The following is a list of U.S.-based organizations classified by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) as hate groups.[1] The SPLC defines hate groups as those that "... have beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people, typically for their immutable characteristics."[1] The SPLC states that: "Hate group activities can include criminal acts, marches, rallies, speeches, meetings, leafleting or publishing." The SPLC adds that "Listing here does not imply that a group advocates or engages in violence or other criminal activity".[1] Since 1981, the SPLC's Intelligence Project has published a quarterly Intelligence Report which monitors what the SPLC considers to be hate groups in the United States.[2]

The Intelligence Report provides information regarding the organizational efforts and tactics of these groups, and it is cited by a number of scholars as a reliable and comprehensive source on U.S. hate groups.[3][4][5] The SPLC also publishes the HateWatch Weekly newsletter, which documents racism and extremism, and the Hatewatch blog, whose subtitle is "Keeping an Eye on the Radical Right".[6]

Some of the listed groups have objected to the SPLC's designation. For example, the Family Research Council disputed its designation in 2010,[7] and the Center for Immigration Studies disputed the SPLC anti-immigrant designation in 2016.[8] The SPLC's hate group listings have also been criticized by some political observers and prominent Republicans. Critics include Ken Silverstein, Laird Wilcox, Dana Milbank, John Boehner and Michele Bachmann.[9][10]

Types of groups

In its 2014 annual report, published in March 2015, the SPLC counted 784 "active hate groups in the United States": 72 Ku Klux Klan (KKK) groups, 142 neo-Nazi groups, 115 white nationalist groups, 119 racist skinhead groups, 113 black separatist groups, 37 neo-Confederate groups, 21 Christian Identity groups, and 165 "general hate" groups (subdivided into anti-LGBT, anti-immigrant, Holocaust denial, racist music, radical traditionalist Catholic, anti-Muslim, and "other").[11]

In its 2015 annual report, published in February 2016, the SPLC counted 892 active hate groups in the U.S., an increase from the previous year. Of these, 190 were KKK groups, 94 were neo-Nazi groups, 85 were white nationalist groups, 95 were racist skinhead groups, 19 were Christian Identity groups, 35 were neo-Confederate groups, 180 were black separatist groups, and 184 were classified as "general hate groups" (subdivided into anti-LGBT, anti-Immigrant, Holocaust denial, racist music, and radical traditionalist Catholic groups, with an additional "other" sub-category).[12]

According to a 2016 analysis by the SPLC, hate groups in general are on the rise in the United States.[13]

In 2015, the number of KKK chapters nationwide grew from 72 to 190. The SPLC released a similar report stating that "there were significant increases in Klan as well as black separatist groups."[13] According to Mark Potok at the SPLC, Donald Trump's presidential campaign speeches "demonizing statements about Latinos and Muslims have electrified the radical right, leading to glowing endorsements from white nationalist leaders such as Jared Taylor and former Klansman David Duke".[14]

Organized hate

Ku Klux Klan

Number of Klan groups listed over time[12][15]
Year Number listed
1990 28
2010 221
2013 163
2014 72
2015 190
2016 130

Further information: List of Ku Klux Klan organizations

The Ku Klux Klan, often abbreviated KKK and informally known as the Klan, is the name of three distinct past and present groupings.[16]

The following groups have been listed as active Klan groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Neo-Nazi

Number of Neo-Nazi groups listed over time[12][15]
Year Number listed
2003 149
2004 158
2005 157
2006 191
2007 207
2008 196
2009 161
2010 170
2011 170
2012 138
2013 143
2014 142
2015 94
2016 99

Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II social or political movements seeking to revive Nazism or related ideologies. Common aspects of modern day Neo-Nazism include hatred and/or fear of minorities such as blacks, Hispanics, lesbian, gay, and transgender people, non-white immigrants, and sometimes even Christians but their main hatred is focused on the Jews (their "cardinal enemy")[17][18][19][20]

The following groups have been listed as active neo-Nazi groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

White separatist/nationalist

Number of white nationalist hate groups listed over time[12][15]
Year Number listed
2003 92
2004 99
2005 111
2006 110
2007 125
2008 111
2009 132
2010 136
2011 146
2012 135
2013 128
2014 115
2015 95
2016 100

White nationalism is a political ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity for white people (as opposed to multiculturalism) and a separate all-white nation state. White separatism and white supremacy are subgroups within white nationalism.[24][25][26][27][28][29]

The SPLC notes that "Groups listed in several other categories – Ku Klux Klan, neo-Confederate, neo-Nazi, racist Skinhead, and Christian Identity – could also be described as white nationalist."[15] The following groups have been listed as active white separatist/white nationalist groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Racist skinheads

Number of racist skinhead hate groups listed over time[12][15]
Year Number listed
2003 39
2004 48
2005 56
2006 78
2007 90
2008 98
2009 122
2010 136
2011 133
2012 138
2013 126
2014 119
2015 95
2016 78

Racist skinhead groups are a white supremacist and anti-semitic offshoot of the skinhead subculture[31][32][33] and many of them are affiliated with white nationalist organizations.[34][35][36]

The following groups have been listed as active racist skinhead groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Black separatist/nationalist

Number of black separatist hate groups listed over time[12][15]
Year Number listed
2003 136
2004 108
2005 106
2006 88
2007 81
2008 112
2009 121
2010 149
2011 140
2012 151
2013 115
2014 113
2015 180
2016 193

Black separatism is a movement which historically sought to create separate institutions for black people. Some black nationalist groups, most notably the Nation of Islam and the New Black Panther Party have preached hatred of White people, Jews and Homosexuals.[38]

The following groups have been listed as active black separatist groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Neo-Confederate

Number of neo-Confederate hate groups listed over time[12][15]
Year Number listed
2003 91
2004 97
2005 99
2006 102
2007 104
2008 93
2009 68
2010 42
2011 32
2012 30
2013 36
2014 37
2015 35
2016 43

Neo-Confederate is a term used by academics to describe the views of various groups and individuals who have positive views concerning the historical experience of the southern secession, the Confederate States of America, and the Southern United States.

The following groups have been listed as active neo-Confederate groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Christian Identity

Number of Christian Identity hate groups listed over time[12][15]
Year Number listed
2003 31
2004 28
2005 35
2006 37
2007 36
2008 39
2009 37
2010 26
2011 55
2012 54
2013 37
2014 21
2015 19
2016 21

Christian Identity is a label applied to a wide variety of loosely affiliated believers and churches with a white supremacist and antisemitic theology that emphasizes that White people are the true descendants of the Lost Tribes of Israel.[41]

The following groups have been listed as Christian Identity hate groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

±===General hate===

Anti-LGBT

Main article: List of organizations designated by the SPLC as anti-LGBT hate groups

Anti-LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) or anti-gay can refer to activities in certain categories (or combinations of categories): attitudes against or discrimination against LGBT people, violence against LGBT people, LGBT rights opposition and religious opposition to homosexuality.

The following groups have been listed as active anti-LGBT hate groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Anti-immigrant

The groups in SPLC's anti-immigrant category are described as xenophobic, publishing racist propaganda, and/or confronting or harassing immigrants and their supporters.[45]

The following groups have been listed as active anti-immigrant hate groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Holocaust denial

Holocaust denial groups are those which reject or deny the history of the Holocaust.[47]

The following groups have been listed as active Holocaust denial groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Male supremacy

The SPLC added male supremacy groups to its hate groups list for the first time in 2018, stating, “The vilification of women by these groups makes them no different than other groups that demean entire populations, such as the LGBT community, Muslims or Jews, based on their inherent characteristics.”[49]

Racist music

White power music is music that promotes white nationalism and expresses racism against non-whites. Genres include Nazi punk, Rock Against Communism, hatecore and National Socialist black metal.[52][53][54]

The following groups have been listed as active racist music hate groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Radical traditional Catholicism

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, radical traditionalist Catholics who "may make up the largest single group of serious anti-Semites in America", subscribe to an ideology that is rejected by the Vatican.[57]

The following groups have been listed as active radical traditional Catholic hate groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Anti-Muslim

Anti-Muslim hate groups are described by the SPLC as groups which exhibit extreme hostility toward Muslims, depicting them as fundamentally alien, irrational, intolerant and violent, and portraying Western Muslims as a "fifth column" collectively seeking to take over the West, and Islam of "sanctioning pedophilia, coupled with intolerance for homosexuals and women".[60]

The following groups have been listed as anti-Muslim hate groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

Other

The following groups have been listed as other/miscellaneous hate groups in the SPLC's annual reports (year(s) in parentheses refer to the year in which the group is included):

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Hate Map". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
  2. ^ "Intelligence Report". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
  3. ^ Rory McVeigh. "Structured Ignorance and Organized Racism in the United States", Social Forces, Vol. 82, No. 3, (March 2004), p. 913 via JSTOR
  4. ^ Chalmers, Mark David (2003). Backfire: how the Ku Klux Klan Helped the civil rights movement, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-2311-X p. 188
  5. ^ Brett A. Barnett (2007). Untangling the web of hate: are online "hate sites" deserving of First Amendment Protection?. Cambria Press. p. 20. ISBN 9781934043912.
  6. ^ "Hatewatch Weekly". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  7. ^ Frumin, Ben (November 20, 2010). "Family Research Council Rips SPLC Over 'Slanderous' Hate Group Designation". talkingpointsmemo.com. Talking Points Memo. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  8. ^ Sherman, Amy (March 22, 2017). "Is the Center for Immigration Studies a hate group, as the Southern Poverty Law Center says?". Politifact Florida. Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  9. ^ Silverstein, Ken (March 22, 2010). "'Hate,' Immigration, and the Southern Poverty Law Center". Harpers.org. Harper's Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  10. ^ Jonsson, Patrik (February 23, 2011). "Annual report cites rise in hate groups, but some ask: What is hate?", Christian Science Monitor. accessed 2 May 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Active Hate Groups in the United States in 2014". Southern Poverty Law Center. March 10, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc Active Hate Groups in the United States in 2015, Southern Poverty Law Center (February 4, 2016).
  13. ^ a b "The Year in Hate and Extremism". Southern Poverty Law.
  14. ^ "How Anonymous Is Fighting White Supremacy Online".
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz Active Hate Groups 2016, Intelligence Report (February 15, 2017).
  16. ^ See, in general:
  17. ^ Lee McGowan (2002). The Radical Right in Germany: 1870 to the Present. Pearson Education. pp. 9, 178. ISBN 0-582-29193-3. OCLC 49785551.
  18. ^ Lee, Martin A. 1997. The Beast Reawakens. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, pp. 85–118, 214–34, 277–81, 287–330, 333–78. On Volk concept", and a discussion of ethnonationalist integralism, see pp. 215–18
  19. ^ Ondřej Cakl & Klára Kalibová (2002). "Neo-Nazism". Faculty of Humanities at Charles University in Prague, Department of Civil Society Studies. Retrieved December 8, 2007. Neo-Nazism: An ideology that draws upon the legacy of the Nazi Third Reich, the main pillars of which are an admiration for Adolf Hitler, aggressive nationalism ("nothing but the nation"), and hatred of Jews, foreigners, ethnic minorities, homosexuals and everyone who is different in some way.
  20. ^ Werner Bergmann; Rainer Erb (1997). Anti-Semitism in Germany: The Post-Nazi Epoch Since 1945. Transaction Publishers. p. 91. ISBN 1-56000-270-0. OCLC 35318351. In contrast to today, in which rigid authoritarianism and neo-Nazism are characteristic of marginal groups, open or latent leanings toward Nazi ideology in the 1940s and 1950s
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Active Neo-Nazi Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl "Active White Nationalist Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  23. ^ Mark Potok, The Year in Hate and Extremism: 2017 Spring Issue, Intelligence Report, Southern Poverty Law Center (February 15, 2017): "The Daily Stormer, the website whose chief came up with the term 'Our Glorious Leader' for Trump, expanded into real-world activism by starting 31 'clubs.'"
  24. ^ Swain, Carol M. (April 11, 2003). "Interviews offer unprecedented look into the world and words of the new white nationalism". Vanderbilt University.
  25. ^ The New Nativism; The alarming overlap between white nationalists and mainstream anti-immigrant forces. The American Prospect November, 2005
  26. ^ McConnell, Scott (August–September 2002). "The New White Nationalism in America". First Things.
  27. ^ The Hispanic challenge. Foreign Policy, March 1, 2004.
  28. ^ Despite new leaders, tactics and ideas, the goal of white separatists remains to convince Americans that racial separation is the only way to survive. National Public Radio (NPR) August 14, 2003 Thursday
  29. ^ David Glenn, Can We Improve Race Relations by Giving Racists Some of What They Want?, The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 19, 2002.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Active Anti-Immigrant Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  31. ^ "White Power Music". Anti-Defamation League. 2005. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2007. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Immigration Fueling White Supremacists". CBS News. February 6, 2007.
  33. ^ "New York Times – "Neo-Nazi Activity Is Arising Among U.S. Youth"". Partners.nytimes.com. June 13, 1988. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  34. ^ "Southern Poverty Law Center – Hammerskin Nation". Splcenter.org. April 16, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  35. ^ Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld, Diana Ruth Grant, "Crimes of hate – Chapter:Target recruitment of Nazi Skinheads", pp. 217–18.
  36. ^ Betty A. Dobratz, Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile, "The white separatist movement in the United States", pp. 69–70.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Active Racist Skinhead Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  38. ^ Pauker, Guy J. (June 1969) Black Nationalism and Prospects for Violence in the Ghetto (P-4118), rand.org. pdf accessed March 6, 2017.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g "Active Black Separatist Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h "Active Neo-Confederate Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  41. ^ For background see:
    • Eck, Diane (2001). A New Religious America: How a "Christian Country" has become the world's most religiously diverse nation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 347.
    • Buck, Christopher (2009). Religious Myths and Visions of America: How Minority Faiths Redefined America's World Role. Praeger. pp. 107–08, 213. ISBN 978-0313359590.
    • "Christian Identity". Adl.org. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    • Barkun, Michael (1996). "preface". Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. University of North Carolina Press. pp. x, xii, xiii. ISBN 0807823287.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Active Christian Identity Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  43. ^ "SPLC adds 'Sodomist Semen' pastor's church to list of anti-LGBTI hate groups". Gay Star News. May 16, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "Active Anti-LGBT Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  45. ^ "Extremist Files: Ideology: Anti-immigrant". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al "Active Hate Groups in the United States in 2014 – General Hate". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  47. ^ In general see:
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h "Active Holocaust Denial Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  49. ^ https://www.splcenter.org/news/2018/02/21/year-hate-trump-buoyed-white-supremacists-2017-sparking-backlash-among-black-nationalist
  50. ^ https://www.splcenter.org/news/2018/02/21/year-hate-trump-buoyed-white-supremacists-2017-sparking-backlash-among-black-nationalist
  51. ^ https://www.splcenter.org/news/2018/02/21/year-hate-trump-buoyed-white-supremacists-2017-sparking-backlash-among-black-nationalist
  52. ^ Intelligence Report: a project of the Southern Poverty Law Center, Issues 133–136; Southern Poverty Law Center, Klanwatch Project, Southern Poverty Law Center. Militia Task Force, Publisher Klanwatch, 2009.
  53. ^ Messner, Beth A., Art Jipson, Paul J. Becker and Bryan Byers. 2007."The Hardest Hate: A Sociological Analysis of Country Hate Music: From Rebel Records to Prussian Blue: A History of White Racialist Music in the United States". Popular Music and Society. 30(4):513–31.
  54. ^ Pulera, Dominic J.,Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America, pp. 309–11.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Active Racist Music Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  56. ^ Schmid, Thacher (February 21, 2017). "A Northeast Portland Record Label Lands on a National Hate-Group Registry: The Alberta Street company's top-selling product is the music of an alleged neo-Nazi band from England". Willamette Week. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  57. ^ Radical Traditional Catholicism, Intelligence Files, Southern Poverty Law Center, 2011.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Active Radical Traditional Catholicism Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  59. ^ Heidi Beirich, Radical Powerhouse, Intelligence Report, Southern Poverty Law Center (2015).
  60. ^ "Anti-Muslim". Southern Poverty Law Center. September 11, 2001. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Active Anti-Muslim Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

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