe (including São Miguel, Santa Maria, Terceira, Graciosa, São Jorge, Pico, and Faial of the Azores); Flores and Corvo of the Azores in North America.

Boundaries between North and South America

For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries between North and South America, see Borders of the continents: the Americas.

Panama Canal

Considering the Panama Canal as a boundary between North and South America, the following change from the previous list occurs:

•  Panama: North America, west of the Panama Canal; to the east, South America.

Continental shelves of North and South America

Considering the continental shelves of North and South America, the following changes from the previous list occur:

•  Aruba: South America.
•  Bonaire: South America.
•  Colombia: South America; the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina in North America.
•  Curaçao: South America.
•  Trinidad and Tobago: South America.
•  Venezuela: South America; Isla Aves in North America.

Boundaries of Oceania

For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries of Oceania, see Borders of the continents: Asia and Oceania.

Pacific Islands

Considering all Pacific Islands as being part of Oceania, the following changes from the previous list occur:

•  Chile: South America; Easter Island and Sala y Gómez in Oceania.
•  France: Europe; Clipperton Island in Oceania.
•  Japan: Asia; Bonin Islands, also known as the Ogasawara Islands, which are Pacific islands in Oceania.
•  United States: North America; Hawaii in Oceania.

Boundaries of Antarctica

For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries of Antarctica, see Borders of the continents: Antarctica.

Subantarctic islands

Considering List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands north of 60°S which are fully integrated with its country, the following changes from the previous list occur:

•  Australia: Oceania; Macquarie Island, subantarctic territory.
•  New Zealand: Oceania; the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands (the Antipodes Islands, the Auckland Islands, the Bounty Islands, the Campbell Islands, and the Snares Islands), subantarctic territory.
•  South Africa: Africa; the Prince Edward Islands, subantarctic territory.

There are a number of intergovernmental organizations with continental scope and having the most wide and possibly non-overlapping membership:

• Africa: African Union
• Asia: Asia Cooperation Dialogue
• Europe: Council of Europe
  • Not to be confused with the European Union (EU)
• Americas: Organization of American States
  • South America: Union of South American Nations
• Oceania: Pacific Islands Forum

Therefore, a member of one of these organizations may be considered as belonging to that particular continent according to political criteria. Considering this, the following changes from the previous list occur:

• Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, and Turkey are members of the Council of Europe. In particular, Cyprus is an EU member, while Turkey is a candidate.
• Russia is a member of both the Council of Europe and the Asia Cooperation Dialogue.

However, in general only internationally recognized sovereign states are members of intergovernmental organizations, and not every one of them is a member of one of the organizations listed above.

Dependent territories

Dependent territories, through political ties with their mother countries, may be associated with another continent other than its own geographical continent. For example, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion, all overseas departments of France, are part of the EU and use the euro as their official currency. Other dependent territories of EU members, such as Greenland, while not part of the EU, enjoy special relationships with the EU.

The following dependent territories, all of them sparsely populated islands remote from continental mass, may be grouped into more than one continent, as there is no general convention as to which continent they belong to:

• The British Indian Ocean Territory is geographically located in the Indian Ocean, about equidistant from Africa and Asia. Politically it is administered from the United Kingdom, while historically it is part of Mauritius. It may be grouped into either Africa or Asia.
• Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are geographically located in the Indian Ocean, much closer to Asia than to Australia. Politically they are administered from Australia. They may be grouped into Asia or Oceania.
• Clipperton Island is geographically located in the Pacific Ocean, much closer to North America than to other Pacific Islands. Politically it is administered from France, previously from French Polynesia. It may be grouped into North America or Oceania.
• The French Southern Territories, which exclude the Antarctic territorial claim of Adélie Land, are geographically located in the Indian Ocean; the Îles Éparses are close to Madagascar, while other islands are approximately equidistant from Africa, Antarctica and Australia. Politically they are administered from Réunion. They may be grouped into Africa or Antarctica.
• South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is geographically in the Atlantic Ocean, about equidistant from South America and Antarctica. Politically it is administered from the Falkland Islands. It may be grouped into South America or Antarctica.

• List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent (data file) — this data in a plain text format suitable for automated processing
• List of countries and capitals in native languages
• List of national capitals
• Gallery of sovereign state flags
• Gallery of dependent territory flags

• UN List of Territories
• CIA – The World Factbook
• U.S. Department of State: Background notes
• European Commission: List of countries, territories and currencies
• Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")
• World Gazetteer at archive.today (archived 2012-12-04)