Guaduas Formation | |
---|---|
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Paleocene ~ | |
![]() Coal from the Guaduas Formation, Páramo de Ocetá | |
Type | Geological formation |
Underlies | Cacho Formation |
Overlies | Guadalupe Gp. Arenisca Labor-Tierna Fm. |
Thickness | up to 1,090 metres (3,580 ft) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Shale |
Other | Sandstone, coal |
Location | |
Coordinates | 5°05′N 74°36′W / 5.083°N 74.600°W |
Region | Middle Magdalena Basin Magdalena River Valley Altiplano Cundiboyacense Eastern Ranges, Andes |
Country | ![]() |
Type section | |
Named for | Guaduas |
Named by | Hubach |
Location | Guaduas |
Year defined | 1931 |
Coordinates | 5°05′N 74°36′W / 5.083°N 74.600°W |
Approximate paleocoordinates | 0°36′N 52°30′W / 0.6°N 52.5°W |
Region | Cundinamarca, Boyacá |
Country | ![]() |
![]() Paleogeography of Northern South America 65 Ma, by Ron Blakey |
The Guaduas Formation (Spanish: Formación Guaduas, K2P1G, K2E1G, KPgg, KTg, TKg, Ktg) is a geological formation of the Middle Magdalena Basin and the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly shale with coalbed formation dates to the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene periods; Maastrichtian-Paleocene epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 1,090 metres (3,580 ft). Fossils of Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi, Berhamniphyllum sp. and Archaeopaliurus boyacensis have been found in coalbeds in Zipaquirá and Tasco, Boyacá.
The formation was first described by Hettner in 1894 and named in 1931 by Hubach after Guaduas, Cundinamarca, former northern territory of the Panche.[1]
The Guaduas Formation consists mainly of shales with intercalated sandstone beds. The formation contains coalbeds that are widely explored in the area.[2] Fossil remains of Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi, Berhamniphyllum sp. and Archaeopaliurus boyacensis have been found in coalbeds in Zipaquirá and Tasco, Boyacá.[3][4][5]
The Guaduas Formation unconformably[6] overlies the Arenisca Labor-Tierna Formation of the Guadalupe Group and is overlain by the Cacho Formation. The age has been estimated to be Upper Maastrichtian-Lower Paleocene, spanning the K-T boundary.[7] The Guaduas Formation is thicker in Cundinamarca than in Boyacá. This has been explained by a decrease in subsidence and a higher amount of erosion in the northern area of original deposition.[8] The lateral thickness variations are thought to be the result of the movement of the Soapaga Fault.[9] The formation has been deposited in a coastal plain setting.[4]
The Guaduas Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, the Ocetá Páramo and many other locations in the Eastern Ranges, such as Granada,[10] the Dintel Synclinal north of Facatativá,[11] the Suesca Synclinal,[12] east of Junín,[13] and surrounding Lake Tota.[14] The northeast-southwest Canocas Fault crosscuts the Guaduas Formation near San Cayetano.[15] The synclinals of the Río Frío, Neusa, Zipaquirá, Checua-Lenguazaque, Sesquilé, Sisga, Subachoque, Teusacá and Usme and Soacha are composed of the Guaduas Formation.[2] The Suba Hills are entirely composed of the Guaduas Formation.[16] The formation also has outcrops in the Sumapaz Páramo.[17]
Age | Paleomap | VMM | Guaduas-Vélez | W Emerald Belt | Villeta anticlinal | Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco |
Tunja- Duitama |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | El Cocuy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maastrichtian | ![]() |
Umir | Córdoba | Seca | eroded | Guaduas | Colón-Mito Juan | ||||||
Umir | Guadalupe | ||||||||||||
Campanian | Córdoba | ||||||||||||
Oliní | |||||||||||||
Santonian | La Luna | Cimarrona - La Tabla | La Luna | ||||||||||
Coniacian | Oliní | Villeta | Conejo | Chipaque | |||||||||
Güagüaquí | Loma Gorda | undefined | La Frontera | ||||||||||
Turonian | ![]() |
Hondita | La Frontera | Otanche | |||||||||
Cenomanian | Simití | hiatus | La Corona | Simijaca | Capacho | ||||||||
Pacho Fm. | Hiló - Pacho | Churuvita | Une | Aguardiente | |||||||||
Albian | ![]() |
Hiló | Chiquinquirá | Tibasosa | Une | ||||||||
Tablazo | Tablazo | Capotes - La Palma - Simití | Simití | Tibú-Mercedes | |||||||||
Aptian | Capotes | Socotá - El Peñón | Paja | Fómeque | |||||||||
Paja | Paja | El Peñón | Trincheras | Río Negro | |||||||||
La Naveta | |||||||||||||
Barremian | ![]() | ||||||||||||
Hauterivian | Muzo | Cáqueza | Las Juntas | ||||||||||
Rosablanca | Ritoque | ||||||||||||
Valanginian | Ritoque | Furatena | Útica - Murca | Rosablanca | hiatus | Macanal | |||||||
Rosablanca | |||||||||||||
Berriasian | ![]() |
Cumbre | Cumbre | Los Medios | Guavio | ||||||||
Tambor | Arcabuco | Cumbre | |||||||||||
Sources |
Ma | Age | Paleomap | Regional events | Catatumbo | Cordillera | proximal Llanos | distal Llanos | Putumayo | VSM | Environments | Maximum thickness | Petroleum geology | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 | Holocene | ![]() |
Holocene volcanism Seismic activity |
alluvium | Overburden | ||||||||
1 | Pleistocene | ![]() |
Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations |
Guayabo | Soatá Sabana |
Necesidad | Guayabo | Gigante Neiva |
Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) | 550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo) |
[18][19][20][21] | ||
2.6 | Pliocene | ![]() |
Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI |
Subachoque | |||||||||
5.3 | Messinian | Andean orogeny 3 Foreland |
Marichuela | Caimán | Honda | [20][22] | |||||||
13.5 | Langhian | Regional flooding | León | hiatus | Caja | León | Lacustrine (León) | 400 m (1,300 ft) (León) |
Seal | [21][23] | |||
16.2 | Burdigalian | Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2 |
C1 | Carbonera C1 | Ospina | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) |
Reservoir | [22][21] | ||||
17.3 | C2 | Carbonera C2 | Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) | Seal | |||||||||
19 | C3 | Carbonera C3 | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) | Reservoir | |||||||||
21 | Early Miocene | Pebas wetlands | C4 | Carbonera C4 | Barzalosa | Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) | Seal | ||||||
23 | Late Oligocene | ![]() |
Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep |
C5 | Carbonera C5 | Orito | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) | Reservoir | [19][22] | ||||
25 | C6 | Carbonera C6 | Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) | Seal | |||||||||
28 | Early Oligocene | C7 | C7 | Pepino | Gualanday | Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) | Reservoir | [19][22][24] | |||||
32 | Oligo-Eocene | C8 | Usme | C8 | onlap | Marine-deltaic (C8) | Seal Source |
[24] | |||||
35 | Late Eocene | ![]() |
Mirador | Mirador | Coastal (Mirador) | 240 m (790 ft) (Mirador) |
Reservoir | [21][25] | |||||
40 | Middle Eocene | Regadera | hiatus | ||||||||||
45 | |||||||||||||
50 | Early Eocene | ![]() |
Socha | Los Cuervos | Deltaic (Los Cuervos) | 260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos) |
Seal Source |
[21][25] | |||||
55 | Late Paleocene | PETM 2000 ppm CO2 |
Los Cuervos | Bogotá | Gualanday | ||||||||
60 | Early Paleocene | SALMA | Barco | Guaduas | Barco | Rumiyaco | Fluvial (Barco) | 225 m (738 ft) (Barco) |
Reservoir | [18][19][22][21][26] | |||
65 | Maastrichtian | ![]() |
KT extinction | Catatumbo | Guadalupe | Monserrate | Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) | 750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe) |
Reservoir | [18][21] | |||
72 | Campanian | End of rifting | Colón-Mito Juan | [21][27] | |||||||||
83 | Santonian | Villeta/Güagüaquí | |||||||||||
86 | Coniacian | ||||||||||||
89 | Turonian | Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event | La Luna | Chipaque | Gachetá | hiatus | Restricted marine (all) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá) |
Source | [18][21][28] | |||
93 | Cenomanian | ![]() |
Rift 2 | ||||||||||
100 | Albian | Une | Une | Caballos | Deltaic (Une) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Une) |
Reservoir | [22][28] | |||||
113 | Aptian | ![]() |
Capacho | Fómeque | Motema | Yaví | Open marine (Fómeque) | 800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque) |
Source (Fóm) | [19][21][29] | |||
125 | Barremian | High biodiversity | Aguardiente | Paja | Shallow to open marine (Paja) | 940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja) |
Reservoir | [18] | |||||
129 | Hauterivian | ![]() |
Rift 1 | Tibú- Mercedes |
Las Juntas | hiatus | Deltaic (Las Juntas) | 910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas) |
Reservoir (LJun) | [18] | |||
133 | Valanginian | Río Negro | Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca |
Restricted marine (Macanal) | 2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal) |
Source (Mac) | [19][30] | ||||||
140 | Berriasian | Girón | |||||||||||
145 | Tithonian | Break-up of Pangea | Jordán | Arcabuco | Buenavista Batá |
Saldaña | Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) | 110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista) |
"Jurassic" | [22][31] | |||
150 | Early-Mid Jurassic | ![]() |
Passive margin 2 | La Quinta | Montebel Noreán |
hiatus | Coastal tuff (La Quinta) | 100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta) |
[32] | ||||
201 | Late Triassic | ![]() |
Mucuchachi | Payandé | [22] | ||||||||
235 | Early Triassic | ![]() |
Pangea | hiatus | "Paleozoic" | ||||||||
250 | Permian | ![]() |
|||||||||||
300 | Late Carboniferous | ![]() |
Famatinian orogeny | Cerro Neiva () |
[33] | ||||||||
340 | Early Carboniferous | Fossil fish Romer's gap |
Cuche (355-385) |
Farallones () |
Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) | 900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche) |
|||||||
360 | Late Devonian | ![]() |
Passive margin 1 | Río Cachirí (360-419) |
Ambicá () |
Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) | 2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones) |
[30][34][35][36][37] | |||||
390 | Early Devonian | ![]() |
High biodiversity | Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet |
Shallow marine (Floresta) | 600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta) |
|||||||
410 | Late Silurian | Silurian mystery | |||||||||||
425 | Early Silurian | hiatus | |||||||||||
440 | Late Ordovician | ![]() |
Rich fauna in Bolivia | San Pedro (450-490) |
Duda () |
||||||||
470 | Early Ordovician | First fossils | Busbanzá (>470±22) Chuscales Otengá |
Guape () |
Río Nevado () |
Hígado () |
[38][39][40] | ||||||
488 | Late Cambrian | ![]() |
Regional intrusions | Chicamocha (490-515) |
Quetame () |
Ariarí () |
SJ del Guaviare (490-590) |
San Isidro () |
[41][42] | ||||
515 | Early Cambrian | Cambrian explosion | [40][43] | ||||||||||
542 | Ediacaran | ![]() |
Break-up of Rodinia | pre-Quetame | post-Parguaza | El Barro () |
Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) |
Basement | [44][45] | ||||
600 | Neoproterozoic | Cariri Velhos orogeny | Bucaramanga (600-1400) |
pre-Guaviare | [41] | ||||||||
800 | ![]() |
Snowball Earth | [46] | ||||||||||
1000 | Mesoproterozoic | ![]() |
Sunsás orogeny | Ariarí (1000) |
La Urraca (1030-1100) |
[47][48][49][50] | |||||||
1300 | Rondônia-Juruá orogeny | pre-Ariarí | Parguaza (1300-1400) |
Garzón (1180-1550) |
[51] | ||||||||
1400 | ![]() |
pre-Bucaramanga | [52] | ||||||||||
1600 | Paleoproterozoic | Maimachi (1500-1700) |
pre-Garzón | [53] | |||||||||
1800 | ![]() |
Tapajós orogeny | Mitú (1800) |
[51][53] | |||||||||
1950 | Transamazonic orogeny | pre-Mitú | [51] | ||||||||||
2200 | Columbia | ||||||||||||
2530 | Archean | ![]() |
Carajas-Imataca orogeny | [51] | |||||||||
3100 | Kenorland | ||||||||||||
Sources |